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The aim of this paper is to compare and analyze Eugene O’Neill’s play Long Day’s Journey into Night with Lars Noréns Natten är dagens mor (Night is Mother to the Day). The gender and power structures, as well as the characters in the two plays are analyzed. The main focus of the analysis is on masculinities, and therefore on the brother to brother relationships in the dramas. The presence of “queer leakage” (as defined by prof. Tiina Rosenberg) in both plays is also pointed out and discussed. The main conclusion is that Long Day’s Journey into Night confirms and conserves the traditional gender and power structures, while Natten är dagens mor challenges, and thereby contributes to the changing of them.

Aim: To examine how midwives describe good and safe postpartum care of mothers with infants in neonatal care, and which prerequisites and obstacles they see to giving good and safe care while minimizing time of separation. Method: Semi structured qualitative interviews with ten midwives at two maternity wards in Uppsala. The interviews were recorded, transcribed verbatim and processed by manifest analysis. Results: Three categories were identified, Good and safe care, Organization as an obstacle and The midwife role. Good and safe postpartum care of mothers with infants in neonatal care required knowledge, appropriate equipment, good guidelines, possibility to see the mother, contact between mother and infant and good collaboration between the maternity and neonatal wards. This collaboration was insufficient. Organizational obstacles were shortage of staff, lack of guidelines and the distance between the wards. The midwives thought that integrated care of mother and child would be optimal, or at least a midwife responsible for the mother at the neonatal ward and a pediatric nurse on the maternity ward. The midwife saw herself as the woman's advocate who perceives the family as a whole. Being responsible for the mother´s care, their dilemma was how to prioritize between medical safety and encouraging her to stay with her infant. Conclusions: This is a topic that midwives are committed to. It causes frustration and feelings of insufficiency, but also of being important and capable of making a difference. Many thoughts about how the nursing care functions and should be provided were found. Many improvements are needed, organizational improvements as well as an increased collaboration between the departments are desired.

Bakgrunn: Norskehelsemyndigheter anbefaler i tråd med WHO / UNICEF at spedbarn bør få morsmelk som eneste næring i de første seks levemånedene. Ammingen bør opprettholdes gjennom hele det første leveåret samtidig med at fast føde introduseres. Rutiner ved føde-/ barselavdelingene har stor innvirkning på etablering og varighet av ammingen. Bruk av tilleggsnæring uten medisinsk grunnkan føretil at færre mødre fullammer og at de har en kortere ammeperiode. Mål: Studere endring av rutiner som fremmer amming ved norske fødeenheter med et spesielt fokus på perioden1991-2009, rett før og etter lanseringen av Mor-barn-vennlig initiativ (MBVI). Beskrive situasjonen med den fortløpende registreringen av amming og spedbarn som får tilleggsnæring ved landets fødeenheter. Metode: Ammeundersøkelsen som er gjennomført hvert 9. år, er en deskriptiv tverrsnitt studie. Fødeenhetene besvarte et tilsendt spørreskjema med spørsmål om avdelingens ammerutiner for det forutgående år, retrospektivt. En fortløpende registreringpå tilsendt registreringsskjema, av amming og bruk av tillegg til 20 friske, fullbårne barn ved hver fødeenhet, tilsammen 984 barn, ble gjort prospektivt. Resultat: Fødeenhetenes rutinerhar i hovedsak endret seg i tråd med helsemyndighetenes anbefalinger, bortsett frapraksis med å gi tilleggsnæring til friske, fullbårne barn som skal ammes. Registreringen av amming og bruk av tilleggbekrefter svarene fra Ammeundersøkelsen. 30 % av de registrerte barna fikk tilleggsnæring minst en gang under barseloppholdet, og de fleste fikk det av en ikke medisinsk grunn. Konklusjon: Unødig bruk av tilleggsnæring er en indikator på at avdelingens ammepraksis ikke fungerer tilfredsstilende. / Background: In concurrence with the World Health Organization and UNICEF, Norwegian health authorities recommend exclusive breastfeeding for infants during the first six months of life. Thereafter, recommendations suggest the continuance of breastfeeding for the first year of life, while introducing complementary food. Routines in maternity wards have a huge impact on the establishment and duration of breastfeeding. Consequently, supplemental nutrition that lacks medical justification may reduce exclusive breastfeeding, and associates with early termination of breastfeeding. Objective: This study aimed to examine changes in maternity ward routines with regard to breastfeeding, focusing particularly on the period between 1991 and 2009, immediately before and after Norway launched the Baby-Friendly Hospital Initiative. In addition we examined the continuous registration of breastfeeding and the provision of breast-milk substitutes in the maternity