Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Alumina nanoparticles are among the most important materials in the ceramic industry due to their variety of potential applications. Currently, there is a search for more economic, eco friendly and efficient routes. In this way, the present work proposes the use of complexing capacity of water rich in Natural Organic Matter (NOM) (24mg L -1 COD) to synthesize nanostructured pigment, based on doped alumina with chrome ions obtained from reagents with high degree of purity of from solid and liquid residues from the tannery industry. In the synthesis process, many parameters were controlled, such as the pH of the precursor solution. It was observed that this parameter played a significant role on the production of particles with small sizes. Using pH 4,0 undoped alfa-alumina was obtained after calcination at 1000ºC/4h. This temperature is at least 200ºC lower than those reported for the production of alumina using sol-gel or Pechini routes. For doped alumina, the calcination conditions were 1100°C/4h, showing that doping had an influence over the phase transition temperature. The XRF data revealed that Cl, Si, Zn, S and Cu are the main impurities in the pure sample, as well as in the sample doped with chrome salts with high purity. On the other hand, the samples doped with recycled chrome contained compounds of calcium and sodium chloride, depending on the type of residue used (solid or liquid). Data from XANES proved that the valence of Cr in the alumina structure is influenced by the degree of purity of the dopant. Micrographs suggest the obtention of structures with spherical morphology, with particle sizes varying from 45 nm to 56 nm, showing that the origin of NOM, its molecular size, water storage conditions and the purity of the dopant has not significantly influenced the morphology or the average size of the particles. The PL and XEOL emission spectra chrome high purity doped alumina revealed a main band near 700 nm, and a dependency on the concentration of chromophore ion, as expected. However, for synthesized samples using recycled chrome ions, neither emission was observed. The physico-chemical and bacteriologic characterization of the recycled water showed that it attends to the standards required from the Brazilian health ministry. Furthermore, during the leaching tests the total chrome concentration was below the equipment detection limits. / As nanopartículas de alumina estão entre os materiais mais importantes na indústria cerâmica por conta de suas diversas aplicações. Atualmente há uma busca por rotas mais econômicas, eco-amigáveis e eficientes. Assim, o presente trabalho propõe o uso da capacidade complexante da água rica em Matéria Orgânica Natural (MON) (24 mg L-1 carbono orgânico dissolvido) para sintetizar pigmento nanoestruturado a base de alumina dopada com íons cromo de elevado grau de pureza (P.A) e com íons obtidos a partir dos resíduos sólidos e líquidos provenientes da industria de curtume. No processo de síntese, avaliou-se vários parâmetros, porém o controle do pH da solução inicial foi o que mais influenciou a obtenção da alfa-alumina nanoestruturada. Os resultados de DRX comprovam a obtenção da fase única alfa-alumina para as amostras obtidas no pH 4,0 e calcinadas 1000°C/4h para alumina não dopada, essa temperatura é pelo menos 200°C inferior à empregada nas principais rotas tradicionais (sol-gel e Pechini). Para a alumina dopada, essa temperatura foi 1100°C/4h. Os dados de XRF revelaram que as principais impurezas presentes na alumina não dopada e dopada com ions cromo P.A são os sequintes: Cl, Si, S e Zn. Enquanto, que para as amostras dopadas com íons cromo reciclados, as pricipais impurezas foram: os compostos de cálcio para as amostras obtidas empregando o residuo liquido e cloreto de sódio para o residuo sólido. O resíduo sólido apresentou características melhores para utilização em pigmentos cerâmicos. Os dados de XANES comprovam a presença de Cr(VI), porém é possivel obter Al2O3:Cr livre dessa valência. As micrografias sugerem a obtenção de estruturas com morfologia esférica, com tamanho das particulas em torno de 56 nm. Os espectros de emissão PL e XEOL da alumina dopada com cromo P.A revelam uma banda principal de emissão em aproximadamente 700 nm, sendo que a eficiencia fotoluminescente e radioliminescente mostrou-se dependente da concentração do ion cromoforo. Porém, para as amostras sintetizadas usando os ions de cromo reciclados verificou-se a supressão dessas propriedades. A caracterização físico-química e bacteriológica da água reciclada mostra que a mesma atende aos padrões de potabilidade exigidos pela Portaria 2914. Ademais, os testes de lixiviação demostraram que não houve liberação do cromo incorporado na matriz da alumina.

