La migration en provenance de Todgha (province deTinghir-Maroc) et à destination des pays européens remonte à plus d’un demi-siècle. Dans sa première phase, elle était temporaire. Cette tendance a évolué vers la fixation dès que la migration familiale a été déclenchée.Depuis, cette migration a connu de profondes mutations accompagnées d’une importante mobilité transnationale entre Todgha et l’espace européen. L’étendue de l’aire géographique de sa dispersion et l’attachement au pays d’origine a créé un espace transnational structuré par des réseaux communautaires et relationnels qui voient circuler aussi bien les individus que les marchandises et les idées.Le migrant a importé, reproduit et adapté ce qu’il a appris ailleurs pour participer au développement de son territoire d’origine tant au niveau, économique, culturel, social, environnemental que politique. Son implication dans la pratique citoyenne locale, se traduit dans le temps par des changements. De même qu’il a su crée rune jonction d’enjeux sur le territoire et un poids sur les acteurs locaux.Par sa présence partagée, il reste comme une composante dont il faut tenir compte pour comprendre le processus des transformations dont émerge cette oasis depuis des décennies / Migration from Todgha (Tinghir province-Morocco) to European countries had refer more than half a century. Firstly, had temporary. This trend has evolved towards securing soon as family migration wastriggered. Since then the migration has experienced profound changes accompanied by significant transnational-mobility between Todgha and the European area. The extent of the geographical area of its dispersion and attachment to the country of origin has created a transnational space that structured by community and relational networks then followed individuals and goods and ideas. The migrant had imported, reproduce, and adapt what he learned in the country of destination to participate in the developing his country of origin, as well as economic, cultural, social, environmental, and political. His involvement in local civic practice, resulting intime by changes. Containment it has created a joint stake in the territory and a weight on local players. Shared by his presence, it remains as a component to b econsidered to understand the process of transformation emerges this oasis for decades.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The rural youth classically integrated the internal migratory processes, but recently they have also constituting international. So, the study analyzed how rural young people from a family farming experienced contemporary international migration in its various phases, which were emigration, travel, immigration and return. Of a qualitative nature, the study was conducted in the case study format and held in the city of Itapuranga, state of Goiás, Brazil. Data were collected through 09 interviews with social workers who have experienced international migration in their youth. Although adults at the time of the interviews, these used their memories to rebuild international migration experiences as rural youth. Were also interviewed 17 key-informants and other data collected through observation, documentary research and literature research. In Itapuranga, there was the existence of a culture of migration on family farming, being common migration in this context. This culture interfered on the socialization of rural youth, expanding their social horizons of "local" to "global". Many socioeconomic conditions favored these international emigration, especially in the early XXI century, involving the crisis in family farming, few alternatives for employment and education in the region, devaluation of national currency and establishment of international migration networks. So, were built international migration projects in search of social reproduction and autonomy. These international migration were undocumented and happened through different routes: legal route, with visas and directed the nations located in the Americas and Europe, carried out air; and illegal route, without visas and intended only to the United States, with a segment of the crossing by land in Mexico. In the latter, was intense participation of the immigration industry, increasing the risks involved in travel The main destinations of migrants consisted in the United States and European nations. The immigration stood out because of the cultural and environmental strangeness abroad and migrant vulnerability at work, inserted in low-paid and exhaustive services with the aim of accumulate money, including prostitution. The migrants also experienced poor living conditions and could not devote time to education. The immigration was experienced in loneliness, because of the embarrassing relationships with foreign and other Brazilian immigrants, stressing the longing and communication with family and friends in Brazil. Most returned to accumulate a significant amount of money, encouraged by the international economic crisis, stabilization of the Brazilian economy, the real appreciation, longing families and advancement of their ages, especially in the middle of the first decade of XXI century. The returns also resignified the links of migrants to rural areas and family farming, favoring the emergence of new ruralities. Also, became hybrid identities of these migrants and marked the end of the youth of them. So, it was concluded that international migration among rural young people from a family farming of Itapuranga were not unidirectional, being characterized by comings and goings, showing different ways to experience the youth in rural areas. It was concluded, also, the need for public c policies and extension actions involving the singularities of these international migrants. / Os jovens rurais classicamente integraram os processos migratórios internos, mas recentemente os mesmos vêm constituindo também os internacionais. Assim, o estudo analisou como os jovens rurais oriundos da agricultura familiar vivenciaram as migrações internacionais contemporâneas em suas variadas fases, sendo elas emigração, viagem, imigração e retorno. De natureza qualitativa, o estudo foi conduzido no formato de estudo de caso e realizado no município de Itapuranga, estado de Goiás, Brasil. Coletaram-se dados através de 09 entrevistas com agentes