1 |
"Håll er politik borta från våra spel" : Myt och ideologi i Call of Duty Modern Warfare / "Keep your politics out of our games" : Myth and ideology in Call of Duty: Modern WarfareErlgren, Johan January 2020 (has links)
Video games have become the highest grossing entertainment industry in the world, earning more than double that of the music and film industry combined. Many of these games contain political messages, intentional or not. Some game developers explicitly claim that the games they make are apolitical, and this thesis examines whether Call of Duty: Modern Warfare is as apolitical as its developers claim. The research is conducted with the aid of Barthes’ work on mythologies and semiology to analyse the various signs present in the game in relation to construction of myths and ideological messaging. This is aided by Bogost’s procedural rhetoric to enable the analysis of gameplay choices as a semiological sign. The main theories are supported by Murray’s writing on immersion and the first-person perspective. The analysis shows that Modern Warfare consistently uses signs and myths that construct an ideological message that coalesce into a mythical image of the special forces soldier as a sort of human but superhuman character that must be given free rein to perform their mission, while also displaying western politicians as incompetent, the threat of terrorism as omnipresent, and Russia as a dangerous threat. Regardless of intent, such a message is undeniably political.
|
2 |
In what ways are war propaganda similar to the representation of russians in the Call of Duty: ModernWarfare franchise?Svärd, Oskar, Ohlsson, Kim January 2020 (has links)
In war propaganda you dehumanise your current or potential enemy by giving them undesirable traits. During the world wars it was common to see propaganda posters. During the cold war the posters evolved into television. In this paper we are examining potential instances of propaganda in video games. We use an immersive research method with Call of Duty 4: Modern Warfare and compare the key scenes representing russians to enemy archetypes found in propaganda. We also use the dynamics of enmity to analyse how enmity is furthered through the russians context in the conflict in relation to the player. We found that Russians show similar traits to enemy archetypes found in propaganda while the player is represented by a character portrayed as protecting the western world from nuclear war. In conclusion games serve as an interactive medium where players can be subject to propaganda messages where they need to accept taking actions in accordance with propaganda message that furthering enmity.
|
3 |
Civilians as a direct target of violence : How modern warfare challenges International Humanitarian LawKjerrman, Asta Marie January 2021 (has links)
This study aims to examine how the emergence of modern warfare are challenging International Humanitarian Law when it comes to the protection of civilians in armed conflict. Thereby gaining a better understanding of how modern warfare is putting civilians at risk and how International Humanitarian Law is being challenged by the development of warfare. This study is a multidisciplinary study of Peace and Conflict Studies and International Law, which gives a rare perspective on civilian’s position in modern warfare. Thereby this study is not only showing the legal challenges in armed conflict but also bringing in the perspective of civilian’s position in modern warfare. This study will make use of three case studies: urban warfare, non-state actors and the use of drones in armed conflict. This study concludes that the challenges which International Humanitarian Law meets in modern warfare, is related to the need of clarifications but also a need for a greater enforcement and respect of the law by all parties of the conflict, both state and non-state actors. Lastly, there is a need for strengthening the inclusion of non-state actors in international law and strengthen International Humanitarian Law to meet the challenges of modern warfare to protect the civilians.
|
4 |
Tid för förändring av krigföringens principer : Vilka principer kan, ur en svensk kontext, behöva förändras för att möta en modern konflikt?Cagner, Per, Liljegard, Patrik January 2019 (has links)
SAMMANFATTNING Tid för förändring av krigföringens principer. Världen är i en konstant förändring, allianser bildas och överenskommelser tecknas. Detta har drivit omvärldsutvecklingen och globaliseringen till där vi är idag och där det militära maktmedlet används i syfte att uppnå politiska och religiösa målsättningar. Precis som världen har utvecklats så har även de militära styrkorna och vapensystem utvecklats. Att bli segrare i nästa konflikt är en innovationskraft som har drivit utvecklingen av den militära förmågan framåt runt om i världen. Krigen och konflikterna har fungerat som en testanläggning där vapensystem och den militära personalen prövas i strid. Erfarenheter från krigen har dragits och sedan implementerats i syfte att bli ännu starkare och militärt överlägsen. Krigföringens principer, även kallade de militära grundprinciperna, är ett antal olika principer vilka syftar till att ge en vägledning i planering och genomförandet