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Previous literature on the Europeanization of candidate countries has lacked careful empirical investigations into how the process drives domestic policies to change in line with the EU acquis. Selecting on the least-likely case of Turkey and its refugee and asylum policy, I identify that previous work has assumed that Turkey’s policy shifts have been driven by rationalist cost- benefit calculations of its government. The purpose of this study has been to empirically investigate and trace the mechanisms of Europeanization in the selected case, in order to thereby contribute to knowledge on the process of Europeanization in candidate countries in general, and address to the previous research gap. Given this purpose, I have aimed to produce answers to the research question: how has the EU affected Turkey’s asylum and refugee policy after the declaration of candidacy status? I hypothesize that a rationalist model driven by the EU’s conditionality can indeed explain domestic policy changes in Turkey, but also that an alternative mechanism of socialization has been at play. Tracing the process of Europeanization through secondary sources, the results show that what started with behavioral-adaptation of domestic policy change in alignment with the EU’s laws, norms and demands between 1999 and 2010, between 2011 and 2018 the Turkish asylum and refugee policies started to step away from the push power of the external incentives. Nonetheless, significant domestic policy changes continued, suggesting evidence against the rationalist conditionality model of Europeanization in this period. However, I argue that the results are not strong enough to make the claim Turkey’s domestic policy change was driven by a mechanism of socialization, but rather suggest there has been initiation of a switch between the mechanisms.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da soldagem TIG (\"tungsten inert gas\") e compará-la com soldagem a laser, em hastes cilíndricas e supra-estruturas implantosuportadas, confeccionadas em titânio comercialmente puro (Ti cp) por meio dos ensaios de resistência mecânica (tração e flexão) e desajuste marginal, respectivamente. Foram confeccionados noventa corpos-de-prova em titânio cp, sendo sessenta, na forma de hastes cilíndricas, obtidas por fundição de hastes de latão, e trinta na forma de supra-estruturas implanto-suportadas, obtidas por modelo de gesso com quatro análogos de implantes Microunit (Conexão), com dez repetições para cada grupo (controle, solda TIG, solda a Laser). Para a obtenção dos corpos-de-prova, foi realizada inclusão em revestimento Rematitan Plus, de acordo com as instruções fabricante. Os anéis foram submetidos aos ciclos térmicos e posicionados na máquina de fundição (Rematitan), sob arco voltaico, vácuo e atmosfera de argônio, com injeção de titânio sob vácuo-pressão. Após resfriamento, as fundições foram desincluídas e jateadas com óxido de alumínio. Os corpos-de-prova obtidos em forma de hastes cilíndricas foram distribuídos aleatoriamente, em três grupos, para ambos os ensaios, resistência à tração e flexão: grupo controle (sem solda), solda TIG e solda a Laser. As trinta supra-estruturas foram divididas aleatoriamente em três grupos: I- controle - monobloco; II-B- pós-soldagem TIG e III-B- pós-soldagem a Laser; os grupos II-A e III-A, foram constituídos dos espécimes antes do processo de soldagem: II-A- pré-soldagem TIG e III-A- pré-soldagem a Laser. Os dados obtidos para o Ensaio de Tração (MPa) foram analisados estatisticamente pelos testes ANOVA e Tukey (&alpha;= 0,05). O teste complementar de Tukey (p = 0,05) evidenciou que houve diferença entre o grupo controle (605,84 ± 19,83) e os métodos de soldagem TIG (514,90 ± 37,76) e Laser (515,85 ± 62,07). Para o Ensaio de Flexão (MPa), o teste não-paramétrico de Kruskal-Wallis mostrou que não houve diferença estatisticamente significante entre os processos de soldagem TIG (1559,66) e Laser (1621,64), contudo a diferença foi significante entre estes grupos e o controle (1908,75). Para análise dos resultados do desajuste marginal (&mu;m) das supra-estruturas implanto-suportadas, o teste nãoparamétrico