This thesis looks at the social, political, and military effects of epidemic polio on America's war effort during World War II. The primary sources consulted include newspapers, military medical reports, photographs, memoirs, speeches, and archival collections. It looks at the effects of polio on the home front, more specifically how epidemics and the rising rates of polio were a detriment to the civilian war effort. It also focuses on the American military's preparation for and response to polio outbreaks among troops both at home and abroad. Finally, it discusses the experiences of the servicemen who contracted polio during the war. This work fills a major hole in the historiography of the disease and highlights the overlapping interests of the public, the medical community, and the military during a time of war.

Thesis (Ph. D.) -- Georgia State University, 2007. / Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 319-350). Original electric version created as PDF file.

Bakgrund: Den svenska Försvarsmakten har en lång tradition av att rekrytera sjukvårdspersonal till fredsbevarande insatser från den civila arbetsmarknaden. Sjukvårdspersonalen består exempelvis av specialistsjuksköterskor inom anestesi- och operationssjukvård. Under insatserna så arbetar specialistsjuksköterskorna vid små rörliga enheter eller fasta baser. För att klara av de krav som ställs på dem så genomgår specialistsjuksköterskorna insatsspecifik utbildning inför insatsen.  Motiv: Inom den svenska sjukvården finns en grupp med specialistsjuksköterskor vars erfarenheter från fredsbevarande insatser ej anses väl utforskade enligt författarna. Genom att studera dessa erfarenheter kan specialistsjuksköterskornas kunnande om exempelvis traumaomhändertagande och deras ökade förmåga till självständighet tas till vara inom den civila sjukvården. Detta skulle sedermera kunna leda till ett förbättrat patientomhändertagande.   Syfte: Syftet var att beskriva anestesi- och operationssjuksköterskors erfarenheter av att arbeta inom svenska Försvarsmakten utomlands under pågående internationell insats.  Metod: Tolv semistrukturerade intervjuer av anestesi- och operationssjuksköterskor genomfördes. Intervjudeltagarna valdes ut genom ett bekvämlighetsurval och rekryteringen skedde digitalt över hela Sverige. Intervjuerna transkriberades och kvalitativ innehållsanalys med ett manifest förhållningssätt användes för att analysera resultatet.  Resultat: Analysen resulterade i fyra domäner: ”Att genomföra en insats”, ” Utbildning och utveckling”, ”Händelser under insats” och ”Mental och fysisk påfrestning”.  Konklusion: I studien framkommer det att specialistsjuksköterskorna valde att åka på en fredsbevarande insats för att utmana sig själva i en krävande miljö. De utbildningar de genomförde innan insatsen samt deras erfarenheter från insatserna ökade deras kompetens. Detta gjorde dem till bättre specialistsjuksköterskor i den civila sjukvården. Möjligheter till återhämtning fanns både under och efter insats. Dock så framhöll flertalet av specialistsjuksköterskorna den mentala påfrestning som det innebär att genomföra en fredsbevarande insats. / Background: The Swedish armed forces have a long tradition of recruiting medical personnel to peacekeeping missions from the civilian market. This personnel includes nurse anesthetists and surgical nurses. During the peace keeping missions the nurse specialists work in small moving units or at camps. To meet the military medical requirements, the nurse specialists undergo specific training prior to the peacekeeping mission.  Motive: In Swedish healthcare there is a group of specialist nurses whose experiences from peacekeeping missions are not considered well explored according to the authors. By studying these experiences, the specialist nurses’ knowledge of, for example, trauma care and their increased ability to work independently can be utilized by civilian healthcare. This could lead to improved patient care.    Aim: The aim of this study was to describe nurse anesthetists and surgical nurses’ experiences of working in the Swedish armed forces abroad during peacekeeping missions.  Methods: Twelve semi-structured interviews of nurse anesthetists and surgical nurses were conducted. The participants were selected through convenience selection and recruited digitally throughout Sweden. The interviews were transcribed, and qualitative content analysis with a manifest approach was used to analyze the results.  Results: The analysis resulted in four domains: "To carry out a mission", "Education and development", "Events during a mission" and "Mental and physical stress".   Conclusion: This study shows that nurse specialists chose to go on a peacekeeping mission to challenge themselves in a demanding environment. The training they completed before the peacekeeping mission and the experiences they acquired during the missions increased their competence. This made them better specialist nurses in civilian healthcare. Opportunities for recovery were available both during and after the peacekeeping mission. However, most specialist nurses emphasized the mental strain involved in carrying out peacekeeping missions.