sociais que vivenciaram migrações internacionais em sua juventude. Embora adultos no momento das entrevistas, esses recorreram às suas memórias para reconstruir as vivências migratórias internacionais como jovens rurais. Também foram entrevistados 17 informantes-chave e coletados outros dados através de observação, pesquisa documental e pesquisa bibliográfica. Em Itapuranga, constatou-se a existência de uma cultura de migração na agricultura familiar, sendo as migrações comuns nesse contexto. Essa cultura interferiu sobre as socializações dos jovens rurais, expandindo seus horizontes sociais do local para o global . Inúmeras condicionantes socioeconômicas favoreceram essas emigrações internacionais, sobretudo no início do século XXI, envolvendo a crise na agricultura familiar, escassas alternativas de trabalho e educação na região, desvalorização da moeda nacional e constituição de redes migratórias internacionais. Assim, foram construídos projetos migratórios internacionais em busca de reprodução social e autonomia. Essas migrações internacionais foram indocumentadas e aconteceram através de rotas distintas: rota legal, com vistos e direcionada a nações situadas no continente americano e europeu, realizada via aérea; e rota ilegal, sem vistos e direcionada somente aos Estados Unidos, com um segmento da travessia via terrestre no México. Nessa última, foi intensa a participação da indústria de imigração, aumentando os riscos nas viagens. Os principais destinos dos migrantes consistiram nos Estados Unidos e nações europeias. A imigração se destacou em virtude dos estranhamentos culturais e ambientais no exterior e da vulnerabilidade dos migrantes no trabalho, inseridos em serviços mal remunerados e exaustivos com o intuito de acumular dinheiro, inclusive na prostituição. Os migrantes também vivenciaram condições de moradia precárias e não conseguiram dedicar tempo à educação. A imigração foi vivenciada na solidão em razão dos embaraçosos relacionamentos com os estrangeiros e com outros imigrantes brasileiros, acentuando a saudade e a comunicação com os familiares e amigos no Brasil. A maioria retornou ao acumular uma quantia significativa de dinheiro, incentivados pela crise econômica internacional, estabilização da economia brasileira, valorização do real, saudade das famílias e avanço de suas idades, principalmente em meados da primeira década do século XXI. Os retornos também ressignificaram os vínculos dos migrantes com o meio rural e a agricultura familiar, favorecendo o surgimento de novas ruralidades. Além disso, tornaram híbridas as identidades desses migrantes e assinalaram o fim da juventude dos mesmos. Assim, concluiu-se que as migrações internacionais entre jovens rurais oriundos da agricultura familiar de Itapuranga não foram unidirecionais, caracterizadas por idas e vindas, mostrando maneiras diferentes de vivenciar a juventude nas áreas rurais. Concluiu-se, também, a necessidade de políticas públicas e ações extensionistas relacionadas com as singularidades desses migrantes internacionais.

La thèse étudie la socialisation et l’éducation des enfants issus de couples mixtes formés par un parent italien et un parent originaire d’Afrique sub-saharienne, en Italie. Le travail s’inscrit dans une perspective écologique des familles et s’appuie sur les acquis théoriques des études sur la mixité et sur les processus d’acculturation. La démarche vise à comprendre les stratégies identitaires, culturelles et éducatives réalisées par les parents à partir de leur point de vue. Trois axes complémentaires sont explorés : expérience migratoire et formation du couple, transmission identitaire et culturelle, et stratégies éducatives parentales. La démarche empirique suit une approche compréhensive. L’étude concerne 19 familles. Des entretiens narratifs ont été menés auprès de 18 mères et 11 pères. Les résultats mettent en évidence les interactions entre expérience migratoire du parent africain et dynamiques familiales. La multi-dimensionnalité des contextes familiaux mixtes (linguistique, religieuse, ethnique, culturelle, sociale) crée des profils familiaux uniques. Une multi-factorialité impacte les stratégies parentales (vécu migratoire, origine socioéconomique, stigmatisation, « migration de contact et intérieure », relations avec les familles élargies et transnationalisme, relations sociales). Le rôle du contexte social est déterminant. La perception de discriminations raciales complique la gestion des différences. L’appartenance à des réseaux sociaux soutenant, la valorisation de la culture du parent migrant et le partage de valeurs communes aident les parents à dépasser ces difficultés. L’étude fournit des connaissances nouvelles sur un milieu familial émergeant. / This research studies socialization and education of children born from mixed-couples formed by an Italian and an African sub-Saharan parent, living in Italy. The study is developed within an ecological framework of families, and it is based on theoretical knowledge gained from studies concerning mixedness and acculturation processes. Our aim is to better understand identity, culture and education strategies developed by parents, and the way parents perceive such strategies. Three complementary directions of research are explored: migratory experience and union formation, transmission of identity and culture, and parenting strategies. The empirical stage of the research is based on a qualitative methodology. The investigation concerned 19 families; 18 mothers and 11 fathers were interviewed by narrative techniques. The results show the interaction between the African parent migratory experience and family dynamics. The various dimensions of the mixed familiar contexts (linguistic, religious, ethnic, cultural, social) create unique family profiles. Several factors impact parenting strategies: migration, socioeconomic background, stigmatization, « migration of contact and internal migration », relationships with the extended family and transnationalism, and social relationships. Social context is decisive. The perception of racial discrimination hinders dealing with differences. Supportive social networks, valorization of migrant culture, and sharing common values help parents to overcome these difficulties. This research provides a new knowledge about an emerging familiar context.