Décrivant l'ascension sociale d'un groupe de chevaliers valant par leur seule compétence, le "Poème du Cid" proclame le modèle d'une seigneurie personnelle destinée à corriger les effets néfastes d'un régime fondé essentiellement sur la 'nature'. Vouée à servir, quant à elle, les aspirations centralisatrices de la couronne, l'historiographie alphonsine tente d'imposer le modèle d'un ordre royal. Deux discours, donc, différents tant dans leur forme que dans les valeurs qu'ils véhiculent. Et pourtant, le "Poème du Cid" constitue l'essentiel du matériau narratif de l'"Histoire d'Espagne" pour l'histoire de Rodrigue Diaz et d'Alphonse VI. Quels furent, dans ces conditions, les procédés de transfert du discours épique au discours historiographique? Une étude minutieuse des similitudes que présentent les différentes versions de l'"Histoire d'Espagne" ("Chronique de vingt rois", "Version sancienne", "Chronique de Castille") permet de dégager les deux critères de sélection de l'information narrative: sa vraisemblance et sa fonctionnalité. Quatre opérations traduisent les mécanismes d'intégration de la geste à l'histoire: la segmentation, l'uniformisation, l'abréviation et surtout l'amplification. Sur ces remaniements repose l'essentiel du propos monarchique: réaliser la centralisation juridique et valoriser l'acte exemplaire de dépendance du sujet face au seigneur naturel. L'analyse des écarts entre les textes nous informe, à un autre niveau, de l'évolution du discours historiographique lui-même. Si le propos de l'historiographie reste inchangé, en revanche, la voix des destinateurs du récit s'exprime de façon plus personnelle. Ainsi, le texte accorde une large place à la noblesse chevaleresque, ces hommes désireux de gravir la hiérarchie des états en entrant au service du roi et qui, dans le dernier tiers du XIVe siècle, formeront les grandes Maisons Trastamare.

<div>Since as early as the 1920s, dinitrogen tetroxide (N2O4) has been regarded as a promising oxidizer in rocket propulsion systems. In more recent times, its predecessor, mixed oxides of nitrogen (MON), remains a top contender among oxidizers, due to its unique characteristics such as low freezing temperature and compatibility with common spacecraft materials. Today, these N2O4-based oxidizers are the preferred choice in many upper stages, launch escape systems, reaction control systems, liquid apogee engines, and in-space primary propulsion systems. N2O4-based oxidizers are a key factor in rocket propulsion, and thoroughly understanding their history, development, characteristics, synthesis, and composition analysis are crucial for space exploration today and into the future.<br><br></div><div>To fully understand and predict the physical properties of a MON sample, it is important to measure and quantify its chemical composition. The recommended method for MON composition analysis, as prescribed by the Department of Defense’s Defense Specification (MIL-SPEC) document on N2O4, involves the oxidation of NO and dinitrogen trioxide (N2O3) in the MON sample to determine their amounts. An equation unofficially called the “MIL-SPEC equation” is then used to determine the amount of NO needed to mix with N2O4 to synthesize that particular MON sample. However, no explanation is given as to how the equation was derived, or its significance.<br><br></div><div>This thesis aims to collect and organize key information on the synthesis, handling, and composition analysis of MON propellant. First, the history of development of N2O4-based oxidizers was researched, and current and future uses of N2O4 and MON propellants were identified. Then a method for synthesis and composition analysis was devised and tested. Water contamination was expected of skewing the results, so the process of water contamination was examined analytically. Then a detailed derivation of the MIL-SPEC equation was conducted, to fully understand its mechanics. An attempt was then made to reverse-engineer an unexplained numerical value in the equation, labeled by the author as the “solubility factor”. Several derivations were provided with varying degrees of complexity, producing alternative solubility factors of varying accuracies. Finally, experimental data was applied to these derived, hypothetical solubility factors and the MIL-SPEC solubility factor, with the intent of determining whether improvements could be made to the MON composition determination process.<br><br></div><div>The results suggest that the MIL-SPEC equation is sufficient for providing a relatively accurate measurement of the composition of a MON sample, while also being easy to implement, both in taking the necessary measurements and in conducting the numerical calculation. However, some minor adjustments to the equation could produce consistently more accurate composition measurements without adding any more difficulty or complication.</div>

The luminous, famous and enigmatic The Lady and the Unicorn tapestries are timelss objects at the center of heated scholarly discussion. There are six tapestries, created circa 1480-1500 (figures 1 – 6), and were commissioned by the le Viste family of Lyon, whose heraldic arms appear in each tapestry. This paper seeks to connect the tapestries conceptually to contemporary courtly, feminine ideals, the image of woman in late fifteenth-century Paris, and most importantly to Christine de Pizan's writings, particularly City of Ladies and The Treasury of the City of Ladies, both written in 1405. Through her texts, Christine de Pizan (1363 – 1434) created a noble, dignified image of women that may have influenced the way viewers were intended to perceive The Lady and the Unicorn tapestries. While recent scholarly studies have connected the tapestries to contemporary texts, there has not been a discussion regarding Christine de Pizan's influential writings, their surrounding discourse, or the image of a woman as the visual embodiment of the le Viste family in connection to the tapestries. Specific passages in Christine's texts resemble motifs, objects, and underlying messages in The Lady and the Unicorn. While Christine's works may not have been the direct inspiration for the tapestries, both are a part of the visual and textual make-up of the abstracted feminine ideals that were circulating in Paris and France at large in the fifteenth century. The Lady and the Unicorn may also have had a didactic purpose similar to Christine's Treasury of the City of Ladies, displaying for the le Viste daughters through a visual medium the attributes of the ideal maiden. Exploring the cultural context in which The Lady and the Unicorn was created, specifically as it relates to women in society, the upper class, expectations for young maidens, visual and written moral messages for women and their artistic manifestations provides a new understanding of these exceptional tapestries.

