Pour les roches saturées, la comparaison entre les mesures ultrasoniques (1 MHz) au laboratoire et les mesures sismiques (100 Hz) ou de diagraphie (10 kHz) sur le terrain n’est pas directe à cause de la dispersion des vitesses des ondes. Les mécanismes impliqués dans la dépendance en fréquence sont les écoulements de fluides à différentes échelles provoqués par le passage de l’onde. La dispersion et l’atténuation des modules élastiques de roches carbonatées ont été étudiées expérimentalement. Les calcaires étudiés sont : un Lavoux, un Indiana intact et craqué thermiquement, un calcaire Urgonien de Provence (Rustrel), et un coquina pré-sel du Congo. Les mesures ont été faites sur une large gamme de fréquence, en combinant les techniques d’oscillations forcées (10-3 to 102 Hz) et ultrasoniques (1 MHz) dans une presse triaxiale, pour différentes pressions effectives. Le forçage peut être hydrostatique pour mesurer un module d’incompressibilité, ou axial pour mesurer le module de Young et le coefficient de Poisson. Pour étudier l’effet de la viscosité, les mesures ont été faites en condition sèche, puis saturée en glycérine et en eau. Le drainage global et le mécanisme d’écoulement crack-pore ont été caractérisés, en termes d’amplitude de dispersion, d’atténuation viscoélastique, et de fréquence de coupure. Pour nos échantillons, la théorie de Biot-Gassmann s’est montrée valide pour les fréquences sismiques (10-100 Hz) sauf pour l’Indiana craqué thermiquement. La dispersion liée à des écoulements crackspores a été observée pour tous les échantillons sauf le Lavoux. Les fréquences de coupures de ceux-ci sont toutes dans la gamme des fréquences des diagraphies (10 kHz) pour des conditions de saturation en eau. Un modèle simple, combinant poroélasticité et milieux effectifs, a été développé pour prédire la dispersion des modules sur toute la gamme de fréquence, et s’est montré généralement en accord avec les résultats expérimentaux. / For fluid-saturated rocks, comparing ultrasonic measurements (1 MHz) in the laboratory and seismic (100 Hz) or logging (10 kHz) measurements in the field is not straightforward due to dispersion of the bodywave velocities. The frequency-dependent mechanisms involved are wave-induced fluid flows that occur at different scales. The dispersion and the attenuation of the elastic moduli of four fluid-saturated carbonate rocks have been studied experimentally. The selected limestones were a Lavoux, an intact and thermally cracked Indiana, a Urgonian limestone from Provence (Rustrel), and a presalt coquina from offshore Congo. Measurements were done over a large frequency range, by the combination of forced oscillations (10-3 to 102 Hz) and ultrasonic measurements (1 MHz) in a triaxial cell, at various effective pressures. The forced oscillations were either hydrostatic to deduce the bulk modulus, or axial to deduce Young’s modulus and Poisson’s ratio. The measurements were done in dry-, glycerinand water-saturated conditions to investigate the effect of viscosity. For all our samples, the global drainage and the squirt-flow mechanisms were characterized experimentally, in terms of amplitude of dispersion, amount of viscoelastic attenuation, and cut-off frequencies. Biot- Gassmann’s theory was found to be valid at seismic frequencies (10-100 Hz) for all the samples except the thermally cracked Indiana. Squirt-flow transitions were observed for all the samples, except the Lavoux. The cut-off frequencies were all in the range of logging frequencies (10 kHz), for watersaturated conditions. A simple model, combining poroelasticity and the noninteraction approximation effective medium, was developed to predict the dispersion of the moduli over the whole frequency range, and was generally in agreement with the experimental results.