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No. of bitstreams: 1 DissBR.pdf: 1048371 bytes, checksum: a7b21c9d34f402da02fa685209276dbe (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-10-07 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Estuaries are highly productive environments susceptible to environmental variables, and important to the life cycle of various species, to waterfowl serve as a point of rest, feeding and nesting. These sites also receive migratory birds seeking the accumulation of energy required for the return to the reproductive areas. These species, as well as residents, have their distribution, occurrence, abundance and behavior influenced by environmental variables, seasonality and human presence. Thus this study aimed to characterize the structure of the community of waterfowl, as well as behavioral pattern, relationship with environmental variables and habitat use by them in the mouths of the rivers Tijucas and Inferninho. The Tijucas’ Bay where this study was conducted, presents sediment deposition and formation of extensive muddy plans. To collect the data length of 1.1 km was covered in each mouth, from June 2015 to May 2016, sampling occurred every two hours, from 08 hours to 16 hours. The data collected were species, average number, activity and micro-habitat. five microhabitats were considered, based on different faces found in two locations, and analyzed environmental variables were: wind speed, tide height, precipitation and temperature. The curve of rarefaction and Jackknife 2 were used to determine the sample sufficiency, Shannon index was used to estimate the annual and monthly diversity and similarity among the studied areas was calculated using the Jaccard index. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and Kruskal-Wallis test were used to determine the differences between species richness, average number and behavior of the species for hours and months of sampling. The behavior relative frequency was grouped by similarity of Bray-Curtis, the Indicator Species Analysis was used to determine the association of species with micro-habitats, and used Canonical Correlation Analysis (CCA) to determine the correlation between the variables environmental and behavior and between species. Were recorded 44 species of waterfowl in the voices of the two rivers, 10 migratory. The similarity between the two areas was 75%, indicating high similarity of microhabitats between areas. The diversity at the mouth of the river Tijucas was higher than the mouth of the river Inferninho, this difference is related to river discharge of rivers, hence the nutrient input. The difference in species richness, abundance was significant only between the months of observation, and the months with the highest diversity occurred in the late spring, summer and early fall, probably due to the life cycle and arrival of migratory species. The rest was the most frequent activity, followed by foraging, this was negatively related to temperature variation, it suggests that the higher the temperature, the lower the foraging, avoiding waste of energy and water. Foraging was negatively correlated with the height of the tide as the low tide provides a food resource. The indicator species analysis showed that most of the species was associated with only one micro-habitats, this can be explained by the abundance of available resource, since rich environments allow specialization of species. / Os estuários são ambientes de elevada produtividade, suscetíveis a variáveis ambientais, e importantes para o ciclo de vida de diversas espécies, para as aves aquáticas servem como ponto de descanso, alimentação e nidificação. Esses locais ainda recebem aves migratórias que buscam o acúmulo de energia necessário para o regresso às áreas reprodutivas. Essas espécies, assim como as residentes, têm suas distribuição, ocorrência, abundância e comportamento influenciados pelas variáveis ambientais, sazonalidade e presença humana. Dessa forma esse estudo teve o objetivo de caracterizar a estrutura da comunidade de aves aquáticas, bem como padrão comportamental, relação com variáveis ambientais e uso de hábitat pelas mesmas nas fozes dos rios Tijucas e Inferninho. A Baía de Tijucas, onde esse trabalho foi realizado, apresenta deposição de sedimento e formação de extensos planos lamosos. Para coletar os dados a extensão de 1,1 km foi percorrida em cada foz, de junho de 2015 a maio de 2016, as amostragens ocorreram a cada duas horas, das 08 horas às 16 horas. Os dados coletados foram: espécie, número médio, atividade realizada e micro-habitat ocupado. Foram considerados cinco micro-hábitats, baseado nas diferentes fisionomias encontradas nos dois locais, e as variáveis ambientais analisadas foram: velocidade do vento, altura da maré, precipitação e temperatura. A curva de rarefação e Jackknife 2 foram usados para determinara