<p>I dagens konfliktområden är förekomsten av minor och oexploderad ammunition(OXA) ett vanligt förekommande problem för civilbefolkning samt de militära enheter som arbetar i området för att skapa stabilitet och säkerhet. Den här uppsatsen avhandlar möjligheten att lösa eventuella problem som har att göra med förekomsten av minor och OXA i ett missionsområde utan tillgång till stödresurser i form av min- och ammunitionsröjningsteam. Uppsatsens syfte är att undersöka om det är möjligt att tillföra minröjningskompetens på gruppnivå utan att tappa ursprunglig kompetens och fokus från huvudtjänsten. Uppsatsen tar även upp vilken lägsta nivå av utbildning som krävs för att kunna röja mineringar och OXA, samt hur man når upp till det målet. Uppsatsens frågeställning har varit: Går det att inom ramen för Jägarbataljon 09 utbilda en soldat som besitter kompetensen att kunna identifiera och röja mineringar samt OXA? Om ja, vilken utrustning bör tillföras? Mina slutsatser är att det är praktiskt möjligt genom att tillföra en min- och amröjledare på bataljons nivå. Min- och amröjledaren kan i sin tur utbilda och ge soldaterna den reella kompetens som behövs på enbart fyra veckor, ca 130h stimmar. Utbildningen som krävs är grundkursen Minröjning Manuella Metoder(MMM). För att fullt ut kunna nyttja förmågan krävs det att gruppen tillförs viss ammunitionsröjningsutrustning, bland annat extra tänd- och sprängmedel. Effekten man vinner på tillförsel av minröjningskompetensen är kopplat mot förbandets förmåga till okonventionellt uppträdande samt möjligheterna att ta ytterligare steg innanför motståndarens beslutscykel.</p> / <p>In today’s conflict areas the remnants of war, mines and unexploded ordnance (UXO) is a common problem for the civilian population. These remnants also pose a great threat for the military units who work in the area to create peace, stability and security for the people. The purpose of this essay is to discover if and how it is possible to solve eventual problems associated with remnants of war in conflict areas, without the support of Explosive Ordnance Disposal (EOD) teams. My research has explored if it is possible to implement mine clearance and ammunition disposal on a squad without loosing additional competence and focus from the squad’s main field of service. Additional research has been carried out to ascertain the lowest level of competence necessary to work within the field of mine clearance and ammunition disposal, and what education is needed. My thesis aims to answer, if it is possible within the frame of the Army Ranger Battalion 09, to educate a soldier on a squad to have the ability and competence to do work within the field of mine clearance and ammunition disposal? If yes, what additional equipment should be added to the squad, to be able to perform that task? My conclusion is that it is possible to achieve by adding a mine clearance and ammunition disposal leader to the Battalion staff who can educate, train and give the soldiers the proper education in four weeks (approximately 130h). The education required to achieve this goal is the course, Mine clearance Manuel Methods (MMM). To use this ability it is necessary to equip the group with some additional and specific disposal-equipment (i.e. extra explosives.) The main effort gained from implementing this ability on a ranger squad is the Ranger Battalion’s overall ability to operate and appear in unexpected areas, and to get inside the enemy’s OODA-LOOP.</p>

I dagens konfliktområden är förekomsten av minor och oexploderad ammunition(OXA) ett vanligt förekommande problem för civilbefolkning samt de militära enheter som arbetar i området för att skapa stabilitet och säkerhet. Den här uppsatsen avhandlar möjligheten att lösa eventuella problem som har att göra med förekomsten av minor och OXA i ett missionsområde utan tillgång till stödresurser i form av min- och ammunitionsröjningsteam. Uppsatsens syfte är att undersöka om det är möjligt att tillföra minröjningskompetens på gruppnivå utan att tappa ursprunglig kompetens och fokus från huvudtjänsten. Uppsatsen tar även upp vilken lägsta nivå av utbildning som krävs för att kunna röja mineringar och OXA, samt hur man når upp till det målet. Uppsatsens frågeställning har varit: Går det att inom ramen för Jägarbataljon 09 utbilda en soldat som besitter kompetensen att kunna identifiera och röja mineringar samt OXA? Om ja, vilken