Einleitung. Die Intubation bei Kaninchen kleiner Rassen wird stets als technisch an- spruchsvoll beschrieben. Außerdem neigt das Kaninchen in besonderer Weise zu intubations-assoziierten Komplikationen. Die Auswahl geeigneter Endotrachealtuben erfolgt bisher empirisch und Studien zu den Größenverhältnissen adulter Tiere mit einer Körpermasse unter 2 kg lagen nicht vor. Ziele der Untersuchung. Ziel der vorliegenden Untersuchung war, morphometrische Daten über die anatomischen Verhältnisse der Atemwege des Zwergkaninchens zu ermitteln, die als Basis für Empfehlungen zur Intubation dienen können. Material und Methoden. Die vorliegende Studie untersuchte 35 Tiere mit Körper- massen zwischen 0,61 - 2,15 kg. Die Tiere wurden in Allgemeinanästhesie mit Isoflu- ran nach Einleitung mit Propofol untersucht. Es wurden Computertomographien des Hals- und Thoraxbereiches in Brustbauch- oder Rückenlage mit einer Schichtdicke von 0,7 mm angefertigt. Diese wurden mit einer automatisierten Auswertungssoft- ware zur Rekonstruktion und Analyse von Atemwegen vermessen. Es wurden Ver- gleichsmessungen der Trachealdurchmesser und -querschnittsflächen an Gefrier- schnitten anatomischer Präparate von fünf Tieren durchgeführt. Die Messpunkte wurden durch die Übergänge der Halswirbel definiert.Ergebnisse. Die Gültigkeit der vorgenommen Messungen wurde durch eine Bland- Altmann-Analyse der Ergebnisse aus anatomischen Präparaten und Computertomo- graphie bestätigt. Die Messpunkte zeigten Mittelwerte zwischen 2,49 – 3,39 mm im minimalen Durchmesser, 3,78 – 4,06 mm im maximalen Durchmesser und eine Trachealfläche zwischen 7,04 – 11,09 mm2. Im Bereich des Kehlkopfes waren teil- weise keine auswertbaren Messungen möglich. An den übrigen Messpunkten zeig- ten sich signifikante Korrelationen (Pearson-Korrelationskoeffizient) zur Körpermasse des minimalen Durchmesser zwischen 0,44 – 0,67, des maximalen Durchmessers von 0,6 – 0,68 und zur Trachealfläche zwischen 0,47 – 0,72. Zur Scheitelsteißlänge lagen die Korrelationen zum minimalen Durchmesser zwischen 0,49 – 0,68, zum maximalen Durchmesser bei 0,47 – 0,69 und zur Trachealquerschnittsfläche zwi- schen 0,58 – 0,65. Auf Grund dieser Korrelation wurde eine Diskriminanzanalyse durchgeführt und eine Formel zur Vorhersage der Endotrachealtubusgröße erstellt. Diese sagt mit einer Genauigkeit von 67,6% die passende Tubusgröße voraus. Ge- schlecht und Alter hatten keinen Einfluss auf die Größe der Trachea und spielen da- mit keine Rolle bei der Wahl des Tubus. Schlussfolgerung. Die vorliegende Studie zeigt, dass die Computertomographie auch bei sehr kleinen Tieren gut für die Evaluation der Atemwege geeignet ist. Die Trachealdimensionen zeigen eine signifikante Korrelation zur Körpermasse und zur Scheitelsteißlänge. Beide Parameter sind damit geeignete Marker zur Auswahl eines Endotrachealtubus beim Kaninchen und mit Hilfe der hier gefundenen Daten ist eine evidenzbasierte Intubationsempfehlung für Zwergkaninchen möglich.