Les représentations graphiques des problèmes de santé mentale peuvent être le reflet des considérations de la société à l’égard des personnes atteintes de ces types de troubles. Les artistes ont un rôle à jouer dans les perceptions que l’on peut en avoir car ils reflètent les conceptions d’une société donnée, à une époque donnée. Certains artistes prennent position et cherchent à modifier les perceptions sociales, en contribuant par leurs actions ou leurs créations à la déstigmatisation de ces types de maladies. Cette volonté est au cœur de ce mémoire. Dans un premier temps, cette recherche propose des études de cas de représentations graphiques des problèmes de santé mentale tirés de l’histoire de l’art, de la littérature jeunesse et du roman graphique. Lescas de figure tirés de l’histoire de l’art sont réunis autour du thème de la folie, lesquels permettent de comprendre certains stéréotypes encore présents aujourd’hui. Quant aux exemples tirés du livre graphique plus près de notre époque, on retrouve une volonté de combattre les préjugés. Dans le livre, la maladie se raconte à travers des pathologies graphiques ou des somatographies graphiques, soit de l’intérieur ou bien du point de vue du proche-aidant. Dans un second temps, cette recherche propose un travail de recherche-création qui a pris la forme d’un livre à mi-chemin entre le livre d’artiste et le roman graphique, lequel porte le titre Une année sans lumière. Le présent mémoire rend compte de ces deux aspects théoriques et pratiques qui s’interconnectent. L’analyse du corpus ainsi que le travail de recherche-création ont permis d’explorer et de mieux comprendre une forme d’imaginaire graphique des problèmes de santé mentale en contribuant à les déstigmatiser.

