Suretyships given in favour of banks are being challenged in the courts on the basis of equitable doctrines of unconscionable conduct, undue influence, or statutory provisions dealing with unfair conduct or unfair contract terms. This thesis is an enquiry into a bank's duties of disclosure or advice to an intending surety. Such an investigation also necessitates a study of the relationship between banker and customer, as the surety is quite often a customer of the bank as well, and, as a surety's obligation to the bank is an accessory obligation, the obligation is dependent on a valid principal obligation between the bank and the principal debtor - the customer. The face of modern banking has, however, changed dramatically and most major banks have become multi-functional. As a result, the banker-customer relationship may often be seen as a fiduciary relationship. A major problem brought about my multi-functioning banks is that of conflicts of interest between the bank and its customer. Furthermore, the banker-customer relationship is providing much more scope for lender liability than in the past. Various factors are currently having an impact on the law of contract, and this is expected to affect the legal policy makers in their assessments of whether a duty of disclosure of material facts exits or not. A surety has long been a favoured debtor in the eyes of the law, and the courts have developed a plethora of technical principles on which a surety can be relieved of his obligation. The escape routes of the surety, especially if he is a consumer as well, on the new grounds of public policy, unconscionability, good faith or unreasonableness, are growing. The results of these trends is the expected demise of suretyship as an acceptable, cheap form of debt security in the banking sector. / Jurisprudence / LL.D.

Aux alentours de 2008, un genre littéraire nommé « zhichang xiaoshuo » suscite l’engouement en Chine : des best-sellers avec leurs adaptations engendrent quelques centaines d’œuvres dans la même veine. Ce phénomène que nous désignons par la « littérature des cols blancs », est à la fois littéraire, socio-économique et culturel. Inédite dans l’histoire littéraire, cette littérature est atypique par le statut de ses auteurs, par ses formes hybrides, et aussi par ses modes de production. Quatre œuvres, englobant les plus médiatisées et les plus originales, constituent notre corpus noyau, et forment un échantillon qui permet de rendre compte de la richesse du phénomène. Notre travail relève d’une double approche socio-historique et littéraire. Pour les œuvres du corpus, nous procédons à l’étude de l’intrigue, des personnages, de la structure textuelle et des techniques narratives. Nous examinons en parallèle deux romans d’écrivains reconnus ayant mis en scène le monde du travail respectivement au début et à la fin des années quatre-vingt, ainsi que des œuvres de fiction relevant des genres « guanchang » et « shangchang », écrites au tournant du siècle ou contemporaines des« zhichang xiaoshuo ». Le contexte économique, politique et culturel dans lequel est apparu le phénomène, est largement étudié. Nous analysons également les adaptations en tant que variantes de l’œuvre littéraire, et tentons d’expliquer leurs différences. Enfin, nous explorons les fonctions de cette littérature « grand public » dans la société chinoise du XXIe siècle, une société affichant sa prospérité et jouissant de nouveaux moyens technologiques d’une part, et d’autre part marquée par le traumatisme du passé et par la perte de repères. / Around 2008, a literary genre called "zhichang xiaoshuo" arouses enthusiasm in China: bestsellers with their adaptations generate several hundred works in the same vein. This phenomenon that we call "white-collar literature" is literary, socio-economic and cultural at once. New in the history of literature, this literature is atypical due to the professional identity of its authors, its hybrid forms, and also its production methods. Four works, including most publicized and most original, constitute our core corpus, and offer a sample of the richness of the phenomenon. Our work takes a two-pronged approach, both socio-historical and literary. For works of the corpus, we first study the plot, the characters, the textual structure and narrative techniques. We examine in parallel two fictions by renowned writers who portrayed the working world of the early and late 1980s, respectively, and two fictions in the “guanchang” and the “shangchang” genres at the turn of the century or contemporary with “zhichang xiaoshuo”. The economic, political and cultural context in which the phenomenon appeared is widely studied. We also analyze the adaptations as variants of the literary work, and try to explain their differences. Finally, we explore the functions of this popular literature in twenty-first century Chinese society which is, on the one hand, proud of its prosperity and enjoying the benefits of new technologies; and on the other hand, marked by the trauma of its past and by a general loss of bearings.

No description available.