No description available.

This paper studies when warfare meets welfare in the Swedish contingency planning of healthcare in war during the period 1950 to 1985 with the aim of analysing how the planning changed, what caused these changes and how this can be linked to societal changes in the post-war Sweden. The analysis is carried out with the help of a self-adapted stakeholder model where first the change in planning and management is analysed and then seeks causal explanations for the key changes based on three military and three civilian drivers. The starting point for civilian contingency planning for health care in war was the Civil Air Protection investigation (SOU 1936:57). The investigation found that the need for civilian hospitalcare in war had changed because total war had blurred the boundaries between military and civilian health care. The report therefore proposed that a joint plan for hospital care in war should be established. The base of the new organization was the emergency hospitals, which were largely existing healthcare facilities, given that name in a war situation. To recreate wartime planning for health care, a Health Care Preparedness Board (Swe:Sjukvårdsberedskapsnämnden) was established in 1948 responsible for planning of health care in wartime. There were three major turning points in the planning. In 1950 based on experience from the conventional bombing wars of World War II, in 1959 based on the increasingly powerful nuclear weapons and in 1969 due to Sweden ceasing to plan total defence for a nuclear war. The consequences of the first two redesigns involved the wartime establishment of hundreds of small emergency hospitals outside the city centres, while from 1969 the large peacetime hospitals returned as the core of wartime health care. The 1970s and 1980s were characterized by a decentralization of responsibility of planning and wartime management from the state to the county councils (Swe: landstingen). The main causes for the turning points were the development of nuclear weapons and the expansion of the welfare state. The impact of nuclear weapons is demonstrated by the fact that there is a start and an end to the nuclear phase of planning. The expansion of the welfare state meant that the role of the county councils over 30 years went from carrying out orders from the state and the armed forces to controlling both management and planning and where the military's right toissue wartime directives was abolished. This can be explained by the expansion of health care during the same period and the increased power of the county councils that came with the expansion.The study shows that the militarization of Swedish civilian society was strong up until about 1970, but then rapidly declined and it was increasingly the armed forces that had to adapt to the structure and requirements of the peacetime health care rather than the other way around. Again,the reason for this shift is the significant expansion of the welfare state and the peacetime healthcare system, which shifted both economic and political power away from the military to the civilian health care system.

The American GI’s experience in hospital during World War II is absent from official military histories, most scholarly works, and even many oral history collections. Utilizing the papers of WWII infantryman, Leon Standifer, this thesis offers the reader a rare glimpse of WWII military hospital life and chronicles one soldier’s journey from willing obedience to subversive action. This thesis compares the stated goals and procedures of the US Army medical department to the experience of Leon Standifer, an infantryman who served in northern France during the last year of the war and the American occupation of Bavaria, whose service was marked by several periods of protracted hospitalization. Over the course of five hospitalizations, during which Standifer was treated for bullet wounds, trench foot, and pneumonia, he consistently wrote letters to his family describing his experience. A careful reading of Standifer’s wartime correspondence in conjunction with his published and unpublished writings, secondary source material, and military records, suggest that while isolated in the hospital, after killing and experiencing the death of his comrades, Standifer lost his desire to fight. He began to make calculated decisions based on his knowledge of the military medical system in an attempt to ensure his survival and control the remainder of his military service.