a suficiência amostral, o índice de Shannon foi usado para estimar a diversidade anual e mensal, e a similaridade entre as áreas estudadas foi calculado através do índice de Jaccard. Análise de Variância (ANOVA) e teste de Kruskal-Wallis foram usados para determinar as diferenças entre riqueza, número médio e comportamento das espécies por horário e meses de amostragem. A frequência relativa de comportamentos foi agrupada pela similaridade de Bray-Curtis, a Análise de Espécie foi usada para determinar a associação das espécies com os micro-habitats, e usou-se Análise de Correlação Canônica (CCA) para determinar a correlação entre as variáveis ambientais e comportamentos e entre espécies. Foram registradas 44 espécies de aves aquáticas nas fozes dos dois rios, sendo 10 migratórias. A similaridade entre as duas áreas foi de 75%, indicando alta semelhança de micro-habitats entre as mesmas. A diversidade na foz do rio Tijucas foi maior que a foz do rio Inferninho, essa diferença está relacionada a descarga fluvial dos rios, consequentemente ao aporte de nutrientes. A diferença de riqueza, abundancia foi significativa apenas entre os meses de observação, e os meses com maiores diversidades ocorreram no final da primavera, verão e começo do outono, provavelmente devido ao ciclo de vida e chegada das espécies migratórias. O descanso foi a atividade mais frequente, seguido de forrageio, este esteve negativamente relacionada a variação de temperatura, sugere que quanto maior a temperatura, menor o forrageio, evitando dispêndio de energia e água. O forrageio esteve negativamente relacionado com a altura da maré, já que a maré baixa disponibiliza recurso alimentar. A análise de espécies indicadoras apontou que a maior parte das espécies esteve associada a apenas um micro-habitat, isso pode ser explicado pela abundância de recurso disponível, já que ambientes ricos permitem a especialização das espécies.

La gestion de la faune sauvage hors des ENP pose en premier lieu la question de la connaissance des milieux qu'elle fréquente et de l'évolution de leur capacité d’accueil. Aboutir à une description détaillée de la répartition qualitative et quantitative des espèces, avec comme seuls collecteurs de données des professionnels formés à ces fins, peut sembler utopique. L’immensité des espaces de la campagne banale combinée à la mobilité des espèces supposent une présence régulière et un relevé assez fréquent d'indices de présence lorsque des suivis sont nécessaires. Si certains chercheurs et gestionnaires n’hésitent désormais plus à utiliser l’écologie participative comme un moyen de collecte de ces données, cette méthode souffre parfois d’un manque de bénévoles, donc d'un défaut d’informations sur certaines parties des maillages qu'il faudrait renseigner. Dans ce contexte, envisager de solliciter ceux qui façonnent ces milieux naturels, donc qui séjournent longuement et utilisent cette nature, semble une alternative plausible pour acquérir des informations et des savoirs nécessaires à la gestion de la faune sauvage. Or, la qualité de ceux-ci est à interroger pour en mesurer la richesse et la fiabilité, et donc les possibilités ou non de les mobiliser dans des processus de suivis ou de gestion. Afin de conduire cette recherche, un objet et un terrain d’étude appropriés étaient nécessaires. Le choix s’est porté sur les savoirs locaux des chasseurs de gibier d’eau des zones humides girondines. La pratique de la chasse de la nuit a été plus particulièrement ciblée, ces adeptes disposant de carnets sur lesquels ils enregistrent parfois depuis longtemps des observations de l’avifaune, et l’activité en elle-même imposant de se tenir dans un poste fixe. Au-delà de leurs observations, des savoirs locaux potentiellement importants ont donc pu être accumulées. Dans les deux cas, l’accès à ces items est complexe et impose de créer une relation de confiance, que nous avons acquise grâce à l’échange d’informations. Il a ainsi été possible de poursuivre notre recherche en nous intéressant à l’aspect « observations » grâce aux carnets, puis à l’aspect « savoirs » en menant des entretiens en situation avec ces locaux. Notre travail interroge d’abord à la nature des informations nécessaires à la gestion de différentes espèces de la faune sauvage, et à la variabilité des moyens qui sont utilisés pour les collecter. La mobilisation de savoirs appartenant parfois à des ruraux amène ensuite à s’interroger sur leur pertinence scientifique. Il apparaît que ces derniers peuvent s’avérer être des contributions probantes qui concourent à une meilleure gestion de la faune sauvage. Ainsi, on montre ensuite en quoi différentes pratiques cynégétiques mobilisent des savoirs qui semblent pouvoir contribuer à la gestion de la faune sauvage. Les caractéristiques de la chasse de nuit au gibier d’eau la rendent plus propice à la collecte d’observations et de savoirs originaux, dont