de Kruskal-Wallis revelou que não houve diferença estatisticamente significante entre os grupos pós-soldagem TIG (250) e pós-soldagem Laser (241), entretanto, o grupo controle (770) apresentou o maior desajuste. Pelos resultados obtidos e dentro das limitações deste estudo, pode-se afirmar que a soldagem a TIG propicia a obtenção de resultados similares à soldagem a Laser. / The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of TIG welding (tungsten inert gas) and compare it with Laser welding, of the cylindrical rods and implant-supported frameworks, obtained by in commercially pure titanium (cp) through the mechanical resistance (tensile and flexural strength) and misfit marginal, respectively. Ninety specimens have been fabricated titanium cp, and sixty, cylindrical rods, obtained by casting of the brass rods, and thirty implant-supported frameworks, obtained by plaster die with four similar - Microunit implants (Connection), with ten repetitions for each group (control, TIG welding, laser welding). The specimens were invested in Rematitan Plus, according to the manufacturer instructions. The rings were subjected to thermal cycling and positioned in the machine of casting (Rematitan) under voltaic arc, vacuum and atmosphere of argon, with injection of titanium vacuumpressure. After cooling, were manually and airbone-particle abraded with aluminum oxide. The specimes cylindrical rods were randomly distributed in three groups, for tests, tensile and flexural strength: the control group (without welding), TIG welding and soldering laser. The above thirty-structures were randomly divided into three groups: I- one-piece-cast (control)-, II-B-after-TIG welding and III-B-after-Laser welding, the Group II-A, III-A, consisted of specimens before the process of welding: II-A-before-TIG welding and III-A before-Laser welding. The results for the test Traction were submitted to variance analysis ANOVA (p < 0.05) being observed difference between groups. The supplementary Tukey test (p = 0.05) showed that there was a difference between the control group (605.84 ± 19.83) and the methods of welding TIG (514.90 ± 37.76) and laser (515.85 ± 62.07). To test the Flexion nonparametric test Kruskal-Wallis showed that there was no statistically significant difference between the processes of TIG welding (1559.66) and Laser (1621.64), but the difference was significant between these groups and control (1908.75). For analysis of the results of marginal misfit implant-supported frameworks, the non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis test revealed that there was no statistically significant difference between groups after-TIG welding (250) and after- Laser welding (241), however, the control group (770) showed the largest misfit. With these and the limitations of this study TIG welding in may be to Laser welding.

Die untersuchten Ferekristalle sind neuartige Verwachsungs-Schichtverbindungen aus m Monolagen von Niobdiselenid (NbSe2), die wiederholt mit n atomaren Bilagen von Bleiselenid (PbSe) oder Zinnselenid (SnSe) geschichtet sind. Niobdiselenid als Volumenmaterial besitzt eine Schichtstruktur und ist ein Supraleiter. Aufgrund ihrer gezielt einstellbaren atomar geschichteten Struktur können Ferekristalle als Modellsysteme für geschichtete Supraleiter dienen. In dieser Arbeit werden ihre strukturellen und elektrischen Eigenschaften untersucht. Mittels Transmissionselektronenmikroskopie wird ihre turbostratisch ungeordnete, nanokristalline Struktur nachgewiesen. Die atomare Struktur innerhalb der einzelnen Schichten ist ähnlich wie in den Volumenmaterialien NbSe2, PbSe und SnSe, wobei die kristallographischen c-Achsen parallel zur Stapelrichtung der Ferekristalle zeigen. Eine quantitative Analyse unter Verwendung eines Zwei-Schicht-Modells für den spezifischen Widerstand, Hall-Koeffizienten und Magnetwiderstand liefert ähnliche Ladungsträgersorten, -dichten und –beweglichkeiten in den NbSe2-Schichten, wie sie für isolierte Einzellagen von NbSe2 berichtet wurden. Diese unterscheiden sich von denen des Volumenmaterials NbSe2. Erstmals wurde ein Übergang der Ferekristalle in den supraleitenden Zustand nachgewiesen. Die Sprungtemperaturen sind