utrustning bör tillföras? Mina slutsatser är att det är praktiskt möjligt genom att tillföra en min- och amröjledare på bataljons nivå. Min- och amröjledaren kan i sin tur utbilda och ge soldaterna den reella kompetens som behövs på enbart fyra veckor, ca 130h stimmar. Utbildningen som krävs är grundkursen Minröjning Manuella Metoder(MMM). För att fullt ut kunna nyttja förmågan krävs det att gruppen tillförs viss ammunitionsröjningsutrustning, bland annat extra tänd- och sprängmedel. Effekten man vinner på tillförsel av minröjningskompetensen är kopplat mot förbandets förmåga till okonventionellt uppträdande samt möjligheterna att ta ytterligare steg innanför motståndarens beslutscykel. / In today’s conflict areas the remnants of war, mines and unexploded ordnance (UXO) is a common problem for the civilian population. These remnants also pose a great threat for the military units who work in the area to create peace, stability and security for the people. The purpose of this essay is to discover if and how it is possible to solve eventual problems associated with remnants of war in conflict areas, without the support of Explosive Ordnance Disposal (EOD) teams. My research has explored if it is possible to implement mine clearance and ammunition disposal on a squad without loosing additional competence and focus from the squad’s main field of service. Additional research has been carried out to ascertain the lowest level of competence necessary to work within the field of mine clearance and ammunition disposal, and what education is needed. My thesis aims to answer, if it is possible within the frame of the Army Ranger Battalion 09, to educate a soldier on a squad to have the ability and competence to do work within the field of mine clearance and ammunition disposal? If yes, what additional equipment should be added to the squad, to be able to perform that task? My conclusion is that it is possible to achieve by adding a mine clearance and ammunition disposal leader to the Battalion staff who can educate, train and give the soldiers the proper education in four weeks (approximately 130h). The education required to achieve this goal is the course, Mine clearance Manuel Methods (MMM). To use this ability it is necessary to equip the group with some additional and specific disposal-equipment (i.e. extra explosives.) The main effort gained from implementing this ability on a ranger squad is the Ranger Battalion’s overall ability to operate and appear in unexpected areas, and to get inside the enemy’s OODA-LOOP.

我國立法委員選舉自1992年全面定期改選以來，一直是採用以「複數選區單記非讓渡投票制」為主的特殊選舉制度，直到2005年第七次修憲始變革為「並立式混合制」，並已於2008年1月12日第七屆立委選舉中首度實施。 由於台灣與日本均位居東亞關鍵位置，並同為該區民主發展之典範，類似的政經發展脈絡，於是經常成為學界探討比較的對象。除了近似的經濟發展模式外，於政治層面上，兩國亦皆由「一黨獨大」的政體開始演變。尤其，兩國更先後於1994年及2005年修改國會選舉制度，且不約而同從「複數選區單記非讓渡投票制」改採「並立式混合制」。 任一國家選舉制度之變革，往往都會對其政黨體系、甚至政治運作造成相當程度之影響。因此本研究將針對此次選舉所採取的新選制，從理論、制度及實際各層面，參照日本選制改革與施行之經驗，進行新選制對我國政黨體系影響之初探。 / The overall election of legislator in our country has been reelected regularly since 1992, and it has been adopting primarily the “Single Non-Transferable Vote with Multimember-District system” (SNTV-MMD), a special electoral system. Until the seventh amending of the Constitution transformed into the “Mixed-Member Majoritarian” (MMM) in 2005, which has implemented in the seventh session of legislators’ election for the first time in January 12, 2008. Owing to both of the positions of Taiwan and Japan are very important in the East Asia, and also are the models of the development of democracy in the area. They have similar political and economic developing situation, so they are usually compared to each other by the academic community. Besides the similar economic development pattern, in the political side, both of the two countries began to evoluting from “predominant-party system”. Above all, the two countries reformed the electoral system of congress in 1994 and in 2005. They also adopted the “MMM” instead of the “SNTV-MMD” coincidentally. Changes of the electoral system in any country will impact on party system even political arrangement in a considerable degree. Therefore, I’ll focus on the new system of this election from the different sides of theory, institution, and reality in this research. According to the reformation of the electoral system of Japan and the practical experiences, doing a preliminary study of how the impact of the new electoral system on Taiwan’s party system.