av militära operationer. Dessa principer togs fram och utvecklades under mitten av 1800-talet av militärteoretikerna Carl von Clausewitz och Antoine-Henri Jomini. Båda dessa militärteoretiker hade framgångar på slagfältet vilket gjorde att de fick genomslag för sina teorier. Dessa teorier har sedan, genom utbildning, applicerats på officerskårer världen över och på så sätt ”cementerats” fast och blivit en basplatta i militärteorin. Dagens militärteoretiker, framförallt med en amerikansk anknytning, menar på att grundprinciperna är föråldrade på dagens slagfält. Principerna skrevs för att vinna ett lokalt slag på en begränsad plats, inte för att vinna ett krig som påverkar ett helt samhälle under en lång tid. Med en accelererande teknikutveckling och globalisering så har vissa av dessa grundprinciper blivit föråldrade och bör således omformuleras för att vara relevanta i en modern konflikt. Denna studie syftar till att undersöka om krigföringens principer, ur en svensk kontext, behöver förändras för att på ett mer adekvat sätt kunna möta en modern konflikt. Detta görs genom att undersöka utvalda amerikanska militärteoretikers teorier gällande vilka grundprinciper som är inaktuella och därmed behöver ersättas eller omformuleras. Genom en kvalitativ innehållsanalys undersöks sedan om dessa nya grundprinciper kan återfinnas i skrivningar i Försvarsmaktens doktriner vilket kan utgöra stöd för att dessa principer kan implementeras i en svensk kontext. Analysen och resultatet av denna studie påvisar att det finns grundprinciper vilka, ur en svensk kontext, är i behov av revidering för att på ett mer adekvat sätt vara applicerbara i en framtida konflikt. Vidare påvisar resultatet att dessa principer tydligt återfinns i skrivningar i Försvarsmaktens doktriner. Dessutom har teknikutvecklingen spelat en stor roll i vidareutvecklingen av grundprinciperna, då den kan fungera som ett stöd och komplement till grundprinciperna. Således bör de militära grundprinciperna omformuleras alternativt revideras i svenska doktriner syftande till att göra det möjligt för Sverige att stå som vinnare i nästa konflikt. Nyckelord: Försvarsmakten, Krigföringens principer, teknisk utveckling, Militärstrategisk doktrin, Precision, Förskjutning, Överraskning, Modern krigsföring, Hybridkrigsföring. / ABSTRACT Time to change the principles of war. The world is under constant change, alliances and agreements are made. This has pushed the development and globalization to where we stand today, and the military force is used to achieve political and religious objectives. The armed military forces and weapon systems have been refined, just like the world has. The strive to win the next armed conflict has been an innovation force, pushing the augmentation of armed forces around the world. The wars and conflicts have served as test facilities, were weapon systems and personnel have been proven on the battlefield. Experiences from the battlefield have been implemented, with the purpose to achieve more military superiority. The principles of war are principles that are meant to give guidance in the planning and implementation of military operations. These principles were created during the mid-19th century by the two military theorists Carl Von Clausewitz and Antoine-Henri Jomini. Both these military theorists had successful careers on the battlefield, contributing to the impact of their theories. These theories have been implemented in the education of officers worldwide, thereby forming a foundation in military theory. Modern military theorists, especially from the US, states that the principles of war are outdated on the modern battlefield. The principles were written to win a battle in a constrained area, not for winning an entire war, affecting a whole society during a long period of time. With accelerating development of technology and globalization, some of the principles of war are outdated and should be rewritten or replaced to be relevant in a modern conflict. The aim of this thesis is to examine if the principles of war, in a Swedish context, needs to be altered in order to confront a modern conflict more aptly. This is conducted through an examination of selected American military theorists’ theories in terms of which of the principles that are obsolete and in need of replacement or rephrasing. Swedish doctrines are then to be examined through qualitative content analysis in order to find wordings that can support the ability of these new principles of war to be implemented in a Swedish context. The analysis and result of this thesis demonstrates that there are principles of war that needs reformulation to be applicable on the battlefield of the future. Furthermore, the result demonstrates that these principles clearly are found in the Swedish doctrines writings. Also, the advancing technology has been a significant contributor in the development of the new principles of war, as a complement and support. The principles of war must be rewritten or changed in Swedish doctrines in order to enable Sweden to become the winner in the next modern conflict. Keywords: Swedish armed forces, Principles of war, Technology development, Military Strategic Doctrine, Precision, Dislocate, Surprise, Modern Warfare, Hybrid Warfare.