Suretyships given in favour of banks are being challenged in the courts on the basis of equitable doctrines of unconscionable conduct, undue influence, or statutory provisions dealing with unfair conduct or unfair contract terms. This thesis is an enquiry into a bank's duties of disclosure or advice to an intending surety. Such an investigation also necessitates a study of the relationship between banker and customer, as the surety is quite often a customer of the bank as well, and, as a surety's obligation to the bank is an accessory obligation, the obligation is dependent on a valid principal obligation between the bank and the principal debtor - the customer. The face of modern banking has, however, changed dramatically and most major banks have become multi-functional. As a result, the banker-customer relationship may often be seen as a fiduciary relationship. A major problem brought about my multi-functioning banks is that of conflicts of interest between the bank and its customer. Furthermore, the banker-customer relationship is providing much more scope for lender liability than in the past. Various factors are currently having an impact on the law of contract, and this is expected to affect the legal policy makers in their assessments of whether a duty of disclosure of material facts exits or not. A surety has long been a favoured debtor in the eyes of the law, and the courts have developed a plethora of technical principles on which a surety can be relieved of his obligation. The escape routes of the surety, especially if he is a consumer as well, on the new grounds of public policy, unconscionability, good faith or unreasonableness, are growing. The results of these trends is the expected demise of suretyship as an acceptable, cheap form of debt security in the banking sector. / Jurisprudence / LL.D.

A ilha de São Luis é a única cidade brasileira fundada pelos franceses, sob o comando de Daniel La Touche, e até hoje possui o maior e mais homogêneo conjunto arquitetônico colonial de origem portuguesa. As influências do burgo, tipicamente lusitanas, em sua colonização originaram uma cultura diversificada, sendo influenciada também por negros e indígenas, a qual é enfatizada nas tradições folclóricas, nas lendas, nos mitos e no sincretismo religioso perpassando gerações. Neste contexto cultural, pensou-se realizar uma pesquisa tendo como objetivo geral investigar como avós e netos, pertencentes às famílias ludovicenses, percebem e vivenciam o processo de transmissão de valores culturais e familiares. Inicialmente, foi realizada entrevista individual com 10 avós e 10 netos. Após a análise de conteúdo das entrevistas, os temas foram agrupados e deram origem a um questionário que foi aplicado a 31 avós e 83 netos ludovicenses (41 netos e 42 netas). Os dados obtidos foram quantificados. Os principais resultados, no que se refere às avós foram: 1) quanto ao significado dos netos predominaram são meus segundos filhos e amor; 2) a participação na vida dos netos se dá através de conversas; 3) as atividades mais freqüentes são as visitas; 4) no que concerne ao que guardam de mais importante de São LuisMA foi a própria família; 5) transmitem para os seus netos, principalmente, a valorização dos estudos; 6) quanto às tradições próprias da família assinalaram serem as festas familiares (Natal, Ano Novo, aniversários); 7) os netos aceitam bem e participam de tudo o que diz respeito às tradições familiares; 8) não perceberam diferença entre os sexos dos netos no que se refere às tradições da família; 9) esperam que os netos preservem a união da família; 10) as diferenças e semelhanças entre a sua geração e a dos netos, dizem respeito ao fato de que os netos falam o que querem, ou seja, têm liberdade de expressão; 11) por último, assinalam que os sentimentos experimentados como avós são de que aprendem com seus netos a cada dia. Com relação aos netos observou-se o seguinte: 1) o significado das avós foi sabedoria e experiência; 2) quanto à participação e às atividades realizadas com os avós predominaram as conversas; 3) o que eles mais transmitem para os seus avós são as brincadeiras e as conversas; 4) os netos, assim como as avós, guardam de mais importante em São Luis a sua família; 5) as tradições próprias da família são os almoços nos finais de semana; 6) revelaram que os avós aceitam e recebem bem essas tradições; 7) pensam em preservar a educação que os avós passaram; 8) sobre as diferenças e semelhanças entre as gerações responderam que na época dos avós havia mais opressão e hoje é mais liberal; 9) entre os valores que sofreram modificações ao longo do tempo destacou-se tomar a bênção; 10) por fim, acham que ser neto é aprender com os avós. Espera-se, com o presente trabalho contribuir com a literatura sobre a família ludovicense e oferecer subsídios aos profissionais interessados na mesma. / The island of São Luis is the only Brazilian city established by the Frenchmen, under the command of Daniel La Touche, and up to today it has the biggest and most homogeneous architectural colonial set of Portuguese origin. The typically Portuguese influences of the village in its colonization gave rise to a diversified culture being influenced also by black men and Indians which is emphasized in the folklore traditions, legends, myths as well as in the religious syncretism from generation to generation. In this cultural context, a research was done to investigate how grandparents and grandchildren belonging to the ludovicenses families note and live the process of transmission of cultural and family values. Initially, individual interviews were done with 10 grandmothers and 10 grandchildren. Upon analysis of the content of the interviews, the topics