Please read the abstract in the section 00front of this document. / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2009. / Science of Religion and Missiology / unrestricted

選舉制度的設計與評估，主要有兩方面的考量，一是可治理性；二是分配的比例性。以台灣的情況為例，新選制的選舉結果，理論上政府的運作將趨向穩定；相較之下，在制度替換的過程中，改革者通常只看見舊制度的缺失，舊制度本身所具有的優點－比例性，在改革過程中往往被忽視。本文的研究目的即是重拾對比例性的視野，透過Loosemore-Hanby D指數測量選制改革前後的比例性偏差程度，檢視1992至2008年間比例性偏差數值的變化，並從五個面向－選區規模、席次分配、法定門檻、席次總數、選票結構－解釋比例性偏差發生的原因，發現所有的選制設計皆不利於比例性，導致新選制的比例性偏差與舊制度產生極大的落差。 此外，透過比較其他可能的比例性狀況可以發現，無論是聯立制的模擬或是票源模擬的結果，皆顯示有助於提升小黨的代表性；另一方面，同樣採用並立制的日本，四次的選舉經驗可以做為我國參考的對象，但是由於選舉制度的各項要素不盡相同，也使得兩國選舉結果的比例性和小黨代表性呈現差異性。 最後，混合制固然同時融合了相對多數決制和比例代表制的特性，但是由於制度上選制要素以及非制度上國情與社會狀況的不同，很難期待一個完美的選舉制度出現，因此，我們只能尋求一個理想的選舉制度，且善用混合制所具有的彈性，做出適度的調整。 / Upon the evaluation of an electoral system, the main concerns are the governability and proportionality. In Taiwan’s case, the electoral system of Legislative Yuan altered from SNTV to mixed-member system; however, the reformers invariably accentuated the stability of governance but ignored the semi-proportionality of SNTV. Hence, the result of election in 2008 got unbalance between governability and proportionality. This article tends to measure the degree of disproportionality by Loosemore-Hanby index from 1992 to 2008 and tries to explain how disproportionality occurred from five dimensions－district magnitude, levels of seat allocation, threshold, number of total seats, and ballot structure. In addition, the results could be quite different when it compared with of other situations. According to this paper, the representation of small parties and the degree of proportionality will be enhanced while adopting MMP and redistributing the votes. Moreover, this paper is going to make a comparative study with Japan which have adopted MMM and have experienced four times elections since 1996. Finally, although mixed systems combine some features of both plurality and PR, there is still no perfect electoral system in the world. However, by making good use of flexibility of mixed systems, we might have an “ideal” system which can be regularly updated to suit changing needs and political conditions.

Tato práce se se zabývá návrhem kinematiky zavěšení kol obou náprav. Na základě analýz jízdních dat, multi-body simulací v softwaru Adams Car, simulací v Matlabu a analytických kalkulací v Mathcadu, je navržena řada změn s cílem zlepšit jízdní vlastnosti vozu Formule student, tyto změny jsou následně implementovány do CAD modelu vozu. Jednotlivé změny kinematiky náprav jsou provedeny na základě analýzy konkrétního problému, který se snaží řešit. Jednou z problematik je zástavbová náročnost systému odpružení a zavěšení zadních kol, zde je cílem snížit hmotnost, výšku těžiště a moment setrvačnosti. Další problematikou je geometrie předního kola, kde je cílem zlepšit využití pneumatik a snížit síly v řízení. Dále se práce zabývá simulacemi elastokinematiky zadní nápravy, součástí je také návrh měřícího zařízení. V poslední části je zkoumán vliv provedených změn i elastokinematiky na jízdní dynamiku vozu v ustálených stavech za pomocí MM metody simulované s modelem celého vozu v Adams Car a zpracované v Matlabu.

