De 1872 à 1914, l’armée française s’ouvre à un ensemble toujours plus grand de Français venus accomplir leur service militaire obligatoire. L’armée devient alors une « armée nationale » en ce sens qu’elle réunit la nation et l’institution militaire à travers l'imaginaire politique du « soldat-citoyen ». Au-delà des discours et des postures idéologiques entourant le thème de l’armée nationale, l’objectif de cette recherche est de comprendre comment l’institution militaire a été transformée par l’universalisation progressive du service et de saisir les effets éventuels de celui-ci dans la société française de la Belle Époque. L’approche méthodologique retenue est celle d’une socio-histoire de l’armée, réalisée à partir d’un groupe méconnu, celui des sous-officiers dont la position et le statut permettent d’explorer les mécanismes ordinaires de la promotion hiérarchique et de la discipline dans le rang. Cette approche permet de comprendre comment la défense d’une « spécificité militaire » a renforcé la domination symbolique des officiers sur la troupe. L’attention portée à l’avancement révèle également la progression, à tous les niveaux de la hiérarchie, du principe de la méritocratie scolaire qui transforme les rapports sociaux et hiérarchiques dans l’armée. Enfin, l’étude des « règles du jeu » disciplinaires par lesquelles les sous-officiers exercent leur contrôle sur la troupe permet de mieux cerner les raisons de l’obéissance militaire obtenue dans les casernes avant 1914. Ces dynamiques éclairent en définitive l’organisation d’une institution dont les critères de recrutement, de promotion et les techniques disciplinaires, élaborés en temps de paix, ne disparaissent pas dans les tranchées de la Première Guerre mondiale. / From 1872 to 1914, the French Army kept incorporating a growing number of young men who came to perform their military service. Thus, the Army became a « National Army » , associating the Nation and the military institution through the figure of the « citizen-soldier ». Beyond words and ideological postures, the point of this research is to comprehend how the military institution and the French society have been transformed by compulsory military service. To this end, a socio-historical approach focusing on non-commissioned officers, allows us to explore the features of hierarchical promotion and military discipline. This research reveals how the defense of the « military specifics» was a way of strengthening the symbolic domination of officers. A notice to military promotion also reveals the crucial part of meritocracy which transformed social and hierarchical relations in the French Army. Finally, the analysis of disciplinary rules give reasons for military obedience into the barracks. These elements enlighten how the criteria for recruitment, promotions and disciplinary procedures developed during peacetime did not disappear after 1914.

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This dissertation produces the first attempt to bring the work of sociologist Pierre Bourdieu and the political theory literature on citizenship into dialogue with the scholarship on American empire in the field of International Relations (IR). It explores how the United States’ quest for global pre-eminence, mirrored by the war in Iraq, reveals and exacerbates the social wounds at the seams of American society. To do this, it introduces three new concepts to the field of International Relations. It builds on historian Christophe Charle’s sociological framework of “imperial society” and “national habitus” (2001, 2004 and 2005) and introduces an original concept, the field of citizenship, to examine social conflict over the distribution of military sacrifice amongst citizens in the United States. Finally, it explores these tensions by looking at multiple documentary sources, including over 200 newspaper articles, 60 testimonies about the war from soldiers and their relatives, congressional documents, and military manpower policies.

This dissertation produces the first attempt to bring the work of sociologist Pierre Bourdieu and the political theory literature on citizenship into dialogue with the scholarship on American empire in the field of International Relations (IR). It explores how the United States’ quest for global pre-eminence, mirrored by the war in Iraq, reveals and exacerbates the social wounds at the seams of American society. To do this, it introduces three new concepts to the field of International Relations. It builds on historian Christophe Charle’s sociological framework of “imperial society” and “national habitus” (2001, 2004 and 2005) and introduces an original concept, the field of citizenship, to examine social conflict over the distribution of military sacrifice amongst citizens in the United States. Finally, it explores these tensions by looking at multiple documentary sources, including over 200 newspaper articles, 60 testimonies about the war from soldiers and their relatives, congressional documents, and military manpower policies.