dabei in etwa auf die Hälfte der Sprungtemperaturen der jeweiligen nicht turbostratisch ungeordneten Misfit-Schichtverbindungen reduziert. Diese Reduzierung kann der turbostratischen Unordnung der Ferekristalle zugeordnet werden. Das Verhältnis zwischen der schichtsenkrechten Ginzburg-Landau-Kohärenzlänge und dem Abstand zwischen den supraleitenden Schichten ist bei den Ferekristallen kleiner als bei den nicht ungeordneten Misfit-Schichtverbindungen, was Ferekristalle zu vielversprechenden Kandidaten für (quasi-)zweidimensionale Supraleiter macht. / The investigated ferecrystals are novel layered intergrowth compounds consisting of m monolayers of niobium diselenide (NbSe2) stacked repeatedly with n atomic bilayers of lead selenide (PbSe) or tin selenide (SnSe). Bulk NbSe2 is a layered compound showing superconductivity. Due to their artificially atomic-scale layered structure, which is tunable on the atomic scale, ferecrystals can serve as model systems for layered superconductors. In this study, their structural and electrical properties are investigated. Using transmission electron microscopy their turbostratically disordered, nanocrystalline structure is revealed. The atomic structure within the individual layers is similar as for bulk NbSe2, PbSe and SnSe, with the crystallographic c-axes parallel to the stacking direction in the ferecrystals. A quantitative analysis using a two-layer model fit for the electrical resistivity, Hall coefficient and magnetoresistance yields a similar carrier type, density and mobility in the NbSe2 layers as reported for isolated NbSe2 monolayers. These values differ from those of bulk NbSe2. For the first time, a normal-to-superconducting transition has been detected in ferecrystals. The transition temperatures of the ferecrystals are reduced to about a half of those of analogous non-disordered misfit layer compounds. This reduction in transition temperature can be correlated to the turbostratic disorder in ferecrystals. The ratio between the cross-plane Ginzburg-Landau coherence length and the cross-plane distance between the NbSe2 layers for the ferecrystals is lower than for non-disordered misfit layer compounds, making ferecrystals promising candidates for (quasi-)two-dimensional superconductors.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da soldagem TIG (\"tungsten inert gas\") e compará-la com soldagem a laser, em hastes cilíndricas e supra-estruturas implantosuportadas, confeccionadas em titânio comercialmente puro (Ti cp) por meio dos ensaios de resistência mecânica (tração e flexão) e desajuste marginal, respectivamente. Foram confeccionados noventa corpos-de-prova em titânio cp, sendo sessenta, na forma de hastes cilíndricas, obtidas por fundição de hastes de latão, e trinta na forma de supra-estruturas implanto-suportadas, obtidas por modelo de gesso com quatro análogos de implantes Microunit (Conexão), com dez repetições para cada grupo (controle, solda TIG, solda a Laser). Para a obtenção dos corpos-de-prova, foi realizada inclusão em revestimento Rematitan Plus, de acordo com as instruções fabricante. Os anéis foram submetidos aos ciclos térmicos e posicionados na máquina de fundição (Rematitan), sob arco voltaico, vácuo e atmosfera de argônio, com injeção de titânio sob vácuo-pressão. Após resfriamento, as fundições foram desincluídas e jateadas com óxido de alumínio. Os corpos-de-prova obtidos em forma de hastes cilíndricas foram distribuídos aleatoriamente, em três grupos, para ambos os ensaios, resistência à tração e flexão: grupo controle (sem solda), solda TIG e solda a Laser. As trinta supra-estruturas foram divididas aleatoriamente em três grupos: I- controle - monobloco; II-B- pós-soldagem TIG e III-B- pós-soldagem a Laser; os grupos II-A e III-A, foram constituídos dos espécimes antes do processo de soldagem: II-A- pré-soldagem TIG e III-A- pré-soldagem a Laser. Os dados obtidos para o Ensaio de Tração (MPa) foram analisados estatisticamente pelos testes ANOVA e Tukey (&alpha;= 0,05). O teste complementar de Tukey (p = 0,05) evidenciou que houve diferença entre o grupo controle (605,84 ± 19,83) e os métodos de soldagem TIG (514,90 ± 37,76) e Laser (515,85 ± 62,07). Para o