O presente trabalho tem como objetivo a análise de obras da arquitetura moderna brasileira de base carioca, construídas em concreto armado no período compreendido entre 1935 e 1960. É inegável que a construção teve destaque entre os vários componentes que levaram a arquitetura moderna brasileira ao reconhecimento internacional. Dentro do período citado, o Brasil figurou como líder do universo da arquitetura moderna, onde a exploração da plasticidade potencial do concreto armado foi aplicada com grande êxito. As soluções adotadas pelos arquitetos brasileiros tiveram grande repercussão, a começar pelo edifício da Associação Brasileira de Imprensa dos Irmão Roberto da sede do Ministério da Educação e Saúde Pública (hoje conhecido como Palácio Gustavo Capanema) que deixaram perplexos arquitetos do mundo inteiro. Marcos da nova arquitetura no país, estes exemplares foram objeto de inovações expressivas e bem-sucedidas também no seu projeto estrutural. Para se fazer a análise das construções brasileiras, é importante estudar as origens do concreto armado e suas aplicações desde o seu surgimento, passando pela descrição de patentes registradas (ou apenas estudadas) na Europa e Estados Unidos, sem esquecer de precisar nomes e datas, fundamentais para substanciar a reivindicação de influências e precedências. Em um segundo momento, estuda-se a chegada do concreto armado no Brasil, e as obras iniciais, além de registrar as primeiras construtoras e a elaboração das primeiras normas. Nos anos 30 o concreto armado é agente da verticalização e da indústria da construção civil, domínio este comprovado através de dados técnicos e sócio-econômicos. A última parte está dedicada para a análise das obras, onde Affonso Eduardo Reidy, Álvaro Vital Brasil, Lúcio Costa, MMM Roberto e Oscar Niemeyer são os autores dos projetos. Analisados sob o aspecto de sua concepção estrutural e construtiva, os exemplares são divididos em categorias e dentro destas ordenados por cronologia de projeto e execução, onde são apresentados além do texto escrito, ilustrações das obras em andamento, finalizadas e desenhos originais e/ou elaborados por este autor, através de levantamento ou pesquisa. / The purpose of this essay is the analysis of works of the Brazihan modem architecture with carioca base, built in reinforced concrete in the period between 1935 and 1960. It is undeniable that the construction had prominence among the several components that took the Brazihan modem architecture to the international recognition. Inside of the mentioned period, Brazil represented as leader of the universe of the modem architecture, where the exploration of the potential plasticity of the reinforced concrete was applied with great success. The solutions adopted by the Brazihan architects they had great repercussion, to begin for the building of the Brazilian Association of Press of the MMM Roberto of the headquarters of Ministry of Education and Pubhc Health (known as Palácio Gustavo Capanema) that left perplexed architects of the whole world. Signal of the new architecture in the country, these copies were object of expressive and successful innovations in your structural project. To do the analysis of the Brazilian constructions, it is important to study the origins of the reinforced concrete and your applications from your appearance, going by the description of registered patents (or just studied) in Europe and United States, without forgetting of needing names and dates, fundamental to nourish the revindication of influences and precedences. In a second moment, it is studied the arrival of the reinforced concrete in Brazil, and the initial works, besides registering the first builders and the elaboration of the first norms. In the thirties the armed concrete is agent of the verticalization and of the industry of the building site, domain this proven through data technicians and socioeconomic. The last part is dedicated for the analysis of the works, where Affonso Eduardo Reidy, Álvaro Vital Brasil, Lúcio Costa, MMM Roberto and Oscar Niemeyer are the authors of the projects. Analyzed under the aspect of your structural and constructive conception, the copies are divided in categories and inside of these ordered by project chronology and execution, where they are presented besides the written text, illustrations of the works in process, concluded and drawings original or elaborated by this author, through rising or researches.