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Waste heat recovery is a multi-billion-dollar industry with a compound annual growth rate of 8.8% assessed between 2016 to 2024 and low-grade waste heat (< 230^oC ± 20^oC) makes up 66% of this ubiquitous resource. Thermoelectric generators are preferred for the recovery process because they are cheap and are well suited for this temperature range. They generate power by converting thermal potential to electric potential, known as the Seebeck effect. Since they have no moving parts, they are inherently immune to mechanical failure or an intermittent need for maintenance. However, the challenge has been to effectively harvest waste heat with these modules to generate power, using passive processes. This work is focused on designing a device for optimized harvesting of waste energy from the ambient with a custom, evaporatively-cooled heat sink. This heat sink is designed to passively handle the cooling of the other side of the thermoelectric module so as to enable the attainment of a minimum of 5V, which is the minimum voltage required to power small mobile devices. The heat sink model is similar to a loop heat pipe but engineered for compactness. To ensure this level of efficacy is attained, several studies are made to optimize the wick. Non-metal wicks were considered as they do not contribute to an increase in temperature of the compensation chamber in loop heat pipes. A non-metal wick integrated with nanoparticles is tested and results show a clear thermal management enhancement over similar but virgin non-metal wicks, at over 16%. The heat source section of the device is optimized for energy-harvesting in low grade temperature regimes by incorporating a near-black body coating on the metal heat source section. Experimental results show that both the heat source and sink sections were able to induce sufficient thermal potential for the thermoelectric modules to passively generate up to 5V using eight 40mm by 40mm Bismuth Telluride modules in 3.5 minutes. The prototype is relatively cheap, inherently reliable and presents the possibility of passively harvesting low-grade waste heat for later use, including powering small electronic devices.

隨著文化創意產業的興起，傳統的宗教信仰如何結合數位互動科技，以輔助參與者加深對宗教信仰文化的理解與體驗，是數位內容產業值得研究的議題。月下老人是華人傳統信仰中的姻緣之神。本研究因此將針對月老文化內容，設計一多人互動體驗情境，以探究月老文化內容以傳統和數位化的形式呈現，對參與者體驗感受的影響程度。 在設計研究方法上，包括創作概念發想以及互動裝置雛型實作兩部分。首先透過文獻探討，歸納出互動體驗設計原則，接著針對月老文化進行數位化設計與互動體驗流程設計，並以Unity 3D遊戲引擎結合Kinect體感科技與Android系統平台，實作一數位化月老文化互動體驗情境，以兩大體驗主題：數位化月老之參拜體驗與體感互動之繡球牽線等情境，以呈現月老文化創意設計概念。 針對參與者對月老文化內容的理解程度與體驗感受，進行問卷與訪談分析後發現，本研究設計之互動體驗情境能有效提昇參與者對文化內容起源與意義的理解。再以Schmitt 提出之策略體驗模組（Strategic Experiential Modules, SEMs）進行分析，發現此體驗情境皆有助於提昇參與者於感官、情感、思考、行動、關聯體驗的感受程度與認同感，進而創造深刻的互動體驗感受。最後，期望此互動體驗情境的設計過程與雛形的實作經驗，能轉移到同性質的文化體驗情境設計的應用上，並提供建議給後續研究做參考。 / With the advent of the cultural and creative industry, it is worth to investigate the integration of traditional religious culture with the interactive technology to improve the participants' understanding of culture. The Matchmaker, the old man of the moonlight, is the god of marriage and love in Chinese traditional religious culture. In the thesis, the design of a multiplayer interactive experiential environment for the integration of the Matchmaker culture with the interactive technology is investigated and developed to improve the participants’ experience. For the design methodology, the creative concept design is performed and the interactive device prototyping is implemented. We draw out the related interaction design principles and used Unity 3D game engine along with the Kinect somatosensory Technology and Android platform to implement the Matchmaker interactive environment. Two themes of the developed environment are the digital prayer experience of the Matchmaker and the interactive embroidered ball throwing. To evaluation the user experience of the developed environment, the questionnaire analysis and interviews are performed based on the Schmitt’s strategic experiential modules. The result showed that the developed environment can enhance the participants' understanding of the culture of the Matchmaker and improve participants’ perception and recognition towards the experience of sensing, feeling, thinking, acting and relating.