Submitted by Gilvan Almeida (gilvan.almeida@icict.fiocruz.br) on 2016-09-26T14:06:08Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license.txt: 1748 bytes, checksum: 8a4605be74aa9ea9d79846c1fba20a33 (MD5) 199.pdf: 3201117 bytes, checksum: cf986161a4b47a5e3083519befaf29c9 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Barata Manoel (msbarata@coc.fiocruz.br) on 2016-10-06T19:10:46Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license.txt: 1748 bytes, checksum: 8a4605be74aa9ea9d79846c1fba20a33 (MD5) 199.pdf: 3201117 bytes, checksum: cf986161a4b47a5e3083519befaf29c9 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-10-06T19:10:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license.txt: 1748 bytes, checksum: 8a4605be74aa9ea9d79846c1fba20a33 (MD5) 199.pdf: 3201117 bytes, checksum: cf986161a4b47a5e3083519befaf29c9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Casa de Oswaldo Cruz. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil. / Nosso objetivo com o presente trabalho é compreender as influências dos exércitos da Alemanha e da França no processo de modernização dos Serviços de Saúde dos exércitos de dois países da América Latina: Argentina e Brasil. Além disso, procuramos entender como as influências de saberes médicos daquelas escolas europeias estiveram presentes no cenário médico militar dos serviços de saúde destes países sul americanos. Para tal, temos a higiene militar e o desenvolvimento técnico-científico das Forças Armadas como eixo de nossos estudos para identificarmos as principais mudanças sofridas no Serviço de Saúde, do Brasil, e no Cuerpo de Sanidad da Argentina, bem como suas relações/implicações políticas à época. Nosso recorte temporal está relacionado com o surgimento do Cuerpo de Sanidad, bem como o processo de modernização deste e do Serviço de Saúde do exército brasileiro. Já o ano de 1930 foi escolhido em função do seu significado na historiografia destes dois países e, principalmente, por um novo quadro político, econômico, social e militar em função de seus movimentos revolucionários . Quanto à nossa abordagem teórico-metodológica, além do estudo comparado, partimos da noção de desenvolvimento desigual e combinado desenvolvido por Trotsky. Entendemos que a busca pela adequação ao processo evolutivo dos exércitos dos países centrais se deu em diversos países da América Latina a partir da contratação de missões estrangeiras para modernizarem seus exércitos. Ao utilizar as experiências da Argentina e do Brasil na contratação de missões deste tipo, podemos generalizar o tema, ou seja, generalizar a forma como o processo de modernização e do desenvolvimento técnico-científico implica mudanças nos Corpos de Saúde destes exércitos. / This work intends to comprehend the influences of the French and Germany armies in the process of modernization of the Armies Health Services of two countries of Latin America: Argentina e Brazil. Besides, we trying to understand how such influences were incorporated in the medical military scenery of these South American countries. For such, we had the military hygiene and the technical-scientific development of the Army Forces as axis of this study, in order to identify the main changes that occurred in the Army Services of Brazil and the Cuerpo de Sanidad of Argentina, as well as the political implications of the time. The time frame is related to the emergence and modernization of the Cuerpo de Sanidad in Argentina and the modernization of the Brazilian Health Service Army. It ends in the year 1930 because of its significance in the historiography of these two countries mainly due to the "revolutionary" movements and its implications of a new political, economic, social and military order. As for the theoretical-methodological approach, the work based in the comparative method study and also, in the notion of uneven and combined development developed by Trotsky. We understand that hiring foreign military missions by Latin American countries in order to modernize their armies, were a way of adapting in these countries the evolutionary process occurred in the armies of developed countries. By utilizing the experiences of Argentina and Brazil in hiring military missions, we can imply that in the process of modernization and technical-scientific development significant changes occurs in the armies Bodies Health.