units. Methods: Norway conducts a descriptive and cross-sectional National Breastfeeding Survey (Ammeundersøkelsen) every 9th year. The 53 head midwifes responded retrospectively to a questionnaire about their units’ breastfeeding practices the preceding year. In addition each unit registered breastfeeding and the use of breast milk substitutes for 20 healthy term infants, a total of 984 infants, prospectively. Results: Except for non-medical use of breast-milk substitutes, changes in breastfeeding routines mostly adhered to health authority recommendations. The registration of breastfeeding and breast-milk substitutes confirms our findings. Thirty percent of registered babies received breast-milk substitutes at least once during their stay in the maternity ward, and most received a substitute due to a non-medical reason. Conclusion: The use of breast-milk substitutes for non-medical reasons indicates that hospitals’ breastfeeding routines are not satisfactory. / <p>ISBN 978-91-86739-97-3</p>

Diss. (sammanfattning) Stockholm : Karolinska institutet, 2006. / Härtill 5 uppsatser.

The primary aim of this research was to develop a method for determining the true uniaxial tensile strength of concrete by conducting a series of cylinder splitting, modulus of rupture (MOR) and cylinder/cube compression tests. The main objectives were: • Critically reviewing previous published research in order to identify gaps in current knowledge and understanding, including theoretical and methodological contributions to the true uniaxial tensile strength of concrete. In order to maintain consistency and increase the reliability of the proposed methods, it is essential to review the literature to provide additional data points in order to add additional depth, breathe and rigor to Senussi's investigation (2004). • The design of self compacting concrete (SCC), normal strength concrete (NSC) and high strength concrete (HSC) mixes and undertaking lab-based experimental works for mixing, casting, curing and testing of specimens in order to establish new empirical evidence and data. • Analysing the data, presenting the results, and investigating the application of validity methods as stated by Lin and Raoof (1999) and Senussi (2004). • To draw conclusions including comparison with previous research and literature, including the proposal of new correction factors and recommendations for future research. 29 batches of NSC, 137 batches of HSC, 44 batches of fly ash SCC and 47 batches of GGBS SCC were cast and their hardened and fresh properties were measured. Hardened properties measured included: cylinder splitting strength, MOR, cylinder compressive strength and cube compressive strength. A variety of rheological tests were also applied to characterise the fresh properties of the SCC mixes, including: slump flow, T50, L-box, V-funnel, J-ring and sieve stability. Cylinders were also visually checked after splitting for segregation. The tensile strength of concrete has traditionally been expressed in terms of its compressive strength (e.g. ft = c x c f ). Based on this premise, extensive laboratory testing was conducted to evaluate the tensile strength of the concretes, including the direct tension test and the indirect cylinder splitting and MOR tests. These tests however, do not provide sufficiently accurate results for the true uniaxial tensile strength, due to the results being based upon different test methods. This shortcoming has been overcome by recently developed methods reported by Lin and Raoof (1999) and Senussi (2004) who proposed simple correction factors for the application to the cylinder splitting and MOR test results, with the final outcome providing practically reasonable estimates of the true uniaxial tensile strength of concrete, covering a wide range of concrete compressive strengths 12.57 ≤ fc ≤ 93.82 MPa, as well as a wide range of aggregate types. The current investigation has covered a wide range of ages at testing, from 3 to 91 days. Test data from other sources has also been applied for ages up to 365 days, with the test results reported relating to a variety of mix designs. NSC, SCC and HSC data from the current investigation has shown an encouraging correlation with the previously reported results, hence providing additional wider and deeper empirical evidence for the validity of the recommended correction factors. The results have also demonstrated that the type (size, texture and strength) of aggregate has a negligible effect on the recommended correction factors. The concrete age at testing was demonstrated to have a potentially significant effect on the recommended correction factors. Altering the cement type can also have a significant effect on the hardened properties measured and demonstrated practically noticeable variations on the recommended correction factors. The correction factors proved to be valid regarding the effects of incorporating various blended cements in the HSC and SCC. The NSC, HSC and SCC showed an encouraging correlation with previously reported results, providing additional support, depth, breadth and rigor for the validity of the correction factors recommended.