Cette thèse traite de la classification analytique du déploiement de systèmes différentiels linéaires ayant une singularité irrégulière. Elle est composée de deux articles sur le sujet: le premier présente des résultats obtenus lors de l'étude de la confluence de l'équation hypergéométrique et peut être considéré comme un cas particulier du second; le deuxième contient les théorèmes et résultats principaux. Dans les deux articles, nous considérons la confluence de deux points singuliers réguliers en un point singulier irrégulier et nous étudions les conséquences de la divergence des solutions au point singulier irrégulier sur le comportement des solutions du système déployé. Pour ce faire, nous recouvrons un voisinage de l'origine (de manière ramifiée) dans l'espace du paramètre de déploiement $\epsilon$. La monodromie d'une base de solutions bien choisie est directement reliée aux matrices de Stokes déployées. Ces dernières donnent une interprétation géométrique aux matrices de Stokes, incluant le lien (existant au moins pour les cas génériques) entre la divergence des solutions à $\epsilon=0$ et la présence de solutions logarithmiques autour des points singuliers réguliers lors de la résonance. La monodromie d'intégrales premières de systèmes de Riccati correspondants est aussi interprétée en fonction des éléments des matrices de Stokes déployées. De plus, dans le second article, nous donnons le système complet d'invariants analytiques pour le déploiement de systèmes différentiels linéaires $x^2y'=A(x)y$ ayant une singularité irrégulière de rang de Poincaré $1$ à l'origine au-dessus d'un voisinage fixé $\mathbb{D}_r$ dans la variable $x$. Ce système est constitué d'une partie formelle, donnée par des polynômes, et d'une partie analytique, donnée par une classe d'équivalence de matrices de Stokes déployées. Pour chaque valeur du paramètre $\epsilon$ dans un secteur pointé à l'origine d'ouverture plus grande que $2\pi$, nous recouvrons l'espace de la variable, $\mathbb{D}_r$, avec deux secteurs et, au-dessus de chacun, nous choisissons une base de solutions du système déployé. Cette base sert à définir les matrices de Stokes déployées. Finalement, nous prouvons un théorème de réalisation des invariants qui satisfont une condition nécessaire et suffisante, identifiant ainsi l'ensemble des modules. / This thesis deals with the analytic classification of unfoldings of linear differential systems with an irregular singularity. It contains two papers related to this subject: the first paper presents results concerning the confluence of the hypergeometric equation and may be viewed as a particular case of the second one; the second paper contains the main theorems and results. In both papers, we study the confluence of two regular singular points into an irregular one and we give consequences of the divergence of solutions at the irregular singular point for the unfolded system. For this study, a full neighborhood of the origin is covered (in a ramified way) in the space of the unfolding parameter $\epsilon$. Monodromy of a well chosen basis of solutions around the regular singular points is directly linked to the unfolded Stokes matrices. These matrices give a complete geometric interpretation to the well-known Stokes matrices: this includes the link (existing at least for the generic cases) between the divergence of the solutions at $\epsilon=0$ and the presence of logarithmic terms in the solutions for resonant values of $\epsilon$. Monodromy of first integrals of related Riccati systems are also interpreted in terms of the elements of the unfolded Stokes matrices. The second paper goes further into the subject, giving the complete system of analytic invariants for the unfoldings of nonresonant linear differential systems $x^2y'=A(x)y$ with an irregular singularity of Poincaré rank $1$ at the origin over a fixed neighborhood $\mathbb{D}_r$ in the space of the variable $x$. It consists of a formal part, given by polynomials, and an analytic part, given by an equivalence class of unfolded Stokes matrices. For each parameter value $\epsilon$ taken in a sector pointed at the origin of opening larger than $2\pi$, we cover the space of the variable, $\mathbb{D}_r$, with two sectors and, over each of them, we construct a well chosen basis of solutions of the unfolded differential system. This basis is used to define the unfolded Stokes matrices. Finally, we give a realization theorem for the invariants satisfying a necessary and sufficient condition, thus identifying the set of modules.