Although it is common to model modulus of elasticity (MOE) and modulus of rupture (MOR) of graded lumber as normal, lognormal, or Weibull distributions, recent theories and empirical practices have cast doubt on these models. Mathematical proofs have been used to shown how the MOR distributions of graded lumber can be derived from the MOR distributions of mill-run populations. The MOR distribution of a graded lumber subpopulation is "pseudo- truncated" and does not exhibit the same theoretical form as the mill-run population from which it was drawn. Therefore, it is essential to explore the properties of mill-run lumber populations and properly characterize their MOE and MOR distributions. To investigate this topic, this dissertation has three objectives: 1) to determine if the within-mill means and standard deviations of MOE and MOR in mill-run southern pine (Pinus spp.) lumber differ over time, 2) to determine the correlations among hand-held grain angle meter readings, MOE, and MOR in mill- run southern pine lumber, and 3) to model statistical distributions of MOE and MOR in mill-run red pine (Pinus resinosa) and spruce (Picea spp.) lumber. This research features four main sections: 1) an introduction summarizing the conclusions of each chapter, 2) a chapter investigating if there are statistically significant differences between the means and variances of MOE and MOR in mill-run southern pine lumber populations at the same mill over time, 3) a chapter evaluating the bivariate correlations among handheld grain angle meter readings, MOR, and three measures of MOE in mill-run southern pine lumber, and 4) a chapter modeling the distributions of MOE and MOR in mill-run red pine and spruce lumber populations and comparing those to previous work on mill-run southern pine lumber populations.