|
5 |
This war will never be forgotten : A study of intertextual relations between Homer's <em>Iliad</em> and Wolfgang Petersen's <em>Troy</em>Kisieliute, Ieva January 2009 (has links)
<p>In 2004 <em>Troy</em> was released in movie theatres worldwide and almost immediately sparked up discussions on film’s relation to the ancient epic of Homer.</p><p> The main purpose of this paper is to see the connection between <em>Troy</em> and Homer’s <em>The Iliad</em> – motion pictures’ only officially credited source of inspiration. By using comparative method and intertextual approach I try to see how a literary piece, for centuries recited and cherished by the highest academic circles is remodelled to fit the taste of a mass public. How <em>The Iliad</em> mutates to be a marketable product.</p><p> I discuss the changes of the plot that were introduced in <em>Troy</em> and try to see those changes as an outcome of mutation process. Apart from the plot, the notion of a hero is also discussed: how the definition of hero changed through time? To illustrate the changes, two main heroes – Achilles and Hector are discussed, yet again using the comparative method.</p><p> By approaching <em>Troy</em> and <em>The Iliad</em> as two separate cultural products (I did not view <em>Troy</em><em> </em>as a documentary on <em>The Iliad</em>) I was able to connect them. I could see that the essence of the literary work and the film appears to be the same. It shows that the ancient Greek values, especially those, related to warfare and heroism, have definitely survived long enough to penetrate the modern thought.</p>
|
6 |
This war will never be forgotten : A study of intertextual relations between Homer's Iliad and Wolfgang Petersen's TroyKisieliute, Ieva January 2009 (has links)
In 2004 Troy was released in movie theatres worldwide and almost immediately sparked up discussions on film’s relation to the ancient epic of Homer. The main purpose of this paper is to see the connection between Troy and Homer’s The Iliad – motion pictures’ only officially credited source of inspiration. By using comparative method and intertextual approach I try to see how a literary piece, for centuries recited and cherished by the highest academic circles is remodelled to fit the taste of a mass public. How The Iliad mutates to be a marketable product. I discuss the changes of the plot that were introduced in Troy and try to see those changes as an outcome of mutation process. Apart from the plot, the notion of a hero is also discussed: how the definition of hero changed through time? To illustrate the changes, two main heroes – Achilles and Hector are discussed, yet again using the comparative method. By approaching Troy and The Iliad as two separate cultural products (I did not view Troy as a documentary on The Iliad) I was able to connect them. I could see that the essence of the literary work and the film appears to be the same. It shows that the ancient Greek values, especially those, related to warfare and heroism, have definitely survived long enough to penetrate the modern thought.
|
7 |
The Effects of State Leader Psychology on Civil War LethalityKelley, Brandon 01 January 2014 (has links)
Does a state leader's psychology influence lethality in civil wars? This thesis analyzes the aforementioned question during post-1945 civil wars. This particular subject, paying close attention to individual psychology at the state level, is gaining traction amongst scholars, though limited scholarly attention has addressed whether leader psychology is an indicator of conflict severity in terms of lethality. The psychology of the state leader in this thesis is assessed from leadership traits and operational code indices, specifically direction of strategy (I1) and interpretation of the nature of the political universe (P1). The data and cases used are pulled from datasets by Dr. James Fearon and the Correlates of War Project. The leaders' speech content is derived primarily from prepared material and analyzed using verbal content analysis via Profiler Plus. In measuring the effects of the predictors on my dependent variable, I chose the methodological approach of count data models, specifically, zero-truncated negative binomial regression. The results from the eight models I ran show that specific psychological traits, particularly a leader's I1 and P1 scores, level of distrust, and need for power, do play a significant role when determining the causes of civil war lethality.
|
8 |
Kritiken och verkligheten : Datorspel och litteratur och dess olika roller inom kritiken och verklighetenJonsson, Jim January 2011 (has links)
Kritiken och verkligheten söker utröna skillnader datorspelskritik och litteraturkritik emellan. Mina tankar rörande de två områdena kretsade till en början kring att litteraturkritiken tilläts röra sig mer fritt mellan olika kulturella sfärer medan datorspelskritiken mer hängav sig åt en yngre målgrupp utan referenser till andra kulturyttringar. För att undersöka detta har jag gjort en diskuskursanalytisk undersökning efter van Dijks modell. Undersökningen inkluderar tolv analysenheter; tre böcker och tre spel. Varje verk har analyserats två gånger då jag analyserat recensioner från två olika tidningar (DN och SvD) för att komma än djupare i mina analyser kring hur aktuella böcker och spel behandlats. För att få spelen och böckerna något sånär jämförbara har jag ställt upp ett antal kriterier, där ett av de mer centrala är att samtliga verk har varit ett av de mest sålda verken ett givet år (2007-2009). Det är alltså "storsäljare" jag tittar på, i hopp om att de representerar de mest populära verken inom sitt fält. För att göra denna undersökning och göra dessa jämförelser har jag utgått från Pierre Bourdieus begrepp "sociala fält" för att kunna bedöma när en recension lämnar sitt eget fält och äntrar ett annat. Detta begrepp är flexibelt så till vida att litteratur exempelvis kan anses vara ett fält, medan en nedskalning kan innebära att svensk feministlitteratur är ett annat, "mindre" fält. För att ytterligare närma mig kritikens, recensionens och värderingens värld har jag använt mig av Tomas Forser redogörelser och forskning kring vad dessa begrepp innebär. Jag har plockat ut ett antal, för uppsatsen, intressanta termer ur hans forskning för att konkretisera vissa delar av min teoretiska ram. Mina föreställningar om att litteraturartiklarna skulle inkludera långt fler referenser till andra sociala fält stämde inte helt och hållet, då vissa datorspelsartiklar var fullproppade med desamma. Däremot kom jag fram till att samtliga böcker anses säga något om verkligheten eller samhället, medan datorspelen aldrig antogs göra det.
|
9 |
Sword of the Sun: Marshal Boufflers and the Experience of War in the Grand SiècleBeckman, Steven Andrew, Jr 24 August 2022 (has links)
No description available.
|
10 |
Echoes of Invasion: Cultural Anxieties and Video GamesKeilen, Brian 17 July 2012 (has links)
No description available.
|
Page generated in 0.0721 seconds