Η παρούσα διδακτορική διατριβή εστιάζεται στον χώρο των Φ/Β πλαισίων εναλλασσομένου ρεύματος (AC-PV Modules) με μετατροπείς δύο βαθμίδων, και πιο συγκεκριμένα σε μετατροπείς Σ.Τ. – Σ.Τ με τους οποίους επιτυγχάνεται ανύψωση της τάσης και μπορούν να αποτελέσουν την πρώτη από τις δύο βαθμίδες. Τρεις είναι οι κύριοι στόχοι: A)Η εύρεση της καταλληλότερης επιλογής για την πρώτη βαθμίδα της διάταξης σύνδεσης ενός Φ/Β πλαισίου στο μονοφασικό δίκτυο χαμηλής τάσης. B)Ο βέλτιστος σχεδιασμός και η επιλογή του κατάλληλου Πολλαπλασιαστή Τάσης. C)Ο βέλτιστος σχεδιασμός της μονάδας ανύψωσης τάσης, η οποία αποτελεί την πρώτη βαθμίδα, μιας διάταξης δύο βαθμίδων, για τη σύνδεση Φ/Β πλαισίου με το δίκτυο χαμηλής τάσης. Η μελέτη των τυπικών επιπέδων τάσης που εμφανίζονται σε διατάξεις διασύνδεσης δύο βαθμίδων απέδειξε την ανάγκη σχεδιασμού μετατροπέων Σ.Τ.-Σ.Τ. με υψηλά κέρδη τάσης, τα οποία δεν μπορούν να προσφέρουν οι κλασσικοί μετατροπείς. Το γεγονός αυτό αποτέλεσε το έναυσμα για τη διερεύνηση της λειτουργικής συμπεριφοράς των Πολλαπλασιαστών Τάσης και εστιάσθηκε στην εξαγωγή νέων απλών και ακριβέστερων μαθηματικών σχέσεων για τη λειτουργία τους, στον ορισμό και την υλοποίηση του βέλτιστου σχεδιασμού και τέλος στη βέλτιστη επιλογή των στοιχείων του κυκλώματος. Για τον καλύτερο δυνατό σχεδιασμό του ανυψωτή τάσης διεξάγεται τεκμηριωμένη σύγκριση μεταξύ διαφόρων δημοφιλών τοπολογιών Πολλαπλασιαστών Τάσης, καθώς και της μορφής της τάσης που θα τον τροφοδοτεί. Η εκτεταμένη έρευνα καταλήγει στην εφαρμογή θετικής παλμικής τάσης εισόδου, με τη χρήση μιας παραλλαγής του μετατροπέα Boost (Mod Boost), ενώ επικρατέστερος Πολλαπλασιαστής Τάσης είναι μία παραλλαγή του Half-Wave Cockcroft-Walton με πυκνωτή εξομάλυνσης (Modified Half-Wave Cockcroft-Walton with Smoothing Capacitor). Στα πλαίσια της διδακτορικής διατριβής προτείνεται επιπλέον ένας νέος επαναληπτικός αλγόριθμος, ο οποίος συνδυάζει επιτυχώς θεωρητικές εξισώσεις και προσομοίωση, έχοντας ως στόχο το βέλτιστο σχεδιασμό του σύνθετου ανυψωτή τάσης, ο οποίος ονομάστηκε “Mod Boost – Mod H-W C-W SC VM” και συνίσταται από τον τροποποιημένο μετατροπέα Boost και τον προαναφερθέντα Πολλαπλασιαστή Τάσης. Τα συμπεράσματα και τα θεωρητικά αποτελέσματα της παρούσας διδακτορικής διατριβής επιβεβαιώνονται μέσω της προσομοίωσης και της σύγκρισης με κατάλληλα εργαστηριακά πρωτότυπα. / The current PhD thesis focuses on the field of AC PV Modules using Dual-Steps Inverters and more specifically on DC-DC Converters that are voltage boosters and can act as the first one of the two stages of the inverter. Three goals are accomplished in this work: A)The optimum choice of the topology for the first stage of a dual steps inverter of an AC-PV Module connected to the single-phase low voltage utility grid. B)The optimum choice and design of the Voltage Multiplier. C)The optimum design of the first stage of a dual steps inverter of an AC-PV Module. The analysis of the typical voltage levels at the dual steps topologies turns the research interest to DC-DC Converters with voltage gain (more than 20) higher than what is typical for the classical topologies. Based on that, a theoretical analysis is held on Voltage Multipliers according to which the crucial magnitudes are highlighted and new, simple and accurate formulas are extracted, which describe the operation of the voltage multipliers. Moreover theoretical supported choices about the capacitances in every stage are suggested, an optimum design is determined and for its implementation new accurate easy-to-use formulas are extracted. For an optimal design of the voltage booster, well established comparisons are made between popular types of voltage Multipliers and voltage triggering sources. The intensive research leads to the use of a positive voltage pulsing source that is generated by a modified Boost converter (Mod Boost Converter). Moreover a modified Half-Wave Cockcroft-Walton with Smoothing Capacitor VM is set as the best choice among the studied Voltage Multipliers. Furthermore, a novel iterative optimum design algorithm is introduced, which uses both the theoretical equations of a VM optimum design and a simulation software, so as to make feasible an optimum design of the novel DC-DC Converter. The new converter, named Mod Boost – Mod H-W C-W SC VM, results from the series connection of the modified converters Boost and Half Wave Cockcroft Walton with Smoothing Capacitor VM. Finally, the conclusions and the theoretical analysis of this work are validated by PSPICE simulations and experimental results, extracted by measurements on laboratory prototypes.