certains pourraient contribuer à la gestion de l’avifaune migratrice. Les zones humides girondines apparaissent alors comme un terrain d’étude approprié. Puis, on regarde de manière détaillée en quoi consiste la pratique de la chasse au gibier, et on montre que ces pratiquants sont susceptibles de collecter des informations originales sur l’avifaune et les milieux humides. La fiabilité des informations collectées et donc la qualité des observateurs pouvant être hétérogènes suivant les affinités de ces pratiquants, les meilleurs d’entre eux doivent être identifiés. On s’attache alors à déceler, en utilisant leurs carnets, les chasseurs qui, parmi la masse de ces individus, s’avèrent être des observateurs fiables. Au-delà, les informations qu’ils ont accumulées sont susceptibles de s’être combinées en savoirs. A travers une série d’entretiens puis d’évaluations, c’est la nature et la richesse de leurs savoirs qu’on interroge, pour identifier les plus experts et compétents d’entre eux. / The wildlife management outside the protected natural area asks the question of knowledge of the environments it attends and the evolution of their capacity. Achieve to a detailed description of the qualitative and quantitative distribution of species, with the only professionals as data collectors trained for these purposes, seems Utopian. The immensity of spaces of trivial campaign combined with the mobility of species involved a regular presence and a fairly common statement for presence indices when monitoring is necessary. While some researchers and managers are now more reluctant to use the participatory ecology as a way of collecting these data, this method can sometimes suffer from a lack of volunteers. A lack of information can exist on some parts that it would inquire. In this context, consider seeking those who shape these natural environments, staying long and using this nature seems a plausible alternative to acquire information and knowledge necessary to wildlife management. But the quality of these collectors is to ask to measure wealth and reliability, and thus the opportunities or not to engage in follow-ups or management process. To conduct this research, an object and a field of appropriate study were required. The choice fell on local knowledge of waterfowl hunters of the Gironde wetlands. The practice of hunting at night was particularly targeted, these enthusiasts have books on which they sometimes long record observations of birds, and the activity itself imposing to stand in a fixed position. Beyond their observations, potentially significant local knowledge could therefore be accumulated. In both cases, access to these items is complex and requires to create a relationship of trust that we have gained through the exchange of information. It was thus possible to continue our research by focusing on the aspect of "observations" through books, and then to the aspect of "knowledge" by conducting interviews with these locals hunters. Our work first examines the nature of the information necessary for the management of different species of wildlife and variability wherewithal that are used to collect. The mobilization of knowledge sometimes belonging to rural then raises questions about their scientific relevance. It appears that these may contribute to better management of wildlife. Thus, we show how various hunting practices mobilize knowledge that appear to contribute to the management of wildlife. The characteristics of the night hunting waterfowl make it more conducive to the collection of observations and original knowledge, some of which could contribute to the management of migratory birds. Wetlands Gironde appear as an appropriate field study. Then, we look in details what constitutes the practice of hunting game, and show that these practitioners are likely to collect original information on birds and wetlands. The reliability of information collected and therefore the quality of the observers may be heterogeneous according to the affinities of these practitioners, the best of them should be identified. The last part then attaches to detect, using their notebooks, hunters who among the mass of these individuals turn out to be reliable observers. In addition, the information they are likely to have accumulated combined knowledge. Through a series of interviews and evaluations, it is the nature and the richness of their knowledge that asks to identify the most expert and competent of them.