Thèse numérisée par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

Submitted by Erika Demachki (erikademachki@gmail.com) on 2015-05-21T19:19:51Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Reinier Díaz Millán - 2015.pdf: 3568052 bytes, checksum: b4c892f77911a368e1b8f629afb5e66e (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Erika Demachki (erikademachki@gmail.com) on 2015-05-21T19:21:31Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Reinier Díaz Millán - 2015.pdf: 3568052 bytes, checksum: b4c892f77911a368e1b8f629afb5e66e (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-21T19:21:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Reinier Díaz Millán - 2015.pdf: 3568052 bytes, checksum: b4c892f77911a368e1b8f629afb5e66e (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-02-27 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Nesta tese apresentamos v arios algoritmos para resolver os problemas de Desigualdade Variacional e Inclus~ao. Para o problema de desigualdade variacional propomos, no Cap tulo 2 uma generaliza c~ao do algoritmo cl assico extragradiente, utilizando vetores normais n~ao nulos do conjunto vi avel. Em particular, dois algoritmos conceituais s~ao propostos e cada um deles cont^em tr^es variantes diferentes de proje c~ao que est~ao relacionadas com algoritmos extragradientes modi cados. Duas buscas diferentes s~ao propostas, uma sobre a borda do conjunto vi avel e a outra ao longo das dire c~oes vi aveis. Cada algoritmo conceitual tem uma estrat egia diferente de busca e tr^es formas de proje c~ao especiais, gerando tr^es sequ^encias com diferente e interessantes propriedades. E feito a an alise da converg^encia de ambos os algoritmos conceituais, pressupondo a exist^encia de solu c~oes, continuidade do operador e uma condi c~ao mais fraca do que pseudomonotonia. No Cap tulo 4, n os introduzimos um algoritmo direto de divis~ao para o problema variacional em espa cos de Hilbert. J a no Cap tulo 5, propomos um algoritmo de proje c~ao relaxada em Espa cos de Hilbert para a soma de m operadores mon otonos maximais ponto-conjunto, onde o conjunto vi avel do problema de desigualdade variacional e dado por uma fun c~ao n~ao suave e convexa. Neste caso, as proje c~oes ortogonais ao conjunto vi avel s~ao substitu das por proje c~oes em hiperplanos que separam a solu c~ao da itera c~ao atual. Cada itera c~ao do m etodo proposto consiste em proje c~oes simples de tipo subgradientes, que n~ao exige a solu c~ao de subproblemas n~ao triviais, utilizando apenas os operadores individuais, explorando assim a estrutura do problema. Para o problema de Inclus~ao, propomos variantes do m etodo de divis~ao de forward-backward para achar um zero da soma de dois operadores, a qual e a modi ca c~ao cl assica do forwardbackward proposta por Tseng. Um algoritmo conceitual e proposto para melhorar o apresentado por Tseng em alguns pontos. Nossa abordagem cont em, primeramente, uma busca linear tipo Armijo expl cita no esp rito dos m etodos tipo extragradientes para desigualdades variacionais. Durante o processo iterativo, a busca linear realiza apenas um c alculo do operador forward-backward em cada tentativa de achar o tamanho do passo. Isto proporciona uma consider avel vantagem computacional pois o operador forward-backward e computacionalmente caro. A segunda parte do esquema consiste em diferentes tipos de proje c~oes, gerando sequ^encias com caracter sticas diferentes. / In this thesis we present various algorithms to solve the Variational Inequality and Inclusion Problems. For the variational inequality problem we propose, in Chapter 2, a generalization of the classical extragradient algorithm by utilizing non-null normal vectors of the feasible set. In particular, two conceptual algorithms are proposed and each of them has three di erent projection variants which are related to modi ed extragradient algorithms. Two di erent linesearches, one on the boundary of the feasible set and the other one along the feasible direction, are proposed. Each conceptual algorithm has a di erent linesearch strategy and three special projection steps, generating sequences with di erent and interesting features. Convergence analysis of both conceptual algorithms are established, assuming existence of solutions, continuity and a weaker condition than pseudomonotonicity on the operator. In Chapter 4 we introduce a direct splitting method for solving the variational inequality problem for the sum of two maximal monotone operators in Hilbert space. In Chapter 5, for the same problem, a relaxed-projection splitting algorithm in Hilbert spaces for the sum of m nonsmooth maximal monotone operators is proposed, where the feasible set of the variational inequality problem is de ned by a nonlinear and nonsmooth continuous convex function inequality. In this case, the orthogonal projections onto the feasible set are replaced by projections onto separating hyperplanes. Furthermore, each iteration of the proposed method consists of simple subgradient-like steps, which does not demand the solution of a nontrivial subproblem, using only individual operators, which explores the structure of the problem. For the Inclusion Problem, in Chapter 3, we propose variants of forward-backward splitting method for nding a zero of the sum of two operators, which is a modi cation of the classical forward-backward method proposed by Tseng. The conceptual algorithm proposed here improves Tseng's method in many instances. Our approach contains rstly an explicit Armijo-type line search in the spirit of the extragradient-like methods for variational inequalities. During the iterative process, the line search performs only one calculation of the forward-backward operator in each tentative for nding the step size. This achieves a considerable computational saving when the forward-backward operator is computationally expensive. The second part of the scheme consists of special projection steps bringing several variants.

Bruhn (2008) and Griffiths (1978) have referred in passing to Messiaen's use of non-Western content as an appropriation, but a consideration of its potential moral and aesthetic failings within the scope of modern literature on artistic cultural appropriation is an underexplored topic. Messiaen's first encounter with India came during his student years, by way of a Sanskrit version of Saṅgītaratnākara (c. 1240 CE) written by the thirteenth-century Hindu musicologist Śārṅgadeva. I examine Messiaen's use of Indian deśītālas within a cultural appropriation context. Non-Western music provided a safe space for him to explore the familiar, and served as validation for previously held creative interests, prompting the expansion and development of rhythmic techniques from the unfamiliar. Chapter 1 examines the different forms of artistic cultural appropriation, drawing on the ideas of James O. Young and Conrad G. Brunk (2012) and Bruce H. Ziff and Pratima V. Rao (1997). I consider the impact of power dynamic inequality between 'insider' and 'outsider' cultures. I evaluate the relation between aesthetic errors and authenticity. Chapter 2 considers the internal and external factors and that prompted Messiaen to draw on non-Western rhythm. I examine Messiaen's appropriation of Indian rhythm in relation to Bloomian poetic misreading, and whether his appropriation of Indian rhythm reveals an authentic intention. Chapter 3 analyses Messiaen's interpretation of Śārṅgadeva's 120 deśītālas and its underlying Hindu symbolism. Chapter 4 contextualises Messiaen's Japanese poem Sept haïkaï (1962) in relation to other European Orientalist artworks of the late-nineteenth and early-twentieth centuries, and also in relation to Michael Sullivan's (1987: 209) three-tiered definitions of japonism.