Syfte: Att mäta och kartlägga produktionen i en industrialiserad bostadsfabrik samt mäta effektiviteten av dess badrumstillverkning. Den erhållna informationen används vidare som grund för effektiviseringsförslag presenterade för fabriksledningen. Lösningsförslagen är fördefinierade som ”Förbättring av befintlig produktion med hjälp av Lean”, ”Produktion med förtillverkat badrumsgolv” och ”Produktion med förtillverkade badrumsmoduler”. Metod: Mätmetoden som användes vid fabriken är en frekvensstudie (WSM), anpassad efter fallstudiens behov. Mätteknikern går med jämnt tidsintervall till arbetsstationer och antecknar vilken aktivitet som pågår i samma sekund. Efter flera tusen upprepningar skapas en genomsnittlig aktivitetsbild över fabrikens badrumsproduktion. Vidare bearbetas informationen för att erhålla visuella grafer där problem lättare kan identifieras. När problemen fastställts kan lösningsförslagen tas fram och presenteras.  Resultat: Genom att implementera förtillverkade badrumsgolv- eller modul går det att korta badrummens ledtid samt öka hela fabrikens produktionskapacitet. Vidare eliminerar dessa lösningsförslag även kompetenskrävande arbetsmoment, vilket underlättar personalersättning vid exempelvis sjukdom.  Implikationer: De i studien framkomna resultaten antyder att företag lidande av växtvärk har stora möjligheter att omstrukturera och avlasta sin produktion, på så vis att en högre produktionskapacitet erhålls. I detta fall kan produktionskapaciteten utökas på tre olika sätt med olika effektivitetsgrad. Fallstudien kan dock inte svara på exakt i vilken grad effektivitet kan uppnås utan dessa lösningsförslag bör simuleras för att kunna svara på detta. Potential för vidare forskning finns där fallstudien undersöker hur dessa lösningsförslag påverkar fabrikens helhet. Begränsningar: Storleken och komplexiteten i den beaktade fabriksstrukturen begränsade fallstudien från att analysera fabrikens helhet. Avgränsningar behövde göras vid badrumsproduktionen och produktionen av vissa element i badrummen behövde försummas för att författarna rimligen skulle kunna klara av arbetet. / Purpose: To measure and map out the production of an industrialized housing factory, in addition to measure the effectiveness of its bathroom production. The gathered information is then used as foundation for the efficiency improvement proposal presented for the board of directors. The efficiency improvement proposals are predefined as “Improvement of existing production using Lean”, “Production with prefabricated bathroom floors” and “Production with prefabricated bathroom modules”. Method: The measurement method used at the factory was a frequency study called Work Sampling Method (WSM), adjusted after the case study’s needs. The measurement technician goes with regular intervals to workstations and notes the activity happening in that same moment. After several thousand recurrences, an average activity image can be derived from the data depicting the bathroom production. Furthermore, the data is processed to obtain visual graphs where problems become more distinguishable. When the problems are identified, solutions and propositions can be developed and presented. Findings: By implementing prefabricated bathroom floors- or modules the factory can reduce its production time and thereby increase the factories production capacity. Furthermore, the propositions and solutions eliminate competence-required operations within the factory. Thereby facilitates the staff replacement.. Implications: The study shows that companies suffering from growing pain have considerable facilities to restructure and relieve its production, in such a way that a higher production capacity is obtained. The production capacity in this case can be expanded by three different methods with various degrees of efficiency. The case study can however not determine the exact degree of efficiency, to obtain these the propositions should be simulated. Further potential research should be done on how the case studies propositions affect the whole of the factory. Limitations: The size and complexity of the observed factory structure limited the case study from analyzing the whole of the factory. Delimitations had to be done at the bathroom production and the production of certain elements involved in the bathroom production had to be neglected.