Ensaio de Flexão (MPa), o teste não-paramétrico de Kruskal-Wallis mostrou que não houve diferença estatisticamente significante entre os processos de soldagem TIG (1559,66) e Laser (1621,64), contudo a diferença foi significante entre estes grupos e o controle (1908,75). Para análise dos resultados do desajuste marginal (&mu;m) das supra-estruturas implanto-suportadas, o teste nãoparamétrico de Kruskal-Wallis revelou que não houve diferença estatisticamente significante entre os grupos pós-soldagem TIG (250) e pós-soldagem Laser (241), entretanto, o grupo controle (770) apresentou o maior desajuste. Pelos resultados obtidos e dentro das limitações deste estudo, pode-se afirmar que a soldagem a TIG propicia a obtenção de resultados similares à soldagem a Laser. / The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of TIG welding (tungsten inert gas) and compare it with Laser welding, of the cylindrical rods and implant-supported frameworks, obtained by in commercially pure titanium (cp) through the mechanical resistance (tensile and flexural strength) and misfit marginal, respectively. Ninety specimens have been fabricated titanium cp, and sixty, cylindrical rods, obtained by casting of the brass rods, and thirty implant-supported frameworks, obtained by plaster die with four similar - Microunit implants (Connection), with ten repetitions for each group (control, TIG welding, laser welding). The specimens were invested in Rematitan Plus, according to the manufacturer instructions. The rings were subjected to thermal cycling and positioned in the machine of casting (Rematitan) under voltaic arc, vacuum and atmosphere of argon, with injection of titanium vacuumpressure. After cooling, were manually and airbone-particle abraded with aluminum oxide. The specimes cylindrical rods were randomly distributed in three groups, for tests, tensile and flexural strength: the control group (without welding), TIG welding and soldering laser. The above thirty-structures were randomly divided into three groups: I- one-piece-cast (control)-, II-B-after-TIG welding and III-B-after-Laser welding, the Group II-A, III-A, consisted of specimens before the process of welding: II-A-before-TIG welding and III-A before-Laser welding. The results for the test Traction were submitted to variance analysis ANOVA (p < 0.05) being observed difference between groups. The supplementary Tukey test (p = 0.05) showed that there was a difference between the control group (605.84 ± 19.83) and the methods of welding TIG (514.90 ± 37.76) and laser (515.85 ± 62.07). To test the Flexion nonparametric test Kruskal-Wallis showed that there was no statistically significant difference between the processes of TIG welding (1559.66) and Laser (1621.64), but the difference was significant between these groups and control (1908.75). For analysis of the results of marginal misfit implant-supported frameworks, the non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis test revealed that there was no statistically significant difference between groups after-TIG welding (250) and after- Laser welding (241), however, the control group (770) showed the largest misfit. With these and the limitations of this study TIG welding in may be to Laser welding.

This report collects selected outstanding scientific and technological results obtained within the frame of the European project "FLASiC" (Flash LAmp Supported Deposition of 3C-SiC) but also other work performed in adjacent fields. Goal of the project was the production of large-area epitaxial 3C-SiC layers grown on Si, where in an early stage of SiC deposition the SiC/Si interface is rigorously improved by energetic electromagnetic radiation from purpose-built flash lamp equipment developed at Forschungszentrum Rossendorf. Background of this work is the challenging task for areas like microelectronics, biotechnology, or biomedicine to meet the growing demands for high-quality electronic sensors to work at high temperatures and under extreme environmental conditions. First results in continuation of the project work – for example, the deposition of the topical semiconductor material zinc oxide (ZnO) on epitaxial 3C-SiC/Si layers – are reported too.