Syftet med uppsatsen är att utifrån en enskild persons sociala situation som ogift mor undersöka hur hennes liv gestaltades. Med utgångspunkt i den ogifta modern Anette Larssons identitet undersöks hur ett liv formades under nittonhundratalets två första decennier i mötet med en stenhuggarmiljö på Sturkö i Karlskrona skärgård, och under påverkan av samhällets lagar och av moderniteten i ett framväxande demokratiskt samhälle samt av familjens och släktens frireligiösa kultur. Studien bygger på dokument från bland annat Arkivcentrum Syd, Blekinge museum, baptistförsamlingen i Karlskrona och dagstidningarna Blekinge Läns Tidning och Wecko-Posten. De teoretiska begrepp som används är den övergripande diskursen som innehåller moderniteten, samhällets lagar och etiska idéer i den frireligiösa rörelsen, genus och kön med fokus på den ogifta modern och den syndiga kvinnan, mötet och dialogen vad gäller stenhuggaridentiteten, egensinne och skötsamhet i samband med begreppet klass, samt sociala nätverk kring familj och släkt. Uppsatsens slutsats är att den ogifta modern Anette Larsson formande sitt liv i epicentrum av den moderna världen i en sekulariserad skötsam arbetarklass, men där samhällets lagar utgick från en religiös föreställningsvärld, där syndabegreppet var i fokus och skam- och skuldbelade kvinnan, men där den egensinniga stenhuggarkulturens hedersbegrepp, som byggde på ansvar och lojalitet, förminskade syndens konsekvenser / The essay deals with the shaping of the social situation of an individual as an unmarried mother. The identity of the unmarried mother Anette Larsson is examined and her life which was formed during the first two decades of the twentieth’s century in a stone-cutter environment in Sturkö in the archipelago of Karlskrona, and under influence of the laws of society and the coming of modernity in a growing democratic society, together with the culture of her non-conformist baptistic family. The study is based on documents from Arkivcentrum Syd, Blekinge museum, Karlskrona nonconformist baptistic congregation, and the daily news-papers Blekinge Läns Tidning and Vecko – Posten. The theoretic concepts which are used are the Order of discourse, which means modernity, the laws of society and nonconformist ethic ideas, gender and sex with focus of the unmarried mother and the sinful woman, meeting and dialogue in stone-cutter environment, class and self-will and diligence, and the social network about family. The conclusion of the essay is that the unmarried mother Anette Larsson shaped her life in the epicentre of the modern world in a secularized diligenced working-class, where the laws of society were founded in a religious world of ideas, and where women got the blame and disgrace for a child born out of marriage. But the concept of honour in the self-willed stone–cutter culture, which had its origin in responsibility and loyalty, reduced the consequences of the sin.

This thesis tries to answer the question of how the night office sluthō d-lilyō has developed in the Syrian Orthodox Antiochian tradition as it is expressed in the Syrian Orthodox prayerbook of ܫܚܝܡܐ Šḥimō - which is the prayerbook used on ordinary weekdays and Saturdays throughout the liturgical year except for the great Lent. One of the main liturgical scholars of the 20th century, Robert F. Taft S.J. (+ 2018), refined the methods of Anton Baumstark (+ 1948) and Juan Mateos S.J. (+ 2003), and studied how the Liturgy and Liturgy of the Hours have grown during the centuries. This thesis uses the method(s) of Taft and studies how the night office has grown by comparing the structure of this office in six manuscripts from the Monastery of Mor Gabriel in Tur-’Abdin – one of the major monasteries in the Syrian Orthodox world. The oldest manuscript in our study is dated to 1474 C.E. (perhaps the oldest dated MS of the Šḥimō in the entire world). Few studies have looked into how the Šḥimō tradition has changed during the centuries and in this thesis we will take the night office as an example of liturgical growth and development.