Les travaux présentés dans ce manuscrit sont axés sur le développement et la caractérisation de modules technologiques sur semiconducteurs à large bande interdite à base de nitrure de gallium (GaN), pour la réalisation de transistors et de cathodes froides. Ils ont été réalisés au sein du laboratoire III-V lab, commun aux entités : Alcatel - Thales - CEA Leti. Notre projet de recherche a bénéficié d'un soutien financier assuré par Thales Electron Devices (TED) et l'Agence Nationale de la Recherche ( ANR ). Concernant les transistors HEMT III-N, nos investigations se sont focalisées sur le développement des parties actives des transistors, incluant principalement la structuration des électrodes de grilles, l'étude de la passivation des grilles métalliques, ainsi que l'étude de diélectriques de grille pour la réalisation de structures MIS-HEMT.Les transistors MOS-HEMT « Normally-off » réalisés présentent des performances comparables à l'état de l'art, avec une densité de courant de drain maximum comprise entre 270 mA et 400 mA / mm, un ratio ION / IOFF > 1100, et des tensions de claquage > 200V. Les tensions de seuil sont comprises entre + 1,8 V et + 4 V. Nos contributions au développement des cathodes froides ont permis de démontrer une première émission dans le vide à partir de cathodes GaN, avec une densité de courant maximale de 300 µA / cm2 pour une tension de polarisation de 40 V / The results presented in this manuscript relate to technological developments and device processing on wide bandgap III-N semiconductor materials. They have been focused on III-N HEMT transistors and GaN cold cathodes. They have been realised within the III-V lab, which is a common entity between: Alcatel - Thales - CEA Leti. They have been financially supported by Thales Electron Devices company (TED) and the French National Research Agency ( ANR ). Regarding III-N HEMTs, our investigations have been focused on the development of device gate processing, which includes : the structuration of gate electrodes, the study of device passivation, and the realization of Metal-Insulator-Semiconductor High Mobility Electron Transistors ( MIS-HEMTs ). The “ Normally-off ” MOS-HEMT structures we have realized exhibit performances comparable to the state of the art, with a maximum drain current density between 270 and 400 mA / mm, a ION / IOFF ratio > 1.100, and a breakdown voltage > 200V. The threshold voltage values range between + 1,8 V and + 4V. We have also been able to demonstrate prototype GaN cold cathodes providing a maximum current density of 300 µA / cm2, emitted in vacuum for a bias voltage around 40 V

A concepção arquitetônica dos templos dóricos gregos é abordada na interface da análise entre as fontes textuais e a cultura material. Verificamos a relevância e o papel que tiveram a \"elegância\" e a \"sutileza\", segundo Vitrúvio, no modus operandi dos arquitetos gregos, como recursos técnicos e metodológicos para o desenvolvimento do projeto do templo dórico grego entre o século V-II a.C. Visamos esclarecer e estabelecer vínculos entre esses conceitos relativamente subjetivos e a lógica subjacente que norteou os arquitetos, tanto em projeto como nas aplicações precisas em obra, verificando assim a Hipótese Modular proposta por Mark Wilson Jones, para a concepção dos templos dóricos gregos. Para isso, abordarmos os fundamentos científicos da arquitetura grega a partir da análise de dois grupos de templos: o Grupo 1, composto de oito templos hexastilos, 6 x 13, do século V a.C. e o Grupo 2, composto de nove templos hexastilos perípteros de configuração de colunata lateral variada, datados entre o IV-II século a.C. Adotamos como ponto de partida da pesquisa, e referência fundamental, os artigos publicados por Mark Wilson Jones em 2001 e 2006, respectivamente, nos periódicos: American Journal of Archaeology e Nexus. Procuramos sistematicamente atualizar o debate apoiados nas discussões mais recentes e em nossas próprias análises e conclusões. / This thesis addresses the conception of Greek Doric Temple Design and architecture found in the analysis of and interface between textual sources and material culture. This thesis notes the importance of and the role that \"elegance\" and \"subtlety\" played, according to Vitruvius, in the modus operandi of Greek architects, including technical and methodological resources in the development of Greek Doric temples between the fifth and second centuries BC. This work aims to clarify and establish links between these relatively subjective concepts and the subjacent logic that guided these architects, both in design as well as in their precise application in construction, thus verifying the Modular hypothesis proposed by Mark Wilson Jones. Towards this end, this thesis addresses the scientific foundations of Greek architecture by analyzing two groups of temples: Group 1, comprised of eight 6 x 13 hexastyle temples from the fifth century BC and Group 2, comprised of nine hexastyle peripteral temples in varied peristyle lateral configuration, dated between the fourth and second centuries BC. The starting point of and the fundamental reference for the research are scholarly articles published by Mark Wilson Jones in 2001 and 2006 in The American Journal of Archaeology and Nexus, respectively. This work seeks to systematically update the latest debates and discussions surrounding this topic via the author\'s own analysis and subsequent conclusions.