Submitted by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2017-03-08T11:08:53Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Suzy Darlen Soares de Almeida - 2017.pdf: 3538179 bytes, checksum: 6adfbde16bd18ffdaea737e920ad8539 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2017-03-08T11:13:26Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Suzy Darlen Soares de Almeida - 2017.pdf: 3538179 bytes, checksum: 6adfbde16bd18ffdaea737e920ad8539 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-03-08T11:13:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Suzy Darlen Soares de Almeida - 2017.pdf: 3538179 bytes, checksum: 6adfbde16bd18ffdaea737e920ad8539 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-01-28 / OBJECTIVES: (i) to establish the prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome (MS) in Military Police Officers (PMs) in Goiás; (Ii) to characterize the epidemiological profile of Goiás MPs with MS; (Iii) establish its risk factors; (Iv) to establish a correlation between the prevalence of MS occurrences and police occurrences (v) to describe their spatial distribution according to the Safe Citizen Program of the State of Goiás. METHODOLOGY: A descriptive, retrospective and transversal study developed with Military Police officers of Military Police of Goiás using the study of a database for the periodic evaluations of the health status of the MPs carried out between 2009 and 2013. The sample was selected according to the selection criteria, which included those with cadastral information and multidisciplinary evaluations Complete and unpaid; And excluded those with cadastral data and incomplete, multi-disciplinary evaluations of the pregnant police officers; With duplicate and triplicate data; With misleading and incomplete typing. Total 6303 police officers, 52.5% of the total population of the study (94.5% in men and 5.5% in women), being distributed according to the regions of the Safe Citizen Program of the State of Goias. The research was divided into: 1st phase - Organization and data collection, 2nd Phase - Application of the diagnostic criteria for the National Cholesterol Education Program Revised, and 3rd Phase - Data analysis - descriptive statistics with spatial distribution using scanning scan of Kulldorff. RESULTS: Of the 6303 PM evaluated, 23.7% (n = 1495) had MS, divided into 22.6% of males and 1.1% of females. The majority were between 40 and 45 years of age (32.4%), with rates increasing above 20% from 35 years, decreasing at 55 years; Married (70.4%); With incomplete secondary education (45.1%); With physical activity below three times per week (55.2%); With Sergeant's patent (45.0%); Nonsmokers (89.8%); With normal sleep (92.1%); And Goiânia (30.3%). Of the components, 58.9% of blood pressure, 42.8% of triglycerides, 30.3% of High Density Lipoprotein, 20.9% of waist circumference and 17.4% of fasting glucose were found in the PMs. SM was not correlated with police occurrences. Body mass index and age were the risk factors associated with higher odds for MS, especially, aged between 40 and 45 years and overweight. The groups with the highest relative risk (1.22) were found in the regions of: Itumbiara, Cidade de Goiás, Iporá, Jataí and Rio Verde, and with the lowest relative risk (0.82) in Goiânia. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of MS among Goiás MPs was 23.7%, being more frequent in subjects aged 40-45 years, married, with incomplete secondary education, with physical activity below three times a week, Sergeants, nonsmokers, with normal sleep and crowded in Goiânia. The risk factors identified were BMI and age, respectively, the most potentiating classes, age between 40 and 45 years and overweight increase the association with MS. No correlation was found between this Syndrome and police occurrences.Concerning its spatial distribution, the biggest frequency were in the regions of: Águas Lindas de Goiás - 31.5%; Porangatu - 29.7%; Rio Verde - 28.9%; Itumbiara - 28.8%; And Iporá - 28.4%. / OBJETIVOS: (i) estabelecer a prevalência da Síndrome Metabólica (SM) em Policiais Militares (PMs) de Goiás; (ii) caracterizar o perfil epidemiológico dos PMs de Goiás portadores de SM; (iii) estabelecer seus fatores de risco; (iv)estabelecer a correlação entre a prevalência da SM com as ocorrências policiais (v) descrever a sua distribuição espacial de acordo com o Programa Cidadão Seguro do Estado de Goiás. METODOLOGIA: Estudo descritivo, retrospectivo e transversal, desenvolvido com sujeitos Policiais Militares da Policia Militar de Goiás por meio do estudo de um banco de dados referente as avaliações periódicas do estado de saúde dos PMs realizadas entre 2009 e 2013. A amostra foi selecionada de acordo com os critérios de seleção, que incluíram aqueles com infomações cadastrais e avaliações multidisciplinar completas e não aponsentados; e excluíram aqueles com dados cadastrais e avaliações por área multidisciplinar incompletos, aponsentados, do policiais grávidas; com dados duplicadas e triplicadas; com digitações equivocadas e incompletas. Totalizando 6303 policiais, 52,5% do total da população do estudo (94,5% em homens e 5,5% em mulheres), sendo