O presente trabalho tem como objetivo a análise de obras da arquitetura moderna brasileira de base carioca, construídas em concreto armado no período compreendido entre 1935 e 1960. É inegável que a construção teve destaque entre os vários componentes que levaram a arquitetura moderna brasileira ao reconhecimento internacional. Dentro do período citado, o Brasil figurou como líder do universo da arquitetura moderna, onde a exploração da plasticidade potencial do concreto armado foi aplicada com grande êxito. As soluções adotadas pelos arquitetos brasileiros tiveram grande repercussão, a começar pelo edifício da Associação Brasileira de Imprensa dos Irmão Roberto da sede do Ministério da Educação e Saúde Pública (hoje conhecido como Palácio Gustavo Capanema) que deixaram perplexos arquitetos do mundo inteiro. Marcos da nova arquitetura no país, estes exemplares foram objeto de inovações expressivas e bem-sucedidas também no seu projeto estrutural. Para se fazer a análise das construções brasileiras, é importante estudar as origens do concreto armado e suas aplicações desde o seu surgimento, passando pela descrição de patentes registradas (ou apenas estudadas) na Europa e Estados Unidos, sem esquecer de precisar nomes e datas, fundamentais para substanciar a reivindicação de influências e precedências. Em um segundo momento, estuda-se a chegada do concreto armado no Brasil, e as obras iniciais, além de registrar as primeiras construtoras e a elaboração das primeiras normas. Nos anos 30 o concreto armado é agente da verticalização e da indústria da construção civil, domínio este comprovado através de dados técnicos e sócio-econômicos. A última parte está dedicada para a análise das obras, onde Affonso Eduardo Reidy, Álvaro Vital Brasil, Lúcio Costa, MMM Roberto e Oscar Niemeyer são os autores dos projetos. Analisados sob o aspecto de sua concepção estrutural e construtiva, os exemplares são divididos em categorias e dentro destas ordenados por cronologia de projeto e execução, onde são apresentados além do texto escrito, ilustrações das obras em andamento, finalizadas e desenhos originais e/ou elaborados por este autor, através de levantamento ou pesquisa. / The purpose of this essay is the analysis of works of the Brazihan modem architecture with carioca base, built in reinforced concrete in the period between 1935 and 1960. It is undeniable that the construction had prominence among the several components that took the Brazihan modem architecture to the international recognition. Inside of the mentioned period, Brazil represented as leader of the universe of the modem architecture, where the exploration of the potential plasticity of the reinforced concrete was applied with great success. The solutions adopted by the Brazihan architects they had great repercussion, to begin for the building of the Brazilian Association of Press of the MMM Roberto of the headquarters of Ministry of Education and Pubhc Health (known as Palácio Gustavo Capanema) that left perplexed architects of the whole world. Signal of the new architecture in the country, these copies were object of expressive and successful innovations in your structural project. To do the analysis of the Brazilian constructions, it is important to study the origins of the reinforced concrete and your applications from your appearance, going by the description of registered patents (or just studied) in Europe and United States, without forgetting of needing names and dates, fundamental to nourish the revindication of influences and precedences. In a second moment, it is studied the arrival of the reinforced concrete in Brazil, and the initial works, besides registering the first builders and the elaboration of the first norms. In the thirties the armed concrete is agent of the verticalization and of the industry of the building site, domain this proven through data technicians and socioeconomic. The last part is dedicated for the analysis of the works, where Affonso Eduardo Reidy, Álvaro Vital Brasil, Lúcio Costa, MMM Roberto and Oscar Niemeyer are the authors of the projects. Analyzed under the aspect of your structural and constructive conception, the copies are divided in categories and inside of these ordered by project chronology and execution, where they are presented besides the written text, illustrations of the works in process, concluded and drawings original or elaborated by this author, through rising or researches.

