Every detail plan is required by law, Miljöbalken (MB 6 kap 11 §) to be preceded by a screening. This is to examine whether its implementation are likely to have a significant environmental impact. Sollentuna municipality has used a self-made template to conduct screenings. A request from the municipality has been to revise the template and the associated working procedures which were drawn up in 2011. Another request from the municipality was also to examine the possibility to include an ecosystem service approach in the screening. This is because ecosystem services, according to the national environmental objectives, no later than the year 2018, should be publicly known and incorporated into economical and political decisions. The method that has been used in this thesis has been literature studies, including checklists from 20 other municipalities that have been studied and compared to Sollentunas. Other literature, such as guides and reports in the subject of screenings and ecosystem services has also been studied. A well completed screening is a prerequisite for a correct basis for detailed plans and possible environmental impact assessments (EIA:s). In the final analysis, screenings are important for a sustainable society. Integrating ecosystem services in the screening has proved to be possible but not easy. Ecosystem services are often complex and difficult to identify. A proper valuation of ecosystem services is also important as they might otherwise be overlooked in screenings. The result of this thesis is that new and improved working practices as well as to a new and improved template for screenings to the municipality has been produced. / Varje detaljplan ska enligt Miljöbalken (MB 6 kap 11§) föregås av en behovsbedömning. Detta för att undersöka om dess genomförande kan antas medföra en betydande miljöpåverkan. Sollentuna kommun har använt sig av en egenproducerad mall för att genomföra behovsbedömningar. Ett önskemål från kommunen har varit att mallen, som utarbetades år 2011, och de tillhörande arbetsrutinerna skulle ses över. Ett annat önskemål från kommunen var dessutom att undersöka möjligheten att få med ett ekosystemtjänstperspektiv i behovsbedömningen. Detta då ekosystemtjänster, enligt ett av de nationella miljömålen, senast till år 2018 ska vara allmänt kända och integrerade i ekonomiska och politiska ställningstaganden. Metoden som främst har använts i uppsatsen har varit litteraturstudier där bland annat checklistorna från 20 andra kommuner har studerats och jämförts med Sollentunas. Övrig litteratur som till exempel vägledningar och rapporter inom ämnet behovsbedömningar och ekosystemtjänster har också studerats. En väl utförd behovsbedömning är en förutsättning för ett korrekt underlag för detaljplaner och eventuella miljökonsekvensbeskrivningar (MKB). I slutändan är behovsbedömningar viktiga för ett hållbart samhälle. Att integrera ekosystemtjänster i en behovsbedömning har visat sig vara genomförbart men inte lätt. Ekosystemtjänster är ofta komplexa och svåra att identifiera. En korrekt värdering av ekosystemtjänster är dock viktig då de annars riskerar att förbises vid behovsbedömningen. Resultatet av uppsatsen är att nya och förbättrade arbetsrutiner samt att en ny och förbättrad mall för behovsbedömningar till kommunen har tagits fram.

Gruvverksamhet i Mertainen påverkar miljön ur flera perspektiv, här har ett försök till bedömning av påverkan på ekosystemtjänster utförts. En identifiering och värdering av ekosystemtjänster kan synliggöra värdet av de ekosystemtjänster som påverkas av verksamheten, och hur de i sin tur kan driva ytterligare påverkan på andra ekosystemtjänster. Studien använde Naturvårdsverkets Guide för värdering av ekosystemtjänster, för en metodisk identifiering och värdering av ekosystemtjänster där värderingen utfördes både kvantitativt och kvalitativt. Identifieringen visade på samband mellan ekosystemtjänster, vilka samanställda synliggjorde feedback loops. Resultatet visar både hur ekosystemtjänster kan påverka varandra samt att hänsyn behöver tas gällande möjliga hot mot ekosystemtjänster lokalt, regionalt och globalt. Trots att fler studier är nödvändiga för större säkerhet i resultat kan en identifiering och värdering av ekosystemtjänster bidra till ett systemperspektiv av verksamhetens påverkan på ekosystemet. / There are several perspectives of the environmental impacts of mining in Mertainen, this study is an attempt to assess the impact on ecosystem services. An identification and valuation of ecosystem services can highlight the value of the ecosystem services affected by operations, and how they in turn drive a further impact on other ecosystem services. In order to reach a methodical identification and valuation of ecosystem services the Environmental Protection Agency's Guide for valuation of ecosystem services, was used where both quantitative and qualitative valuation was conducted. The identification showed connections between ecosystem services, which compiled visualized feedback loops. The result shows both how the ecosystem services can influence each other, and that consideration needs to be taken regarding possible threats to ecosystem services on a local, regional and global level. Although more studies are necessary for higher certainty in the results, the identification and valuation of ecosystem services contribute to a systemic perspective of the impacts on the ecosystem..