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / As tartarugas marinhas são espécies ameaçadas, altamente migratórias que apresentam um ciclo de vida longo e uma ampla distribuição geográfica. Assim, melhorar a nossa compreensão sobre a ecologia espacial das tartarugas marinhas é essencial para a elucidação de aspectos da sua história de vida e para o desenvolvimento de medidas eficazes de conservação. Esta tese compreende um conjunto de artigos ou capítulos que visam contribuir ao conhecimento da ecologia espacial da tartaruga-de-couro, Dermochelys coriacea. Este estudo utilizou novas tecnologias como à telemetria por satélite (que proporciona um método útil para monitorar os movimentos de espécies migratórias) e um conjunto de ferramentas de geoprocessamento como abordagem metodológica que visou: examinar os movimentos e migrações da tartaruga-de-couro, identificar áreas de uso intenso e padrões espaço-temporais no uso do habitat, e integrar dados biológicos e oceanográficos para descrever as estratégias comportamentais desta espécie. Cinco tartarugas-de-couro (um subaduto, dois machos adultos e duas fêmeas adultas) foram equipadas com transmissores por satélite no Atlântico Sul Ocidental entre 2005 e 2008. Além de fornecer dados de localização geográfica os tansmissores permitiram registrar informações de mergulho tais como profundidade e duração máxima e media dos mergulhos, perfis completos de mergulhos individuais e dados de temperatura do mar. Movimentos e migrações de tartarugas-de-couro marcadas no Atlântico Sul foram documentados pela primeira vez. Alem disso, foi posível identificar áreas de uso intenso (ou alimentação) previamente desconhecidas para a espécie, assim como uma residência sazonal nestas áreas localizadas em águas tropicais e temperadas fora da costa sul-americana (19-45S). A sazonalidade dos movimentos esteve intimamente associada a processos físicos sazonais de pequena e mesoescala. Dependendo do ambiente marinho explorado, durante os períodos de residência, as tartarugas apresentaram diferentes estratégias alimentares identificadas através da análise dos padrões de mergulho. / Sea turtles are long-lived, highly migratory endangered species with a wide distribution. Thus improving our knowledge of the spatial ecology of sea turtles is essential for elucidating aspects of their life history and for the development of effective conservation measures. This thesis comprises a collection of articles or chapters that aim to contribute to the knowledge of the spatial ecology of the leatherback turtle, Dermochelys coriacea. This study used new technologies such as satellite telemetry (which provides a useful approach for tracking the movements of migratory species) and a set of geoprocessing tools as a methodological approach that aimed to: examine the movements and migrations of leatherback turtles, identify high use areas and spatio-temporal patterns of habitat use, and integrate biological and environmental data to describe foraging strategies of this species. Five leatherback turtles (a subadut, two adult males and two adult females) were fitted with satellite transmitters in the Southwest Atlantic between 2005 and 2008. Besides providing geographical location data the transmitters also recorded dive information such as mean and maximum dive depth and duration, individual dive profiles and water temperature data. For the first time the movements and migrations of leatherback turtles tagged in the South Atlantic were documented. Previously unidentified high use areas (or foraging areas) were recognized for this species, also a seasonal residence along those areas located in tropical and temperate areas off the coast of South America (19-45 S). The seasonal movements were closely associated with small and mesoscale physical seasonal processes. Depending on the marine environment exploited during periods of residence, the turtles showed different foraging strategies identified through the analysis of the diving patterns.

Population development and emigration of Maghreb's countries Abstract The main aim of diploma thesis is to map the migratory situation and trends of all area since 1990 up to the present in context of the population development in region of Maghreb's countries. This all is in connection with the population growth of the states - natural and total. Apart from the analysis of the whole Maghreb as one unit, the demographic parameters are in detail assessed on the example Tunisia. It is estimated that migratory streams of the inhabitants of North Africa's countries are largely directed to Europe. The analasis is focused on the breakdown of the target countries, emigrants and on changes during the reporting period. The analasis uses conventional demographic indicators, its own methods of processing often difficult available data at the same time and empirical investigation. The initial basis of analyzing given issues show the theoretical conception of population development in Arabic countries, with emphasis on demographic transition and dependent migratory transition. Analysis revealed that none of Maghreb's countries has not yet completed demographic transition, the second stage of the demographic transition since 2000 suspended. Keywords: migration, migratory trends, population development, population growth,...