O presente trabalho tem como objetivo a análise de obras da arquitetura moderna brasileira de base carioca, construídas em concreto armado no período compreendido entre 1935 e 1960. É inegável que a construção teve destaque entre os vários componentes que levaram a arquitetura moderna brasileira ao reconhecimento internacional. Dentro do período citado, o Brasil figurou como líder do universo da arquitetura moderna, onde a exploração da plasticidade potencial do concreto armado foi aplicada com grande êxito. As soluções adotadas pelos arquitetos brasileiros tiveram grande repercussão, a começar pelo edifício da Associação Brasileira de Imprensa dos Irmão Roberto da sede do Ministério da Educação e Saúde Pública (hoje conhecido como Palácio Gustavo Capanema) que deixaram perplexos arquitetos do mundo inteiro. Marcos da nova arquitetura no país, estes exemplares foram objeto de inovações expressivas e bem-sucedidas também no seu projeto estrutural. Para se fazer a análise das construções brasileiras, é importante estudar as origens do concreto armado e suas aplicações desde o seu surgimento, passando pela descrição de patentes registradas (ou apenas estudadas) na Europa e Estados Unidos, sem esquecer de precisar nomes e datas, fundamentais para substanciar a reivindicação de influências e precedências. Em um segundo momento, estuda-se a chegada do concreto armado no Brasil, e as obras iniciais, além de registrar as primeiras construtoras e a elaboração das primeiras normas. Nos anos 30 o concreto armado é agente da verticalização e da indústria da construção civil, domínio este comprovado através de dados técnicos e sócio-econômicos. A última parte está dedicada para a análise das obras, onde Affonso Eduardo Reidy, Álvaro Vital Brasil, Lúcio Costa, MMM Roberto e Oscar Niemeyer são os autores dos projetos. Analisados sob o aspecto de sua concepção estrutural e construtiva, os exemplares são divididos em categorias e dentro destas ordenados por cronologia de projeto e execução, onde são apresentados além do texto escrito, ilustrações das obras em andamento, finalizadas e desenhos originais e/ou elaborados por este autor, através de levantamento ou pesquisa. / The purpose of this essay is the analysis of works of the Brazihan modem architecture with carioca base, built in reinforced concrete in the period between 1935 and 1960. It is undeniable that the construction had prominence among the several components that took the Brazihan modem architecture to the international recognition. Inside of the mentioned period, Brazil represented as leader of the universe of the modem architecture, where the exploration of the potential plasticity of the reinforced concrete was applied with great success. The solutions adopted by the Brazihan architects they had great repercussion, to begin for the building of the Brazilian Association of Press of the MMM Roberto of the headquarters of Ministry of Education and Pubhc Health (known as Palácio Gustavo Capanema) that left perplexed architects of the whole world. Signal of the new architecture in the country, these copies were object of expressive and successful innovations in your structural project. To do the analysis of the Brazilian constructions, it is important to study the origins of the reinforced concrete and your applications from your appearance, going by the description of registered patents (or just studied) in Europe and United States, without forgetting of needing names and dates, fundamental to nourish the revindication of influences and precedences. In a second moment, it is studied the arrival of the reinforced concrete in Brazil, and the initial works, besides registering the first builders and the elaboration of the first norms. In the thirties the armed concrete is agent of the verticalization and of the industry of the building site, domain this proven through data technicians and socioeconomic. The last part is dedicated for the analysis of the works, where Affonso Eduardo Reidy, Álvaro Vital Brasil, Lúcio Costa, MMM Roberto and Oscar Niemeyer are the authors of the projects. Analyzed under the aspect of your structural and constructive conception, the copies are divided in categories and inside of these ordered by project chronology and execution, where they are presented besides the written text, illustrations of the works in process, concluded and drawings original or elaborated by this author, through rising or researches.