No description available.

Alternativhanteringen beskrivs vara ”hjärtat” i miljökonsekvensbedömning. Med alternativ kan en diskussion ske om det bästa sättet att uppnå ett projekt eller plans syfte för att minimera den miljöpåverkan som medförs. Trots detta hanteras alternativ i svensk miljökonsekvensbedömning på ett knapphändigt sätt och ses mer som ett hinder som ska tas förbi. Denna kandidatuppsats syftar till bredda kunskapen om hur alternativhanteringen sker i miljöbedömning vid den kommunala detaljplaneringen. En kvalitativ innehållsanalys har tillämpats på miljökonsekvensbeskrivningar upprättade för detaljplaner i Blekinge län. Till grund för uppsatsen har miljö- och planparadigmet och deras differentierade syn på styrningen av mark och miljö legat som grund. Studien resulterar i slutsatsen att den knapphändiga alternativhanteringen som litteratur och forskare påpekar också sker i de studerade dokumenten. Någon entydig beskrivning av alternativ tycks inte förekomma och avfärdande av alternativ sker på vaga grunder och svaga argument. Detta anses kunna kopplas till den målstyrning som den kommunala fysiska planeringen utgår från och det faktum att politiska beslutsfattare inte tycks vilja se alternativ till planförslagen. / Alternatives has been described as the ”heart ” of environmental impact assessment. With alternatives a discussion can take place regarding in which way a project or plan goals can be met to minimize the environmental impact. Despite this, the alternatives in Swedish environmental impact assessment seem to be done in an insufficient way and seem more to been seen as an obstacle. This bachelor thesis aim to investigate how alternative are used in strategic environmental assessment in physical municipal planning. A qualitative content analysis has been applied on strategic environmental assessments for municipal zoning plans in Blekinge County. As theoretical perspective the plan paradigm and the environmental paradigm and their differentiated view how to guide land use and the environment has been applied. The study results in a conclusion that the use of alternatives is insufficient. The studied documents lack a clear way of describing alternatives and they are dismissed on weak bases and on weak arguments. It appears that this is a result of the goal oriented approach that exists in the physical municipal planning and the fact the political decision-makers not seem to like the idea of alternatives.

On the basis of a legislative amendment that came into force in January 2019, which states that all dams will have to achieve modern environmental conditions, all hydropower dams in  Sweden will need to be licensed. Arvika Kraft has two regulating dams Kivilamp and Rolamp  which they do not believe will achieve the modern environmental conditions. Arvika Kraft  therefore wants to have a feasibility study for an environmental impact assessment carried out  in order to be able to study possible measures for the dams. They wanted a potential  demolition of the two regulatory ponds to be studied in this preliminary study. In an environmental impact statement, several alternatives are to be studied, and in this  feasibility study, the zero alternative is to maintain the regulating dams as they are today, the  main alternative being to demolish the two damsand the third alternative that was chosen to be  studied is the introduction of turbines in the dams along with the construction of fish roads  passing them.  In the report, a literature study is carried out to deepen the knowledge in the area, a modeling of the three alternatives to be able to study how the energy production of the power dam  downstream as Kivilamp and Rolamp acts as a regulator are affected, and finally the actual  collection of information for the preliminary study of the environmental impact assessment.  The result of the study shows that the zero alternatives contribute to regulation that increases energy production of the power dam downstream but that the two ponds Kivilamp and  Rolamp are migratory obstacles to the aquatic animals. The problem with the zero alternative  also remains that there is a great risk that the dams do not meet the modern environmental  goals at present.  The result of the main alternative shows that, according to the models, energy production would be lowered in the event of a demolition of the two regulating dams. The water flow, on  the other hand, would be more natural and the two migratory obstacles would disappear for  the aquatic animals. However, the flow would continue to be dammed downstream, which  would mean that only a small section of the total flow path would be free from migratory  obstacles.  For the third option studied, the result was an increased energy production but not as high as expected because the two regulating dams had a relatively low drop height compared to the  power dam downstream and that the flow was somewhat lower for Kivilamp and Rolamp in  comparison. By way of the constructed fishing roads, on the other hand, free movement would be facilitated and this would be a positive change for the aquatic animals.  The conclusion was that the best alternative where energy production was weighed together with an improved environment for the aquatic animals was the third option. However, this can  be costly and difficult to implement in practice and in such cases the best thing would be to  demolish the regulating dams.