Submitted by Maria Medeiros (maria.dilva1@ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-08-16T11:47:56Z No. of bitstreams: 1 FABIANA MEDEIROS DO NASCIMENTO SILVA - TESE (PPGEQ) 2017.pdf: 6622967 bytes, checksum: bfed827814b744a5e9e9e565d28f0682 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-16T11:47:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 FABIANA MEDEIROS DO NASCIMENTO SILVA - TESE (PPGEQ) 2017.pdf: 6622967 bytes, checksum: bfed827814b744a5e9e9e565d28f0682 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017 / Capes / O presente trabalho tem como objetivo geral sintetizar as membranas zeolíticas (Mordenita/α-alumina), utilizando os métodos de síntese hidrotérmica, crescimento secundário: dip-coating e transporte em fase vapor, para serem avaliadas no processo de separação emulsão óleo/água. Dentro deste contexto foram avaliados alguns parâmetros, destacando-se, a influência do tempo de cristalização na síntese da zeólita mordenita, a influência do precursor (sulfato de alumínio e gibsita) na síntese da membrana zeolítica, influência dos métodos de síntese das membranas zeolíticas e os testes de permeação de água e o processo de separação emulsão óleo/água. A síntese da zeólita mordenita foi realizada utilizando o método hidrotérmico a 170°C, com tempos de cristalização de 24, 36, 48, 72, 96 e 120 horas, a fim de avaliar a cristalinidade da zeólita, e selecionar o melhor tempo para a síntese das membranas zeolíticas. Os suportes cerâmicos α-alumina foram preparados a partir da decomposição dos precursores sulfato de alumínio a 1000°C e gibsita a 1200ºC por 2 horas, e conformados, compactados e sinterizados a 1300ºC por 2h, e então submetidos às técnicas de caracterização: Difratometria de raios X (DRX), Adsorção Física de Nitrogênio, Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura (MEV), Espectroscopia de Fluorescência de raios X por Energia Dispersiva (FRX-ED) e Termogravimétrica/Térmica Diferencial (TG/DTA). As membranas zeolíticas foram sintetizadas pelos métodos de síntese hidrotérmica, crescimento secundário: dip-coating e transporte em fase vapor a 170°C por 72h e caracterizadas por DRX e MEV. Os suportes cerâmicos e as membranas zeolíticas foram avaliadas em testes de permeação de água e no sistema de separação emulsão óleo/água de um efluente sintético, utilizando um processo de separação por membrana (PSM). Os ensaios foram realizados nas condições de concentração inicial da emulsão 100 mg.L-1, temperatura de 25 °C e pressão de 2,5 bar, permitindo avaliar a permeabilidade e a seletividade a partir da variação da concentração do permeado em (mg.L-1) e da percentagem de rejeição ao óleo (%R). A partir dos resultados obtidos para a síntese dos materiais, pode-se observar a efetiva formação da zeólita mordenita em fase pura e cristalina. Os precursores foram decompostos de maneira satisfatória obtendo a fase α-alumina. A manutenção da fase α-alumina pós-produção dos suportes cerâmicos foi confirmada após caracterização. De acordo com os resultados exibidos pelas análises de DRX e MEV as membranas zeolíticas MZMOR/α-alumina apresentaram uma distribuição homogênea e uniforme dos cristais zeolíticos correspondentes à fase mordenita, sem a presença de impurezas, livres de defeitos e sem fissuras, confirmando a formação da estrutura da membrana zeolítica pelos três métodos de síntese, utilizados neste trabalho. A zeólita mordenita se mostrou excelente em relação à adesão e formação da camada zeolítica sobre o suporte cerâmico α-alumina. A partir da avaliação da permeabilidade e seletividade nos testes de separação da emulsão óleo/água, pode-se concluir que a inserção da zeólita mordenita aos suportes cerâmicos melhorou o processo de separação da emulsão óleo/água. Em termos de eficiência no processo de separação, considera-se que a membrana zeolítica MZMOR/α – Al2O3 (SHGB) foi a que apresentou melhor relação entre fluxo e capacidade seletiva, mostrando a eficácia da utilização das membranas zeolíticas. Todas as membranas zeolíticas sintetizadas e avaliadas mostraram-se promissoras. / The objective of the present work is to synthesize zeolite membranes (Mordenite/α-alumina) using hydrothermal synthesis, secondary growth: dip-coating and vapor-phase transport, to be evaluated in the oil/water emulsion separation process. The influence of the crystallization time on the synthesis of the mordenite zeolite, the influence of the precursor (aluminum sulphate and gibsite) on the synthesis of the zeolite membrane, influence of the synthesis methods of the zeolite membranes and the water permeation tests and the oil/water emulsion separation process. The synthesis of the mordenite zeolite was performed using the hydrothermal method at 170°C, with crystallization times of 24, 36, 48, 72, 96 and 120 hours, in order to evaluate the crystallinity of the zeolite, and to select the best time for the synthesis of zeolite membranes. The α-alumina ceramic supports were prepared from the decomposition of the aluminum sulfate precursors at 1000°C and gibsite at 1200°C for 2 hours, and conformed, compacted and sintered at 1300°C for 2h, and then submitted to the characterization techniques: (XRD), Nitrogen Physical Adsorption, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), X-ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy (FRX-ED) and Thermogravimetric/Differential Thermal (TG/DTA). The zeolite membranes were synthesized by hydrothermal synthesis, secondary growth: dip-coating and vapor-phase transport at 170°C for 72 hours and characterized by XRD and SEM. Ceramic supports and zeolite membranes were evaluated in water permeation tests and in the oil/water emulsion separation system of a synthetic effluent using a membrane separation process. The tests were carried out under the conditions of initial concentration of the emulsion 100 mg.L-1, temperature of 25°C and pressure of 2,5 bar, allowing to evaluate the permeability and the selectivity from the variation of the permeate concentration in (mg. L-1) and the percentage of oil rejection (% R). From the results obtained for the synthesis of the materials, it is possible to observe the effective formation of zeolite mordenite in pure and crystalline phase. The precursors were satisfactorily decomposed to give the α-alumina phase. The maintenance of the post-production α-alumina phase of the ceramic supports was confirmed after characterization. The MZMOR/α-alumina zeolite membranes presented a homogeneous and uniform distribution of the zeolite crystals corresponding to the mordenite phase, without the presence of impurities, free of defects and without cracks, confirming the formation of the structure of the zeolite membrane by the three methods of synthesis, used in this work. The mordenite zeolite showed excellent adhesion and formation of the zeolitic layer on the ceramic support α-alumina. From the evaluation of the permeability and selectivity in the oil/water emulsion separation tests, it can be concluded that the insertion of the mordenite zeolite to the ceramic supports improved the separation process of the oil/water emulsion. In terms of efficiency in the separation process, the zeolite membrane MZMOR/α-Al2O3(SHGB) was considered to have the best relationship between flow and selectivity, showing the efficacy of zeolite membranes. All zeolite membranes synthesized and evaluated were promising.