Syftet med uppsatsen ”Plikt och elände” var att sätta 1900-talets statare och deras levnadsförhållande i fokus genom att jämföra det muntliga berättandet av en före detta statarunge med tre skönlitterära verk. Verken skrevs av Ivar Lo-Johansson och ingår i den så kallade ”statarskolan” (kollektivistiska berättelser), i Ivar Los fall ofta baserade på hans egna upplevelser från barndomen. Uppsatsens analys omfattar ämnen som statarnas boende, flyttarna, kvinnornas utsatthet, maten med mera. Resultatet visar att den muntliga källan och romanerna stämmer bra överens i beskrivandet av statarlivet.

A presente tese toma por base o contexto internacional em nível cognitivo, no qual se desenvolveu a História da Arte Brasileira nos primeiros séculos, com a intermediação lusitana. Procura identificar o processo interativo deslocado territorialmente, mas que, por isso mesmo, dadas as contingências locais, tornou possível novas interpretações e adaptações. A prática artística progressivamente se estabilizou no Brasil-Colônia a partir do século XVI, cumprindo o itinerário que encontra na mentalidade e no conhecimento do homem pós-renascentista a base que viria a orientar os séculos imediatamente subseqüentes. Portanto, a Reforma Católica refletiu a capacitação do sistema, conforme se tornara indispensável à organização social que, partindo do vínculo com a cultura preexistente do medievo ao Renascimento, instituísse os parâmetros que os renovados fatores requeriam. Estabeleceu-se um modelo de sociedade de conotação metafísicoteológica, e por conseqüência hierárquica, onde o culto religioso aglutinava os vários aspectos da sua estrutura. Distinguimos aí a íntima relação entre a \"ecclesia\" e a \"civitas\" pois a igreja e a cidade coordenavam de modo substancialmente unitário os diversos polos de interesse que por essa razão se tornam indissociáveis. A fundação da Cidade do Salvador, cabeça do Brasil, se configura como uma oportunidade única a serviço da compreensão de um contexto projetado e realizado como ponte interligando terras até então completamente desconhecidas entre si. Os primeiros capítulos buscam conseqüentemente traçar as diretrizes do vínculo existente entre a \"ecclesia\" e a \"civitas\" no qual se situa e se expressa o amadurecimento técnico VIII das formas de fazer, sempre no âmbito ao qual a pesquisa se direciona: o dos fatores determinantes do retábulo - produto de uma religiosidade já delineada no tempo. A Igreja, em direta conexão com o Estado português, assume ao lado deste a função de elemento dinamizador, concentrando em si, com maior relevo e as sucessivas construções realizadas, a concretização do esquema urbanístico previamente traçado. Torna-se, assim, principal incentivadora da formação profissionalizante com a importância especial que assume a construção e decoração dos templos. O pensamento teórico- prático e religioso formava um corpus unitário desde a capacitação advinda da metrópole. A execução do projeto de fundação da Cidade do Salvador evidencia na problemática construtiva a conexão com os vários aspectos do caráter rudimentar dos meios à disposição. A arquitetura, a concepção urbana e os retábulos das igrejas são constitutivos da atuação de conceitos transferidos e adaptados, porém, interligados pela necessidade de fixar no novo território d\'além mar a sede de um programa só realizável com o aperfeiçoamento técnico, quando não com a transferência do próprio material como a pedra lavrada a compor fachadas e portadas. Numerosos artesãos portugueses se transferiram para o Brasil. No ambiente franciscano instituiu-se uma verdadeira escola de realizadores, inclusive itinerante, para atender à demanda da Ordem particularmente no Nordeste. Entre os jesuítas, muitos dos artistas responsáveis pela igreja do Colégio, em Salvador, aprenderam o ofício na Companhia. Aprendizado este que teve porém como ponto de partida, necessariamente, a mão-de-obra importada e a contribuição fundamental de especialistas vindos do reino. No campo de atuação laica conclui-se que na Península Ibérica se reflete a valorização do artista pré-anunciada por Cennino Cennini e depois teorizada nos tratados de Leon Battista Alberti e Leonardo da Vinci, IX ganhando ulterior impulso na disputa sobre o \"Primado\" das artes. Mas, o artista fazendo parte de uma elite, nunca pôde prescindir dos \"oficiais mecânicos\" quando do \"conceito\" se passa à fase executiva. Permanece- lhes vinculado o universo da execução técnica. Os preceitos estabelecidos pela Contra-Reforma, tornam-se determinantes na mentalidade que orienta a criação artística; têm continuidade nos seus exegetas e encontram aplicação rigorosa nas \"Constituições Primeiras do Arcebispado da Bahia\". Enquanto que toda a formação da consciência construtiva