<p>The purpose of environmental impact assessments (EIA) is to increase the consideration for environmental matters and management of resources in the decision-making through a regulated process of consultation, irrespective of whether they are about projects of environmentally hazardous activities and water activities or plans of physical planning (land planning of natural and agricultural landscapes). The clarifcation of consultation in the environmental code connected to Legislation the planning and building Act, as well as its practical application in cases of significant impact, has catched my interest in environmental policy. The consultation should enable insight and influence from the ones particularly concerned, as well as the public and other actors that are to strive toward a sustainable development alongside the developer. Through systematically retrieving data from literature, practical application by authorities, and case studies, several important problems have been discerned in the consultations since the environmental code was introduced. The intention is to augment the public's insight and influence in the process by means of clarificationed in the environmental code, which is connected to the Legislation the planning and building act and the regulation of environmental impact assessment since 2004/ 2005.</p><p>The clarification involves that concerns should be entered on an early stage, for instance already in stages where location and design are surveyed, and be included in the basic data for decision-making during the entire process up to a decision. Above all, it is important that standpoints are observed before projects and plans are fully developed, in order for proposed locations to be changed to alternative locations before the proceedings become too lengthy and the costs unreasonably high.</p><p>The consultation-related problems may also be solved by creating a democratic collaboration from the start through planned communication planning. This will provide the conditions for a constructive and durable dialogue between different interested parties in the process and favour the environmental concerns, as well as saving costs up to the decision. In Legslation the planning and building Act, it is important to already in ”program consultation” discuss if the implementation of the plan may entail significant impact, in order for the consultations about EIA and plan to take place in a context in ”the plan consultation”. This makes it easier for interested parties in the consultation to understand the significance of the interference with the environment from the start, and thus counteracts conflicts. What has been found in the case studies by EIA:s from the time after the alteration of consultation, is that the wider stakeholder analysis is introduced earlier and that they have a clearer process and a shorter decision-making timeframe. In some project–EIA:s, however, the application made by the authorities is not fully clear in the environmental assessment process. This may entail that different interested parties in the consultation will not come in from the start, and/or that the project will not receive the environmental assessment process that is necessary. The actual consequences of the fact that environmental impact are being made visible through follow-up of the consultation and environmental impact in the EIA, is that the experiences are returned to monitoring and that the need of additional measures may be detected.</p>

No description available.

The purpose of environmental impact assessments (EIA) is to increase the consideration for environmental matters and management of resources in the decision-making through a regulated process of consultation, irrespective of whether they are about projects of environmentally hazardous activities and water activities or plans of physical planning (land planning of natural and agricultural landscapes). The clarifcation of consultation in the environmental code connected to Legislation the planning and building Act, as well as its practical application in cases of significant impact, has catched my interest in environmental policy. The consultation should enable insight and influence from the ones particularly concerned, as well as the public and other actors that are to strive toward a sustainable development alongside the developer. Through systematically retrieving data from literature, practical application by authorities, and case studies, several important problems have been discerned in the consultations since the environmental code was introduced. The intention is to augment the public's insight and influence in the process by means of clarificationed in the environmental code, which is connected to the Legislation the planning and building act and the regulation of environmental impact assessment since 2004/ 2005. The clarification involves that concerns should be entered on an early stage, for instance already in stages where location and design are surveyed, and be included in the basic data for decision-making during the entire process up to a decision. Above all, it is important that standpoints are observed before projects and plans are fully developed, in order for proposed locations to be changed to alternative locations before the proceedings become too lengthy and the costs unreasonably high. The consultation-related problems may also be solved by creating a democratic collaboration from the start through planned communication planning. This will provide the conditions for a constructive and durable dialogue between different interested parties in the process and favour the environmental concerns, as well as saving costs up to the decision. In Legslation the planning and building Act, it is important to already in ”program consultation” discuss if the implementation of the plan may entail significant impact, in order for the consultations about EIA and plan to take place in a context in ”the plan consultation”. This makes it easier for interested parties in the consultation to understand the significance of the interference with the environment from the start, and thus counteracts conflicts. What has been found in the case studies by EIA:s from the time after the alteration of consultation, is that the wider stakeholder analysis is introduced earlier and that they have a clearer process and a shorter decision-making timeframe. In some project–EIA:s, however, the application made by the authorities is not fully clear in the environmental assessment process. This may entail that different interested parties in the consultation will not come in from the start, and/or that the project will not receive the environmental assessment process that is necessary. The actual consequences of the fact that environmental impact are being made visible through follow-up of the consultation and environmental impact in the EIA, is that the experiences are returned to monitoring and that the need of additional measures may be detected.