Les superalliages monocristallins base nickel sont largement utilisés dans les parties chaudes (aux alentours de 1000°C) des turbines aéronautiques au vu de leur bonne résistance thermomécanique. Pendant le stade II du fluage leur microstructure est formée d’une matrice/couloirs γ (CFC) et de précipités en radeaux γ’ (L12). Le but de cette étude est de mieux comprendre la plasticité de ces matériaux, en particulier celle de l’alliage de 1ère génération AM1. Afin de suivre son comportement mécanique durant des transitions rapides, une nouvelle technique expérimentale par diffraction en transmission des rayons X (synchrotron) a été développée. L’utilisation d’une caméra en champ lointain permet d’enregistrer (une acquisition prend 7 secondes) la tache de diffraction (200) de chacune des deux phases, et donc l’évolution en temps réel du désaccord paramétrique entre les deux phases. En utilisant un modèle mécanique simplifié, il est possible d’en déduire les contraintes internes et la déformation plastique de chaque phase. Une campagne d’essai sur la ligne ID11 de l’ESRF a été réalisée avec cette technique. Deux types d’échantillons présentant une microstructure initiale différente, obtenues par des traitements thermiques adaptés, ont été testés. Ils ont été soumis in situ à des essais de fluage à température constante avec des sauts de contrainte. Après essai, les échantillons ont été caractérisés par MET et MEB afin de déterminer leur microstructure, vérifier les désorientations des échantillons, cartographier la concentration de certains éléments et évaluer la densité de dislocations au sein des radeaux γ’. Dans les couloirs γ, la propagation des dislocations nécessite une contrainte de Von Mises supérieure à la contrainte d’Orowan, et la densité de dislocations mobiles augmente avec la déformation plastique. Le mécanisme limitant la déformation plastique par montée de la phase γ’ est vraisemblablement l’entrée des dislocations dans les radeaux. Les conséquences déduites de cette hypothèse sont détaillées ainsi que le comportement mécanique du matériau résultant / Nickel-based single crystal superalloys are extensively used for turbines blades (above 1000°C) of aeronautical engines because of their good thermomechanical properties. During stage II of creep, their microstructure consists of a γ matrix (fcc) and raft precipitates γ’ (L12). The aim of this work is to improve the understanding of plasticity of this type of alloy, especially the first generation AM1 superalloy. To follow his mechanical behaviour during fast transients, a new experimental setup using synchrotron radiation diffraction in transmission geometry was developed. A far field camera allows the recording of the (200) diffraction spot of each phase, i.e. the evolution of the lattice misfit in real time (one acquisition takes 7 seconds). By using a simple mechanical model, it is possible to determine the internal stresses and the plastic strains for both phases. An experimental campaign was performed at ID11 beamline of ESRF using this new technique. Two sample types with different initial microstructure (obtained with adapted heat treatments) were tested in situ. They underwent load jumps under high-temperature creep conditions. Further post mortem investigations by SEM and TEM were performed to determine their microstructure, to check on misorientations, map some elements composition and estimate the dislocation density within the γ’ rafts. In the γ channels, dislocation propagation occurred when the Von Mises stress was larger than the Orowan stress. The mobile dislocations density increases with γ plastic strain. The limiting mechanism for γ’ plastic strain is presumably the entry of dislocation within the γ’ rafts. Under this assumption we deduce the mechanisms of interactions between dislocations, vacancies, and pores within the material, and the mechanical behaviour of the γ’ rafts

Les superalliages monocristallins à base de nickel sont utilisés en aéronautique pour les aubes de turbines. Cette étude est consacrée à la modélisation du comportement en fluage du superalliage monocristallin AM1 après mise en radeaux, au cours d’essais isothermes à contrainte variable. Des diffractogrammes (200) ont été obtenus in situ par diffractométrie trois axes en rayonnement synchrotron, à haute température (950-1150°C) pour des paliers de contrainte entre 0 et 300MPa. Pour chaque phase, les déformations élastiques se déduisent de la position des pics et les contraintes, déformations plastiques et vitesses de déformation sont obtenues par la mesure du désaccord paramétrique, en utilisant un modèle composite en série. Ces résultats sont combinés à une caractérisation post mortem en