tem por referência direta as concepções teóricas dos tratadistas cuja incidência revela-se determinante em todo o longo período analisado, justificando muitos dos aspectos da arquitetura e da talha barroca. A partir de indicações bibliográficas contidas na \"Literatura Artística\", obra de Julius von Schlosser Magnino, buscamos fornecer um quadro da repercussão a partir do século XVI das \"Medidas do Romano\" de Diego de Sagredo. O qual com uma série de normas não encontradas nos textos em geral e nem evidenciadas pelas ruínas, quer na Itália quer na Península Ibérica, organizou um tratado de grande difusão sobretudo entre os oficiais mecânicos. Publicada em sua primeira edição em Toledo, 1526, a obra que, conforme o seu título completo já o indica, pretende ser útil \"aos que querem acompanhar as formações das bases, colunas, capitéis e outras peças dos edifícios antigos\" - o tratado de Sagredo seria, conforme concluímos, produto da vontade de vir em socorro a um mundo artesanal perplexo, necessitando-se daquele vínculo com a arquitetura clássica que agora se articulava diversamente, inovando o vocabulário. Os altares do ambiente barroco, muitas vezes, são altares de transição, portanto, a explicação morfológica a eles referente não se enquadra em um esquema formal pré-determinado na sucessão dos estilos, conforme procuramos demonstrar. Escolhemos nos ocupar em primeiro lugar dos retábulos da atual Catedral da Sé, antiga igreja do Colégio dos Jesuítas, que documentam a evolução acontecida no referido contexto. Assim como os principais retábulos da igreja conventual de São Francisco nos indicam a contribuição franciscana e a Basílica da Conceição da Praia por ser uma igreja paroquial, representa o ambiente laico das irmandades religiosas. Destacando alguns tópicos da morfologia do retábulo em Salvador, podemos referir: - o conhecimento dos percursos evolutivos formais e dos trâmites de adesão a novo estilo; - os jesuítas e a evolução da arte da talha luso-brasileira; - os exemplares do maneirismo, ressaltando traços diferenciadores que assinalam a autonomia do retábulo; - o maneirismo de decoração geométrica e o de decoração naturalística; - o altar-mor de transição ao barroco e a passagem ao estilo nacional português nos altares laterais; - a estrutura arquitetônica contrareformista de espaço unitário e a inserção de altares barrocos; - o altar joanino e a influência do barroco italiano; - a \"igreja toda de ouro\" e a conciliação das diferentes fases do barroco; - a demonstração do estilo joanino e do retábulo joanino baiano. / This thesis is based on the international context at a cognitive level, in which the History of the Brazilian Art was developed in the first centuries, under the influence of the Portugueses. It tries to identify the displaced interactive territorial process, but, due to the local contingency arrangements, new interpretations and adaptations became feasible. Starting from the 16th century, the artistic practice became increasingly stable in Colonial-Brazil, following the itinerary that found in the mentality and in the post-Renaissance man\'s knowledge the basis that would guide the centuries immediately on. Therefore, the Catholic Reform reflected the system ability, as it had become essential to social organization that, beginning from the link with the preexistent culture from the medieval period to the Renaissance, instituted the parameters that the renewed factors asked for. A model of society of Metaphysical-theological connotation was established, because of its hierarchic consequence, where the religious cult combined several aspects of its structure. In that respect we characterize the close relation between the \"ecclesia\" and the \"civitas\" due to the fact that the church and the city coordinated in substantially unitary way the diverse opposed regions of interest that by this reason become inseparable. The foundation of the City of Salvador, head of Brazil, represents a unique opportunity towards the understanding of a planned, accomplished context as a bridge connecting lands entirely strange to each other at that time. Thus, the first chapters look at the guidelines of the existing links between the \"ecclesia\" and the \"civitas\", in which technical matureness situates and reveals its means of to make something, always considering XII the sphere that this research aims: the determining factors of the altarpiece - the product of a religiousness already outlined in the time. In connection with the Portuguese State, the Church takes over besides that one the function of driving force element, concentrating on itself, with great magnitude and successive accomplished constructions, the materialization of the urban outline already conceived. Thus, it set an