<p>The aim of this paper is to compare and analyze Eugene O’Neill’s play Long Day’s Journey into Night with Lars Noréns Natten är dagens mor (Night is Mother to the Day). The gender and power structures, as well as the characters in the two plays are analyzed. The main focus of the analysis is on masculinities, and therefore on the brother to brother relationships in the dramas. The presence of “queer leakage” (as defined by prof. Tiina Rosenberg) in both plays is also pointed out and discussed. The main conclusion is that Long Day’s Journey into Night confirms and conserves the traditional gender and power structures, while Natten är dagens mor challenges, and thereby contributes to the changing of them.</p>

Opium, the dried resin obtained from the unripe seedpods of the poppy flower, has been used for medicinal and euphoric purposes since ancient times. Morphine, the main active ingredient of opium, and other clinically useful opioid analgesics all mediate their effects through activating the mu opioid receptor. Studies involving the mu opioid receptor knockout mice showed that the interaction with the mu opioid receptor is also responsible for many notorious side effects associated with these drugs including dependence and addiction. Therefore, selective antagonists for the mu opioid receptor are needed to study its function in drug abuse and addiction. Previously, based on molecular modeling studies and the “message-address” concept, a series of 14-O-substituted naltrexone derivatives were designed and synthesized. These compounds carried an ester-linked heteroaromatic substitution at the 14-position of naltrexone which was designed to interact with the putative “address” site, that was identified in the mu opioid receptor through molecular modeling studies. The lead compound of this series was determined to have a high affinity and selectivity for the mu opioid receptor. Because the 14-O-substituted naltrexone derivatives were not very stable, the ester linkage in these compounds was replaced by an amide one and a series of 14-N-substituted naltrexone derivatives were synthesized. The affinity and selectivity of these novel naltrexone derivatives were determined in a competitive radioligand binding assay. Interestingly, the 14-N-substituted naltrexone derivatives did not maintain the high selectivity of the 14-O-substituted series. It was hypothesized that the conformational constraint introduced by the amide linker was detrimental to the mu opioid receptor selectivity. Therefore, three 14-N-substituted naltrexone derivatives which carried more flexible linkages were synthesized and evaluated. The mu opioid receptor selectivity was not recovered by introducing rotational freedom into the linker. Some of these 14-N-substitued naltrexone derivatives were determined to be mu-kappa opioid receptor dual selective antagonists. Since the mu opioid receptor antagonists are effective at treating drug addiction, while growing evidence suggests that the kappa opioid receptor antagonists may be beneficial in lowering drug cravings, these novel mu-kappa opioid receptor dual selective antagonists may find unique clinical utility in the treatment of opioid dependence.

4 Summary Altogether, the six most common bee viruses which infect the honey bee (Apis mellifera) were monitored in the territory of the Czech Republic between 2006 and 2009. Parallel infections of viruses (DWV, ABPV and BQCV) in bee adults and parallel co- infection of viruses with fungal diseases caused by Nosema apis and Nosema ceranae were confirmed by PCR tests. A new sensitive method of detection of the originator of the American foulbrood (Paenibacillus larvae) from bee debris was developed for the practical use of detection of AFB disease in bee populations. Various approaches for the extraction of spores from bee debris and lyses of spores were compared. The sensitivity of PCR tests for the presence of Paenibacillus larvae in debris was compared with the classic cultivation method. The PCR method for the detection American foulbrood was further studied and developed to be more efficient. A new method, based on a matrix-like sample re-arrangement and a use of pooled samples, has been developed for testing 1000 samples in 35 PCR reactions. Another goal was to develop a robust and fast screening method for American foulbrood based on the cultivation test using paper sheets RIDA®COUNT with a specific cultivation medium, specific selection conditions for Paenibacillus larvae and chromogen visualization...

The crayfish plague pathogen, the oomycete Aphanomyces astaci, has been decimating populations of European crayfish species for more than 150 years, and is therefore considered one of the 100 worst world's invasive species. A. astaci is highly specialised for a parasitic life, but it can be isolated from moribund crayfish and grown on synthetic media, as it is the case also for several other oomycetes (chapter 7). The life of A. astaci includes three basic forms: mycelium in host's tissues, and the infective units occurring in water, zoospores and cysts. All North American crayfish species tested so far have shown some resistance to A. astaci, i.e., they could carry the infection for long, serving as vectors of the pathogen. Massive sporulation from infected North American crayfish starts when the host is moulting, stressed, or dying (chapter 4). However, I could show in my experiments that some sporulation occurs even from apparently healthy and non-moulting American crayfish hosting A. astaci, so infected North American crayfish must be considered a permanent source of the infection (chapter 4). Five genotype groups of A. astaci have already been distinguished. Strains from a particular genotype group probably share the same original host crayfish species of North American origin. Nevertheless, they can...