were grouped and created a questionnaire which was applied to 31 ludovicenses grandmothers and 83 grandchildren (41 grandsons and 42 granddaughters). The data obtained through the same were quantified. The data obtained through the same were quantified. The principal results concerning the grandmothers were: 1) as to the meaning of the grandchildren predominated they are my second children and love ; 2) the participation in the life of the grandchildren happens through conversations; 3) the most frequent activities are the visits; 4) the family is what they consider to be the most important thing about São Luis- MA; 5) to emphasize to their grandchildren how valuable education is; 6) as to the particular traditions of the family they considered Christmas, New Years Day, birthdays to be family festivities ; 7) the grandchildren accept well and participate in everything concerning the family traditions; 8) did not realize any difference between the genders as to the traditions of the family; 9) expect that the grandchildren preserve the union of the family; 10) the differences and similarities between their generation and their grandchildrens, concerning the fact that the grandchildren say what they want, have freedom of expression; 11) and lastly they pointed out that the feelings experienced as grandparents are what they learn from their grandchildren daily. As to the grandchildren, the following was observed: 1) the grandmothers meant wisdom and experience; 2) the conversations were predominant as to the participation and activities done with their grandmothers; 3) what they most transmit to their grandmothers were the games and conversations; 4) the grandchildren, as well as their grandmothers, consider the family to be the most important thing about São Luis; 5) the family traditions are lunches at weekends; 6) showed that their grandmothers accept and receive such traditions very well; 7) consider preserving the teaching their grandmothers passed on to them; 8) as to the differences and similarities among the generations, they reported that in their grandparents time there was more oppression and today everything is more liberal; 9) to take blessings is among the values which changed with the passing time 10) and they think that being grandchildren is to learn from their grandparents. We hope that with the present work we can contribute to the literature about the ludovicense family and to offer subsides to the professionals interested in it.

Le dernier tiers du XIXème siècle ne constitue pas un moment pamphlétaire parmi d’autres. Non seulement il survient dans une période de démocratisation inédite qui confère au fait pamphlétaire un statut nouveau en lui permettant d’investir l’espace public officiel, mais il est aussi marqué par l’invention de la figure du pamphlétaire et l’émergence de personnalités reconnues comme telles et accédant parfois à une visibilité de premier plan. En dépit de leurs différences de cultures politiques, ces personnalités contribuent à organiser tout un jeu et tout un monde du pamphlet au croisement de la littérature, du journalisme et de la politique. A travers leur violent répertoire discursif, elles contestent l’ordre politique en cours d’édification et le procès de civilisation des mœurs politiques.Partant de l’hypothèse que ces pamphlétaires ont pu être des médiateurs importants du politique, notre recherche a pour objet d’interroger leur contribution aux processus de politisation. Elle entend examiner, dans une perspective socio-historique, dans quelle mesure ils ont pu représenter, dans cette période d’enracinement de la République et de stabilisation de la démocratie, un cheminement de la politique hors des sentiers battus, en favorisant une forme symbolique de participation non conventionnelle au jeu politique et en incarnant une forme transitoire de la rationalisation des passions politiques, entre l’émeute révolutionnaire et la patience démocratique. / The last third of the 19th century was not just any pamphleteering time amongst others. It occurred in a formerly unheard-of period of democratization, which conferred the pamphleteering reality a new status, thus enabling it to carve its way into the official public space. Besides, it was also marked by the invention of the pamphleteer's figure and the emergence of personalities acknowledged as such, some of whom boasting first rate visibility. For all their differing political cultures, these figures helped organize a whole set and world of the pamphlet, at the intersection of literature, journalism and politics. Through their violent discursive repertoire, these pamphleteers question the political order that was then being elaborated, as well as the then on-going process of civilization of political mores.Our research thus aims to examine pamphleteers' contribution to the process of politicization, on the assumption that these could be said to have acted as important mediators of politics. Our work is intended to grasp, within a socio-historical perspective, to what extent – during that period when the Republic was getting increasingly entrenched and democracy more stable – pamphleteers might be said to have represented an evolution of politics off the beaten path, thus favoring a symbolic form of unconventional participation in politics and ultimately embodying a transitional form of rationalization as regards political passions, hovering between revolutionary riots and democratic patience.