Dans cette thèse, nous étudions le spectre conforme d'une surface fermée et le spectre de Steklov conforme d'une surface compacte à bord et leur application à la géométrie conforme et à la topologie. Soit (Σ, c) une surface fermée munie d'une classe conforme c. Alors la k-ième valeur propre conforme est définie comme Λ_k(Σ,c)=sup{λ_k(g) Aire(Σ,g)| g ∈ c), où λ_k(g) est la k-ième valeur propre de l'operateur de Laplace-Beltrami de la métrique g sur Σ. Notons que nous commeçons par λ_0(g) = 0. En prennant le supremum sur toutes les classes conformes C sur Σ on obtient l'invariant topologique suivant de Σ: Λ_k(Σ)=sup{Λ_k(Σ,c)| c ∈ C}. D'après l'article [65], les quantités Λ_k(Σ, c) et Λ_k(Σ) sont bien définies. Si une métrique g sur Σ satisfait λ_k(g) Aire(Σ, g) = Λ_k(Σ), alors on dit que g est maximale pour la fonctionnelle λ_k(g) Aire(Σ, g). Dans l'article [73], il a été montré que les métriques maximales pour λ_1(g) Aire(Σ, g) peuvent au pire avoir des singularités coniques. Dans cette thèse nous montrons que les métriques maximales pour les fonctionnelles λ_1(g) Aire(T^2, g) et λ_1(g) Aire(KL, g), où T^2 et KL dénotent le 2-tore et la bouteille de Klein, ne peuvent pas avoir de singularités coniques. Ce résultat découle d'un théorème de classification de classes conformes par des métriques induites d'une immersion minimale ramifiée dans une sphère ronde aussi montré dans cette thèse. Un autre invariant que nous étudions dans cette thèse est le k-ième invariant de Friedlander-Nadirashvili défini comme: I_k(Σ) = inf{Λ_k(Σ, c)| c ∈ C}. L'invariant I_1(Σ) a été introduit dans l'article [34]. Dans cette thèse nous montrons que pour toute surface orientable et pour toute surface non-orientable de genre impaire I_k(Σ)=I_k(S^2) et pour toute surface non-orientable de genre paire I_k(RP^2) ≥ I_k(Σ)>I_k(S^2). Ici S^2 et RP^2 dénotent la 2-sphère et le plan projectif. Nous conjecturons que I_k(Σ) sont des invariants des cobordismes des surfaces fermées. Le spectre de Steklov conforme est défini de manière similaire. Soit (Σ, c) une surface compacte à bord non vide ∂Σ, alors les k-ièmes valeurs propres de Steklov conformes sont définies comme: σ*_k(Σ, c)=sup{σ_k(g) Longueur(∂Σ, g)| g ∈ c}, où σ_k(g) est la k-ième valeur propre de Steklov de la métrique g sur Σ. Ici nous supposons que σ_0(g) = 0. De façon similaire au problème fermé, on peut définir les quantités suivantes: σ*_k(Σ)=sup{σ*_k(Σ, c)| c ∈ C} et I^σ_k(Σ)=inf{σ*_k(Σ, c)| c ∈ C}. Les résultats de l'article [16] impliquent que toutes ces quantités sont bien définies. Dans cette thèse on obtient une formule pour la limite de σ*_k(Σ, c_n) lorsque la suite des classes conformes c_n dégénère. Cette formule implique que pour toute surface à bord I^σ_k(Σ)= I^σ_k(D^2), où D^2 dénote le 2-disque. On remarque aussi que les quantités I^σ_k(Σ) sont des invariants des cobordismes de surfaces à bord. De plus, on obtient une borne supérieure pour la fonctionnelle σ^k(g) Longueur(∂Σ, g), où Σ est non-orientable, en terme de son genre et le