microscopie électronique : morphologie des phases, densité et nature des dislocations. La mesure in situ du désaccord paramétrique donne accès à la densité instantanée de dislocations aux interfaces y/y’. Dans la phase ylors d’incréments de la contrainte appliquée, la contrainte de Von Mises augmente, puis se relaxe jusqu’à une contrainte seuil. Cette contrainte est en accord avec la contrainte d’Orowan et les largeurs des couloirs mesurées post mortem. La déformation plastique de la phase y’ est produite par montée de dislocations de vecteur de Burgers perpendiculaire à l’axe de traction sous l’action de la seule contrainte transverse et contrôlée par l’entrée de dislocations depuis les interfaces. Une simulation des pics de diffraction permet de reproduire l’évolution de leur largeur en fonction de la nature et de la répartition des dislocations aux interfaces et dans la phase y' / Nickel-based superalloys are used in aeronautics for turbine blades. This study aims at modelling the creep behaviour of single-crystalline AM1 superalloy with a rafted γ/γ’ microstructure during isothermal tests under variable applied stresses. (200) diffraction profiles are obtained with a triple crystal diffractometer and high energy synchrotron radiation at high temperature (950-1150°C) with an applied stress varying between 0 and 300 MPa. For each phase, the elastic strain is deduced from the peaks’ positions and the stress, plastic strain rate from the lattice mismatch, assuming a model lamellar composite material. Post mortem characterizations by electronic microscopy completes the results: morphology of each phase, dislocations densities and nature. The measurement of lattice mismatch leads to an in situ estimation of the dislocations’ density at the γ/γ’ interfaces. For the γ phase, during successive jumps of the applied stress, the Von Mises stress increases and then relaxes down to a threshold stress. This stress is in agreement with Orowan stress deduced from the post mortem measurements of the γ channels’ width. Plastic strain of the γ' phase is produced by climb of dislocations with Burgers’ vectors perpendicular to the tensile axis under the mere transversal stress and is controlled by the entrance of dislocations into the rafts from the interfaces. The distribution of elastic strains was simulated by assuming two main contributions: dislocations at the γ/γ’ interfaces and within the γ’ rafts. The simulation reproduces the absolute magnitude of the peaks’ width, as well as their increase with dislocation densities

This report collects selected outstanding scientific and technological results obtained within the frame of the European project "FLASiC" (Flash LAmp Supported Deposition of 3C-SiC) but also other work performed in adjacent fields. Goal of the project was the production of large-area epitaxial 3C-SiC layers grown on Si, where in an early stage of SiC deposition the SiC/Si interface is rigorously improved by energetic electromagnetic radiation from purpose-built flash lamp equipment developed at Forschungszentrum Rossendorf. Background of this work is the challenging task for areas like microelectronics, biotechnology, or biomedicine to meet the growing demands for high-quality electronic sensors to work at high temperatures and under extreme environmental conditions. First results in continuation of the project work – for example, the deposition of the topical semiconductor material zinc oxide (ZnO) on epitaxial 3C-SiC/Si layers – are reported too.

Die Herstellung von verspannten Schichten mittels Heteroepitaxie gewinnt in der aktuellen Festkörperphysik zunehmend an Bedeutung, insbesondere wenn es gelingt, Schichten mit unterschiedlichen Gitterparametern in hoher kristalliner Perfektion, wie sie für die Herstellung elektronischer Bauelemente notwendig ist, aufeinander abzuscheiden. Der Einsatz verspannter Schichtsysteme erlaubt es, bestimmte Materialeigenschaften, wie die Ladungsträgerbeweglichkeiten und den Bandabstand, gezielt zu beeinflussen. Im Rahmen der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde die frühe Phase der Relaxation von dünnen verspannten metastabilen Silizium-Germanium-Mischkristallschichten auf (001)-Siliziumsubstrat untersucht. Derartige metastabile Schichten bilden bei Temperaturbehandlung sogenannte Fehlanpassungsversetzungen aus. Die Ausbildung dieser Versetzungen in makroskopischer Ausdehnung in nahezu perfekt kristallinen Materialien setzt einen Nukleationsvorgang und die Ausbreitung durch Gleiten bzw. Klettern voraus. Diese Vorgänge wurden am o.g. Materialsystem systematisch untersucht. Die Untersuchung außerordentlich geringer Versetzungsdichten erfolgte mittels in-situ und ex-situ Röntgentopographie