I Sölvesborgs kommun har det genom åren utförts två vägprojekt längs väg E22. Det skiljer 20 år mellan de båda vägprojekten. Denna uppsats avser att undersöka dessa vägprojektens miljökonsekvensbeskrivningar för att se ämnets utveckling. Miljökonsekvensbeskrivningen för det första vägprojektet publicerades år 1988 och för det andra vägprojektet år 2008. Uppsatsen avser att besvara två frågeställningar samt att lägga en nödvändig faktagrund att förankra resultat-, analys- och diskussionskapitlena i. Faktagrunden utgörs av information kring ämnets historia internationellt och nationellt, ämnets process, utformning och inblandade personer samt hur det bör tillämpas i vägprojekt. De två frågeställningarna: Hur speglas Sveriges MKB-utveckling i uppsatsens fallstudier? och Hur har vägsträckorna påverkat människorna i närområdet? besvaras med fakta och intervjuer. Intervjuer har gjorts med tätorternas invånare längs den berörda vägen samt författaren till båda vägprojektens miljökonsekvensbeskrivningar. Enligt både författaren och litteratur i ämnet har det skett en tydlig utveckling av ämnet under de 20 år som skiljer vägprojekten åt. År 1988 var processen för MKB i ett tidigt stadium. Det saknades tydliga och omfattande direktiv för hur en bra MKB skulle vara utformad. År 2008 fanns det betydligt mer omfattande direktiv för processen vilket har resulterat i en bättre MKB. Intervjuerna med invånarna har som avsikt att besvara uppsatsens andra frågeställning. De intervjuade personerna har fått svara på frågor om hur vägen har påverkat omgivningen och vardagen. Trots en del kritik riktat mot båda vägprojekten har vägen medfört mer positiva egenskaper än negativa.

Syftet med studien har varit att undersöka hur riskfrågor hanteras inom MKB i samband med detaljplaneprocessen och väglagen med dess process samt undersöka om riskkriterier finns. Med riskfrågor menas risker som rör människor och miljö i samband med MKB för projekt. Genom kvalitativa intervjuer, djupintervjuer undersöks om det existerar några riktlinjer för hanteringen av riskfrågor inom MKB hos olika myndigheter samt om det finns riskkriterier som fastställer nivån för acceptabel risk. En bakgrund ges för MKB, risk och risk i samband med MKB. Grundläggande begrepp för MKB redovisas och en kort bakgrund till utvecklingen av MKB ges. Begreppen risk och riskanalys förklaras samt människors riskperception och vad riskkriterier innebär. En introduktion till MKB och riskhantering i samband med detaljplaneprocessen och vägplaneringsprocessen redovisas. Det finns inga riktlinjer för hur risk hanteras i samband med MKB i varken detaljplaneprocessen eller vägplaneringsprocessen. De intervjuade myndigheterna har inga lagstadgade riktlinjer att följa. Avsaknaden av riktlinjer leder till att det är handläggarens erfarenhet som avgör vad som anses viktigt och vilken omfattning som krävs. Vidare visar studien att det inte finns några riskkriterier i Sverige som sätter nivån för acceptabel risk. Avsaknaden av riskkriterier leder till att den beslutande instansen avgör vad som är en tolerabel risk i varje enskilt fall.