distribuídos conforme as regiões do Programa Cidadão Seguro do Estado de Goías. A pesquisa foi dividida em: 1ª fase – Organização e coleta dos dados, 2ª Fase - Aplicação dos critérios de diagnóstico para a SM - National Cholesterol Education Program revisado, e 3ª Fase - Análise dos dados - estatística descritiva com distribuição espacial utilizando varredura scan de Kulldorff. RESULTADOS: Dos 6303 PMs avaliados, 23,7% (n = 1495) são portadores de SM, divididos em 22,6% de homens e 1,1% de mulheres. A maioria com o intervalo de idade entre 40 e 45 anos (32,4%), sendo que as taxas aumentam acima de 20% a partir de 35 anos, decrescendo aos 55 anos; casados (70,4%); com grau de ensino médio incompleto (45,1%); com atividade física abaixo de três vezes por semana (55,2%); com patente de Sargento (45,0%); não fumantes (89,8%); com sono normal (92,1%); e de Goiânia (30,3%). Dos componentes, encontraram-se nos PMs 58,9% de pressão arterial, 42,8% de triglicerídeos, 30,3% de High Density Lipoprotein, 20,9% de circunferência abdominal e 17,4% de glicose em jejum. A SM não foi correlacionada com as ocorrências policiais. O índice de massa corpórea e a idade foram os fatores de risco associados a maiores chances para a SM, principalmente, com idade entre 40 e 45 anos e sobrepeso. Os agrupamentos de maior risco relativo (1,22) foram encontrados nas regiões de: Itumbiara, Cidade de Goiás, Iporá, Jataí e Rio Verde, e com o menor risco relativo (0,82) em Goiânia. CONCLUSÃO: A prevalência da SM entre os PMs de Goiás foi de 23,7%, sendo mais frequente nos sujeitos com idade entre 40 e 45 anos, casados, com grau de ensino médio incompleto, com atividade física abaixo de três vezes por semana, Sargentos, não fumantes, com sono normal e lotados em Goiânia. Os fatores de risco identificados foram o IMC e a idade, respectivamente, as classes mais potencialisadoras, idade entre 40 a 45 anos e sobrepeso aumentam a associação com a SM. Não foi encontrada correlação entre esta Síndrome e as ocorrências policiais. Quanto a distribuição espacial, as regiões com maior frequência foram: Águas Lindas de Goiás - 31,5%; Porangatu - 29,7%; Rio Verde - 28,9%; Itumbiara - 28,8%; e Iporá - 28,4%.

This paper provides an analysis of Bradshaw and Colleagues' model of military healthcare professionals' moral distress experiences. Using novel interview data collected from Canadian Forces healthcare professionals, the steps of the model are validated or potential refinements are suggested. / Military healthcare professionals (HCPs) may experience moral distress during international deployment. Moral distress is experienced when a HCP faces a moral dilemma, e.g., knows the morally correct course of action but is blocked from taking it, or where all available courses of action require something of moral significance be given up. While the literature indicates that moral distress often negatively impacts the mental health of the individual and the effectiveness of the organization, limited research has examined moral distress amongst military HCP. Many similar stressors and psychological health problems are present for both civilian and military HCP; however, the unique context of deployment necessitates further examination. This thesis explores the military HCP experience with moral distress by using Bradshaw and colleague’s model of progression from the encounter with a moral dilemma to the impact on individuals and organizations. Through the analysis of novel interviews collected by the Ethics in Military Medicine Research Group (EMMRG), Bradshaw and colleague’s model of military moral distress is compared to participant’s experiences and qualitatively analysed, with the results outlining where the model is supported and where refinement is recommended. These challenges were then supported by a literature review from the disciplines of virtue and feminist ethics, moral psychology, bioethics, and civilian HCP moral distress research. Two novel and significant revisions to the model are suggested: representing and integrating the cumulative experience of moral distress, and re-conceptualizing the resolution process based on the consideration of contextual controllability on moral responsibility. / Thesis / Master of Science (MS) / This thesis examines the experience of moral distress in military healthcare professionals (HCPs) while working abroad, where a HCP faces a moral dilemma, e.g., knows the morally correct course of action but is blocked from taking it or it requires something of moral significance be given up. This thesis analyses the most recent model of military HCP moral distress (Bradshaw, et al., 2010) by comparing it to the experiences described by participants in the Ethics in Military Medicine Research Group (EMMRG) study. The results outline support for the model as well as novel suggestions for revision, which are supported by literature from a variety of disciplines. Two adjustments to Bradshaw and colleague’s model are suggested: clearer representation of the cumulative nature of moral distress as well as a reconceptualization of the resolution process to consider the influence of the immediate and extended environment on moral responsibility.