- ABSTRACT - The crayfish plague pathogen, Aphanomyces astaci, is responsible for substantial declines and local extinctions of native European crayfish populations. As a consequence, the pathogen is now listed among 100 world's worst invasive alien species. The spread of A. astaci is greatly facilitated by its natural hosts, North American crayfish, that thanks to a long co-evolutionary history with the crayfish plague pathogen evolved efficient defence mechanisms. In contrast, European, Australian and Asian crayfish species are highly susceptible to this disease agent. However, progress of A. astaci infection in native European crayfish was observed to differ between distinct pathogen strains, indicating variability in their virulence. Indeed, we demonstrated a relationship between patterns in crayfish immune response and A. astaci virulence in an experimental infection involving the European noble crayfish and three differently virulent crayfish plague strains. The European continent is currently inhabited by at least eight North American crayfish species. The carrier status was confirmed in six of them, including also Orconectes cf. virilis occurring in the Netherlands and the UK. In this country, we detected Aphanomyces astaci presence in some populations of the non-indigenous crayfish species as well...

<p><p>Aim: To examine how midwives describe good and safe postpartum care of mothers with infants in neonatal care, and which prerequisites and obstacles they see to giving good and safe care while minimizing time of separation. Method: Semi structured qualitative interviews with ten midwives at two maternity wards in Uppsala. The interviews were recorded, transcribed verbatim and processed by manifest analysis. Results: Three categories were identified, <em>Good and safe care, Organization as an obstacle </em>and <em>The midwife role.</em> Good and safe postpartum care of mothers with infants in neonatal care required knowledge, appropriate equipment, good guidelines, possibility to see the mother, contact between mother and infant and good collaboration between the maternity and neonatal wards. This collaboration was insufficient. Organizational obstacles were shortage of staff, lack of guidelines and the distance between the wards. The midwives thought that integrated care of mother and child would be optimal, or at least a midwife responsible for the mother at the neonatal ward and a pediatric nurse on the maternity ward. The midwife saw herself as the woman's advocate who perceives the family as a whole. Being responsible for the mother´s care, their dilemma was how to prioritize between medical safety and encouraging her to stay with her infant. Conclusions: This is a topic that midwives are committed to. It causes frustration and feelings of insufficiency, but also of being important and capable of making a difference. Many thoughts about how the nursing care functions and should be provided were found. Many improvements are needed, organizational improvements as well as an increased collaboration between the departments are desired.<strong> </strong></p></p><p> </p>

The focus is on mothers who asked for help because of initial problems with breastfeeding, i.e., their feelings and experiences, how they cope with their difficulties, and the consultative meetings with a midwife. Taking as a point of departure the ideas that mothers have about breastfeeding, the aim is to describe how mothers experience their situation and themselves as new mothers, when they have problems with breastfeeding, and, to find out how mothers experience the consultative situation as well as their own participation and responsibility. Fourteen mothers, who expressed a wish to breastfeed and who asked for help during their stay in the maternity ward, were video-taped during individual consultations with a midwife. Three months later each mother was interviewed about her experiences and feelings as regards the consultations. The outcomes were analysed according to a hermeneutical approach, from an interactionist perspective and, in addition, using crisis theory as a theoretical basis. This thesis illuminates the interactionist perspective on three different system levels: the norms in society in relation to the mother’s expectations about breastfeeding, the mother’s intra-psychological process and the consultative meeting. The results demonstrate that the women had thought of breastfeeding as a ‘door opener’ into the new role of motherhood. When the mother instead encountered a breastfeeding situation that did not meet with her expectations, there were two things that stood out very clearly; i.e., a feeling of inadequacy, and a constant internal as well as external questioning of herself. The fact that breastfeeding did not turn out as expected could also trigger a crisis reaction. It was important that the mother had a feeling that the midwife understood her, so what she was talking about became meaningful. This in turn could lead to a shift in attitude so that the mother changed from a closed position to an open and, thus, could begin to look forward. If breastfeeding did not turn out the way the mother had hoped her self-image was influenced and ‘coming into existence” as a mother was more difficult. To be involved and responsible had different meanings depending on where the mother was in the process, which meant that the mothers wanted different kinds of support on the way. One condition for making this possible was the consultative meeting in a manner of reciprocity.