incentive scheme for professionalizing formation with the outstanding importance that the construction and decoration of the temples assumes. The theoretical-practical and religious thought formed an unitary corpus from the capacity resulting from the metropolis. The execution of the foundation project of the City of Salvador substantiates in the constructive problem the connection with the several aspects of the rudimentary character of the available means. The architecture, the urban conception and the altarpieces of the churches are constitutive of absorbed and adapted ideas, but they are linked together by the necessity to establish in the new overseas territory the headquarters of a scheme only achievable with the help of technical improvement, or with the transference of materials, like the wrought stone that would compound facades and portals. Many Portuguese artisans were transferred to Brazil. In the Franciscan ambience a real achiever school was created, also itinerant, to assist to the demand of the Order, particularly in the Northeast. Among the Jesuits, many of the artists in charge of the church of the School, in Salvador, learned their skillfulness in the Company. However, this learning had as starting point the imported workmanship and the fundamental contribution of specialists coming from the kingdom. In the sphere of the secular performance, we conclude that in the Iberian Peninsula highlights the valuation of the artist, later theorized in treatises by Leon Battista Alberti and Leonardo da Vinci, acquiring further impetus in the subject concerning the \"pre-eminence\" of the arts. But, XIII the artist being part of an elite, could never to do their work without the \"operative officials\" when one goes from the \"concept\" to the executive phase. The universe of the technical execution remains the same. The commandments stated by the Counter-Reformation became crucial in the mentality that guides the artistic creation; they have been continued with the exegetists and find out strict application in the \"First Constitutions of the Archbishopric of Bahia\". While all the formation of the constructive conscience has for direct reference the theoretical conceptions of the authors whose incidence it is decisive in the whole long analyzed period, justifying many of the aspects of the architecture and of the Baroque carving. Starting from bibliographical entries contained in \"Artistic Literature\", by Julius von Schlosser Magnino, we have been trying to provide a picture of the repercussion, from the XVI century, of the \"Measures of the Roman\", by Diego de Sagredo. With a series of norms not found in general in the texts nor evidenced by the ruins, in Italy as well as in the Iberian Peninsula, he arranged an outstanding treatise particularly among the mechanical officials. First published in Toledo, 1526, the work, as its full title already indicates, intends to be useful \"to anyone who wants to follow the formations of the bases, columns, capitels and other pieces of the old buildings\" - the norms of Sagredo would be, as we deduced, a help to the perplexed handmade world, that needs a link with the classic architecture that now diversely was articulated, innovating the vocabulary. Frequently the altars of the Baroque ambience are transition altars, therefore the morphologic explanation for such thing can not be fitted in a formal, predetermined outline in the succession of styles, as we tried to demonstrate. First, we chose deal with the altarpieces of the current Cathedral of the Sé, the old church of the School of the Jesuits, that documents the XIV evolution happened in the referred context. Thus, as the main altarpieces of the conventual church of San Francisco indicates, the Franciscan contribution and the Conceição of the Beach Church, for being a parochial church, represent the secular atmosphere of the religious fraternities. Here are some topics of the morphology of the altarpiece in Salvador: o the knowledge of the formal evolutionary courses and the adhesion procedures to new style; o the Jesuits and the evolution of the Portuguese-Brazilian carving art; o the mannerism pieces, standing out differentiating lines that mark the autonomy of the altarpiece; o the mannerism of geometric decoration and the one of naturaristic decoration; o the high altar of transition to the Baroque and the passage to the Portuguese national style in the lateral altars; o the counter-reformist architectural structure of unitary space and the inset of Baroque altars; o the King John altar and the influence of the Italian Baroque; o the \"whole gold church \" and the conciliation of the different phases of the Baroque; o the demonstration of the King John style and the King John altarpiece of Bahia.