nombre de composants de bord. / In this thesis, we study the conformal spectrum of a closed surface and the conformal Steklov spectrum of a compact surface with boundary and their application to conformal geometry and topology. Let (Σ,c) be a closed surface endowed with a conformal class c then the k-th conformal eigenvalue is defined as Λ_k(Σ,c)=sup{λ_k(g) Aire(Σ,g)| g ∈ c), where λ_k(g) is the k-th Laplace-Beltrami eigenvalue of the metric g on Σ. Note that we start with λ_0(g) = 0 Taking the supremum over all conformal classes C on Σ one gets the following topological invariant of Σ: Λ_k(Σ)=sup{Λ_k(Σ,c)| c ∈ C}. It follows from the paper [65] that the quantities Λ_k(Σ, c) and Λ_k(Σ) are well-defined. Suppose that for a metric g on Σ the following identity holds λ_k(g) Aire(Σ, g) = Λ_k(Σ). Then one says that the metric g is maximal for the functional λ_k(g) Aire(Σ, g). In the paper [73] it was shown that the maximal metrics for the functional λ_1(g) Aire(Σ, g) at worst can have conical singularities. In this thesis we show that the maximal metrics for the functionals λ_1(g) Aire(T^2, g) and λ_1(g) Aire(KL, g), where T^2 and KL stand for the 2-torus and the Klein bottle respectively, cannot have conical singularities. This result is a corollary of a conformal class classification theorem by metrics induced from a branched minimal immersion into a round sphere that we also prove in the thesis. Another invariant that we study in this thesis is the k-th Friedlander-Nadirashvili invariant defined as: I_k(Σ) = inf{Λ_k(Σ, c)| c ∈ C}. The invariant I_1(Σ) was introduced in the paper [34]. In this thesis we prove that for any orientable surface and any non-orientable surface of odd genus I_k(Σ)=I_k(S^2) and for any non-orientable surface of even genus I_k(RP^2) ≥ I_k(Σ)>I_k(S^2). Here S^2 and RP^2 denote the 2-sphere and the projective plane respectively. We also conjecture that I_k(Σ) are invariants of cobordisms of closed manifolds. The conformal Steklov spectrum is defined in a similar way. Let (Σ, c) be a compact surface with non-empty boundary ∂Σ then the k-th conformal Steklov eigenvalues is defined by the formula: σ*_k(Σ, c)=sup{σ_k(g) Longueur(∂Σ, g)| g ∈ c}, where σ_k(g) is the k-th Steklov eigenvalue of the metric g on Σ. Here we suppose that σ_0(g) = 0. Similarly to the closed problem one can define the following quantities: σ*_k(Σ)=sup{σ*_k(Σ, c)| c ∈ C} and I^σ_k(Σ)=inf{σ*_k(Σ, c)| c ∈ C}. The results of the paper [16] imply that all these quantities are well-defined. In this thesis we obtain a formula for the limit of the k-th conformal Steklov eigenvalue when the sequence of conformal classes degenerates. Using this formula we show that for any surface with boundary I^σ_k(Σ)= I^σ_k(D^2), where D^2 stands for the 2-disc. We also notice that I^σ_k(Σ) are invariants of cobordisms of surfaces with boundary. Moreover, we obtain an upper bound for the functional σ^k(g) Longueur(∂Σ, g), where Σ is non-orientable, in terms of its genus and the number of boundary components.