Abstract The harnessing of Kemijoki-river became topical at the end of 1944 after the second world war when Pohjolan Voima Ltd, founded by industrial representatives, combined the re-building of the destroyed bridges and building of Isohaara power plant. The government eagerly supported the project. Kemijoki-river was the most important salmon river in Europe, and therefore the fishing issue concerned many. The power company and the politicians promised to handle the fishing issue after it had been thoroughly examined. At first fish transfers were attempted, for which the company expropriated the water areas below the dam. The fish transfers were managed by Lapin läänin Kalastuskuntain liitto. The transfers faced a lot of critique from the beginning, but no intervention took place. Most of the salmon were sold to cover the expenses. As the discontent increased, a fish lift was built in summer 1951. As expected, it could not meet the expectations. However, it could be considered to be the fish transfer device required by law. The next step was to focus on the fish farming, which was widely advertised. But unfortunately also those results were meager. A state-run Kemijoki Ltd, founded in 1954, built also the other power plants of the river Kemijoki. The outlook of Kemijoki Ltd to the fishing issue was similar to Pohjolan Voima Ltd; it was simply inessential for the nation. Fish ladders were not considered necessary, and officially not even credited. The politicians and other authorities also agreed with this view. The local fishing spokesmen still insisted on demanding fish roads, or at least proper compensations for the losses of salmon fishermen, but the issue seemed to be delayed indefinitely due to various problems. In 1964 the Isohaara power plant received the final planning permission. Simultaneously, it also defined the compensations, which raised discontent and started a thread of complaints. The main reason for the disappearance of salmon in Kemijoki-river can be concluded to be due to the unofficial alliance of the industry and the politicians; the water power of Kemijoki-river needed to be harnessed quickly to serve the development of the society. It was advertised especially for the advanced well-being of Lapland. Furthermore, this action was supported specifically from the point of view of the local employment. Pohjolan Sanomat, the organ of Maalaisliitto, strongly supported the power plant building of northern waters argumenting the regional policy. This dampened most of the criticism. It can be stated that all the other functions of Kemijoki-river were underestimated. The function of the river was only to produce electricity, which quickly led to the extinction of migratory fish by the 1960s. The salmon in Kemijoki-river had become history. / Tiivistelmä Kemijoen valjastaminen tuli ajankohtaiseksi loppuvuodesta 1944, kun teollisuuden edustajien toimesta perustettu Pohjolan Voima Oy yhdisti tuhoutuneiden siltojen ja Isohaaran voimalaitoksen samanaikaisen rakentamisen. Valtiovalta kannatti hanketta nopeasti. Kemijoki oli Euroopan tärkein lohijoki, joten kalakysymys huolestutti. Voimayhtiö ja poliitikot lupasivat hoitaa asian, kun sitä olisi ensin tutkittu. Aluksi kokeiltiin ylisiirtoja, joiden järjestelyjä varten yhtiö pakkolunasti padon alapuolisen vesialueen. Ylisiirrot sai hoitaakseen Lapin läänin Kalastuskuntain liitto. Toimintaa arvosteltiin alusta pitäen, mutta siihen ei puututtu. Suurin osa lohista myytiinkin kulujen kattamiseksi. Tyytymättömyyden lisääntyessä rakennettiin kalahissi, joka valmistui kesällä 1951. Kuten oli arveltu, se ei kyennyt täyttämään odotuksia, mutta sen voitiin katsoa olevan lain edellyttämä kalansiirtolaite. Seuraavaksi päätettiin tehostaa kalanviljelytoimintaa, jota mainostettiin laajasti. Myös sen tulokset jäivät kehnoksi. Vuonna 1954 perustettu valtiojohtoinen Kemijoki Oy rakensi joen muut vesivoimalaitokset. Kemijoki Oy suhtautui kalakysymykseen kuten Pohjolan Voima; asia oli toisarvoinen. Kalaportaita ei pidetty tarpeellisina, eikä niihin virallisesti edes uskottu. Myös poliitikot ja muut päättäjät asettuivat samalle kannalle. Paikalliset kalastuksen edustajat vaativat yhtä kalateitä tai ainakin kunnollisia korvauksia, mutta asia tuntui erilaisten ongelmien takia aina vain viivästyvän. Vuonna 1964 Isohaaran voimalaitos sai lopullisen rakennuslupansa. Siinä määriteltiin myös korvaukset, jotka herättivät laajaa tyytymättömyyttä ja saivat aikaan valituskierteen. Tärkein syy lohen katoamiseen löytyy teollisuuden ja poliitikkojen epävirallisesta liitosta: Kemijoen vesivoima haluttiin nopeasti valjastaa palvelemaan yhteiskunnan kehittämistä. Hanketta markkinoitiin erityisesti Lapin hyvinvoinnin edistämisellä. Toimintaa kannatettiin nimenomaan työllisyysnäkökulmasta. Myös Maalaisliiton äänenkannattaja Pohjolan Sanomat tuki voimakkaasti pohjoisen vesirakentamista aluepoliittisin perustein. Tämä oli omiaan vaimentamaan kritiikkiä. Voidaan todeta, että Kemijoen kaikkia muita käyttöarvoja aliarvioitiin. Joen tehtäväksi jäi vain ja ainoastaan sähköntuottaminen, joka johti vaelluskalakantojen nopeaan sukupuuttoon 1960-luvulle tultaessa. Kemijoen lohesta oli tullut historiaa.