sowie ergänzender Messungen mittels hochauflösender Röntgendiffraktometrie. Die Plane-view-Transmissionselektronenmikroskopie sowie Atomkraftmikroskopie ergänzten die Experimente auf der damit möglichen Längenskala insbesondere für die Beurteilung des Verhaltens von sich kreuzenden Versetzungen. Es wurden Versetzungsgleitgeschwindigkeiten in Abhängigkeit von verschiedenen Fremdstoffkonzentrationen und Epitaxieverfahren gemessen. Ein signifikante Einfluß dieser Verfahren auf die Gleitgeschwindigkeit konnte nicht nachgewiesen werden, jedoch veringert der Sauerstoffgehalt einiger Proben die Versetzungsgleitgeschwindigkeit. Eine Kohlenstoffdotierung von 0,1% führt bei Einbau auf Gitterplätzen zu keinem messbaren Einfluß auf die Ausbreitungsgeschwindigkeit von Fehlanpassungsversetzungen. Der Prozess der Nukleation von Versetzungen wurde durch die heterogene Nukleation an Einzeldefekten, deren Vorhandensein stark vom Epitaxieverfahren abhängt, dominiert. Dies wurde an einer Vielzahl von Proben verifiziert. Die Aktivität der einzelnen Nukleationszentren ist sehr unterschiedlich und lässt sich nur durch ein "Spektrum" von Nukleationszentren unterschiedlicher "Stärke" erklären. Starke Nukleationszentren können bis ca 100 Versetzungen, die zusammen Versetzungsbündel bilden, induzieren. Die Nukleationszentren werden sequentiell aktiviert. Es wurde gezeigt, dass Laserbeschuss schwache Zentren "aktiviert" und eine damit eine sehr gleichmäßige Relaxation von Schichten möglich wird. Durch in-situ-Beobachtungen konnte erstmals röntgentopografisch der Prozess des Versetzungsblockierens und des Quergleitens an sich kreuzenden Versetzungsbündeln über einen großen Skalenbereich verfolgt werden.Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass die Zweikristall-Röntgentopografie ein geeignetes Verfahren zur Untersuchung großer teilrelaxierter Proben mit extrem geringem Relaxationsgrad darstellt. / The deposition of metastable layers by means of heteroepitaxy is gaining more and more in importance in current solid state physics, especially if it is possible to deposit layers with rather different lattice parameters in perfect quality, necessary for the fabrication of electronic devices and semiconductor technology. The use of such layer systems enables to controlling specific material properties, for example the mobility of charge carriers and the energy gap. Within the framework of this work the early stages of the relaxation of very thin strained silicon-germanium layers deposited onto (001)silicon substrates were investigated. Such metastable layers create so-called misfit dislocations at annealing. The formation of dislocations in nearly perfect materials as silicon in macroscopic extension presumes a nucleation process and the propagation by means of gliding and/or climbing of the threading segments. These processes were investigated systematically at silicon-germanium-films on silicon substrates as a modelsystem. Very low densities of dislocations were investigated by in-situ and ex-situ X-ray topography as well as high resolution X-ray diffractometry. Plane-view transmission electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy complemented the experiments in order to study the behavior at the dislocation crossings at smaller length scale. Dislocation glide rates were measured at different concentrations of impurities (e.g. carbon) in the sample and for different growth techniques. There was no significant influence of the epitaxial method on the glide velocities but a very low amount of oxygen decreases the the velocity effectively. A low density of carbon (0,1%) wich occcupy silicon or germanium lattice sites had no significant influence on the propagation of dislocations. The process of nucleation is dominated by heterogeneous nucleation as was verified at a large number of samples and varies in detail for different epitaxial depostion methods. The activity of single nucleation centers is rather different and can interpreted with a "spectrum" of centers of different strength. A strong center can induce as many as 100 dislocations. These dislocations form bunches of dislocations as was observed with X-ray topography. The centers are sequentially activated. This was demonstrated at samples where a pretreatment with an excimer laser "activated" weak centers thereby inducing a comparatively homogeneous distribution of dislocations. By means of in-situ synchrotron radiation experiments the prozesses of propagation, blocking and crossslip could be observed for the first time in large areas of samples. The double crystal X-ray topography is a suitable method to observe these processes in comparatively large samples with a very low degree of relaxation.