This dissertation produces the first attempt to bring the work of sociologist Pierre Bourdieu and the political theory literature on citizenship into dialogue with the scholarship on American empire in the field of International Relations (IR). It explores how the United States’ quest for global pre-eminence, mirrored by the war in Iraq, reveals and exacerbates the social wounds at the seams of American society. To do this, it introduces three new concepts to the field of International Relations. It builds on historian Christophe Charle’s sociological framework of “imperial society” and “national habitus” (2001, 2004 and 2005) and introduces an original concept, the field of citizenship, to examine social conflict over the distribution of military sacrifice amongst citizens in the United States. Finally, it explores these tensions by looking at multiple documentary sources, including over 200 newspaper articles, 60 testimonies about the war from soldiers and their relatives, congressional documents, and military manpower policies.

This dissertation produces the first attempt to bring the work of sociologist Pierre Bourdieu and the political theory literature on citizenship into dialogue with the scholarship on American empire in the field of International Relations (IR). It explores how the United States’ quest for global pre-eminence, mirrored by the war in Iraq, reveals and exacerbates the social wounds at the seams of American society. To do this, it introduces three new concepts to the field of International Relations. It builds on historian Christophe Charle’s sociological framework of “imperial society” and “national habitus” (2001, 2004 and 2005) and introduces an original concept, the field of citizenship, to examine social conflict over the distribution of military sacrifice amongst citizens in the United States. Finally, it explores these tensions by looking at multiple documentary sources, including over 200 newspaper articles, 60 testimonies about the war from soldiers and their relatives, congressional documents, and military manpower policies.

La thèse se propose de retracer et d’expliciter, à travers l’évolution des règles du droit de la nationalité française, la signification et le contenu de la loi du 10 août 1927, qui la première fut qualifiée de code de la nationalité. En adoptant sur le sujet un angle d’étude nouveau et en conduisant une analyse systématique et essentiellement juridique des fondements ainsi que des conséquences de l’adoption de telle ou telle règle du droit de la nationalité, nous montrons comment et pourquoi les critères traditionnels du droit commun de la nationalité furent progressivement modifiés non seulement en fonction de grands évènements historiques, mais également en raison des effets juridiques (droits et obligations) que la nation entendait conférer à la qualité de Français. Au cours de cette évolution nous insistons d’autre part sur l’influence décisive de différentes branches du droit français (privé, public, pénal, procédural, international), et sur celle des droits spéciaux de la nationalité (traités, conventions, droit colonial). Ceci conditionne la nature juridique et donc l’architecture du droit de la nationalité depuis la restructuration du coeur de ce droit (1789-1804) jusqu’à l’ébauche d’un corps de droit (1804-1889) et enfin la préparation d’un code (1889-1927). L’ensemble du processus aboutit en 1927 à l’émergence d’une matière juridique autonome, certes non encore parfaitement identifiée, codifiée, harmonisée dans toutes ses branches, mais suffisamment distincte pour qu’elle soit placée en dehors du Code civil. / The purpose of this study is to explain, through the evolution of French Nationality rules, theorigins and the meanings of the 10 august 1927 Law. This law was the first legal text to beseen as a nationality code. We set out how and why the usual requirements of nationality havebeen progressively modified since 1789 to 1927, not only under the influence of historicalevents, but also in relation with legal effects expected (rights and obligations) by the FrenchNation. Following this evolution, we pay a particular attention to several parts of the Frenchlaw (private, public, penal, international or procedural) and special rules (treaties, conventions,colonial law) linked to nationality. Since the restructuration of its heart until the making of acode, we examine the evolution of the legal corpus. In 1927, at the end of the general process,a legal and autonomous subject appears: even if it is not yet entirely identified, codified andharmonised in all its parts, it can take place out of the French Civil Code.

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