Climate change threatens to disrupt biological systems around the globe, sparking debate over natural capacity for adaptation in a fragmented landscape. Marine turtles are evolutionarily ancient and have survived millions of years of prehistoric climate change, but are threatened by the rapidity of modern warming and a history of severe overexploitation that has left most populations depleted. This thesis explores a nesting aggregation of the green turtle (Chelonia mydas) in northern Cyprus, where a longitudinal programme of both intensive and extensive monitoring enables insight into individual and population level parameters and processes. Nesting on the two coastlines covered by this project is in the early stages of recovery, possibly in response to exhaustive nest protection efforts over the last twenty years. Saturation tagging at one key site allows us to confirm that recruitment of new breeders is an important driver of this trend, and that average clutch frequency has remained stable around three nests per female per year, validating nest-count derived abundance estimates at a regional scale. Concern has been raised, however, regarding recent changes in fishing practices which are impacting the local juvenile neritic phase, which may have a lagged effect on the recovery of this nesting population. A collaborative tracking effort including all other countries with major nesting in the Mediterranean allows us to identify major foraging grounds for this species, with two hotspots accounting for >50% of tracked individuals, as well as coastal and pelagic seasonal corridors of high use. Bycatch levels and mortality rates for turtles in these key areas are largely unknown and should be prioritised for investigation. Hatchling sex ratios from the main study beach are extremely female-biased (estimated 97% female for the twenty year period 1993-2012). A 1oC rise in average incubation temperatures threatens near complete hatchling feminisation on this beach, whilst a 2oC rise could reduce hatch success to less than 50%. Thermal effects on hatchling morphometrics are evident, with a 1oC rise in temperature reducing average length, width and weight by 1%, 2% and 3% respectively. More favourable incubation conditions were found early in the season, in deeper nests laid by larger females, and on beaches of lighter sand. In contrast, adult sex ratios at the main site are male-biased, posing questions regarding sex-specific survival rates and optimal hatchling sex ratios. A phenological shift towards earlier nesting is demonstrated for the first time in this species, and could potentially ameliorate warming effects. Carry-over climate forcing effects from the foraging ground influence the breeding frequency of individuals, driving population level responses in annual magnitude of nesting. This work emphasises the utility and necessity of long-term individual-based monitoring programmes in elucidating population trends and climate responses in iteroparous species with non-annual breeding.

<div> <div> <div> <p>Billions of birds migrate annually between breeding and wintering habitats, following transient resources. Though a majority of time is spent in breeding and wintering habitats, habitats used during the migratory periods are especially important for migrating birds. Migration and stopovers, where birds rest and refuel before continuing a migratory journey, are critical points in a bird’s annual lifecycle, and are important ecologically, socially, and economically. Populations of migratory birds are declining on a global scale, however, and proper management is vital to their persistence in an urbanizing environment. Indiana in the Midwestern United States is an important area in which to study stopover ecology of migratory birds, as it is a fragmented forest- urban-agricultural matrix almost entirely managed through private ownership. In this dissertation, I studied three questions of stopover ecology within the landscape context of the Midwestern United States, primarily using weather surveillance radar and eBird citizen science data. </p> <p><br></p><p>First, I studied spatiotemporal changes over an 11-year period (autumn 2005-2016 and spring 2006-2017) in densities of nocturnally migrating birds at two radar stations in Indiana. I found that mean density of migratory birds stopping over in Indiana declined by approximately 6.8% annually, but variability in stopover site use increased over the same period. This is consistent with other work completed on continental scales, and highlights the need for further conservation of migratory birds. Second, I studied patterns of stopover site use in Indiana during spring 2016- 2017 and autumn 2015-2016, identifying landscape and local factors associated with those patterns. I used both traditional land cover characteristics and a novel approach using human socioeconomic measures to describe these patterns, and found that socioeconomics, particularly the size of a housing unit, were among the most important predictors of migratory bird density in Indiana. The results from this study suggest that migratory birds are utilizing urban habitats, which are known to contain several novel hazards for birds, but that migratory birds will benefit greatly from interdisciplinary work focusing on urban habitats. Third, I explored a novel method of using weather surveillance radar and eBird citizen science data in combination with each other, to see if both measures provided similar estimates of bird abundances during stopover. Though I found no correlation between the two, I argue that eBird and radar still provide important and complementary insights for the field of migration ecology. Finally, I provide guidelines for private landowners in Indiana on management for declining populations of migratory birds. </p> </div> </div> </div>