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-01T18:08:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Fabiana_Borges.pdf: 745999 bytes, checksum: c2e032218653d08e8c38092845849b55 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-04-27 / The island of São Luis is the only Brazilian city established by the Frenchmen, under the command of Daniel La Touche, and up to today it has the biggest and most homogeneous architectural colonial set of Portuguese origin. The typically Portuguese influences of the village in its colonization gave rise to a diversified culture being influenced also by black men and Indians which is emphasized in the folklore traditions, legends, myths as well as in the religious syncretism from generation to generation. In this cultural context, a research was done to investigate how grandparents and grandchildren belonging to the ludovicenses families note and live the process of transmission of cultural and family values. Initially, individual interviews were done with 10 grandmothers and 10 grandchildren. Upon analysis of the content of the interviews, the topics were grouped and created a questionnaire which was applied to 31 ludovicenses grandmothers and 83 grandchildren (41 grandsons and 42 granddaughters). The data obtained through the same were quantified. The data obtained through the same were quantified. The principal results concerning the grandmothers were: 1) as to the meaning of the grandchildren predominated they are my second children and love ; 2) the participation in the life of the grandchildren happens through conversations; 3) the most frequent activities are the visits; 4) the family is what they consider to be the most important thing about São Luis- MA; 5) to emphasize to their grandchildren how valuable education is; 6) as to the particular traditions of the family they considered Christmas, New Year s Day, birthdays to be family festivities ; 7) the grandchildren accept well and participate in everything concerning the family traditions; 8) did not realize any difference between the genders as to the traditions of the family; 9) expect that the grandchildren preserve the union of the family; 10) the differences and similarities between their generation and their grandchildren s, concerning the fact that the grandchildren say what they want, have freedom of expression; 11) and lastly they pointed out that the feelings experienced as grandparents are what they learn from their grandchildren daily. As to the grandchildren, the following was observed: 1) the grandmothers meant wisdom and experience; 2) the conversations were predominant as to the participation and activities done with their grandmothers; 3) what they most transmit to their grandmothers were the games and conversations; 4) the grandchildren, as well as their grandmothers, consider the family to be the most important thing about São Luis; 5) the family traditions are lunches at weekends; 6) showed that their grandmothers accept and receive such traditions very well; 7) consider preserving the teaching their grandmothers passed on to them; 8) as to the differences and similarities among the generations, they reported that in their grandparents time there was more oppression and today everything is more liberal; 9) to take blessings is among the values which changed with the passing time 10) and they think that being grandchildren is to learn from their grandparents. We hope that with the present work we can contribute to the literature about the ludovicense family and to offer subsides to the professionals interested in it. / A ilha de São Luis é a única cidade brasileira fundada pelos franceses, sob o comando de Daniel La Touche, e até hoje possui o maior e mais homogêneo conjunto arquitetônico colonial de origem portuguesa. As influências do burgo, tipicamente lusitanas, em sua colonização originaram uma cultura diversificada, sendo influenciada também por negros e indígenas, a qual é enfatizada nas tradições folclóricas, nas lendas, nos mitos e no sincretismo religioso perpassando gerações. Neste contexto cultural, pensou-se realizar uma pesquisa tendo como objetivo geral investigar como avós e netos, pertencentes às famílias ludovicenses, percebem e vivenciam o processo de transmissão de valores culturais e familiares. Inicialmente, foi realizada entrevista individual com 10 avós e 10 netos. Após a análise de conteúdo das entrevistas, os temas foram agrupados e deram origem a um questionário que foi aplicado a 31 avós e 83 netos ludovicenses (41 netos e 42 netas). Os dados obtidos foram quantificados. Os principais resultados, no que se refere às avós foram: 1) quanto ao significado dos netos predominaram são meus segundos filhos e amor ; 2) a participação na vida dos netos se dá através de conversas; 3) as atividades mais freqüentes são as visitas; 4) no que concerne ao que guardam de mais importante de São Luis MA foi a própria família; 5) transmitem para os seus netos, principalmente, a valorização dos estudos; 6) quanto às tradições próprias da família assinalaram serem as festas familiares (Natal, Ano Novo, aniversários); 7) os netos aceitam bem e participam de tudo o que diz respeito às tradições familiares; 8) não perceberam diferença entre os sexos dos netos no que se refere às tradições da família; 9) esperam que os netos preservem a união da família; 10) as diferenças e semelhanças entre a sua geração e a dos netos, dizem respeito ao fato de que os netos falam o que querem, ou seja, têm liberdade de expressão; 11) por último, assinalam que os sentimentos experimentados como avós são de que aprendem com seus netos a cada dia. Com relação aos netos observou-se o seguinte: 1) o significado das avós foi sabedoria e experiência; 2) quanto à participação e às atividades realizadas com os avós predominaram as conversas; 3) o que eles mais transmitem para os seus avós são as brincadeiras e as conversas; 4) os netos, assim como as avós, guardam de mais importante em São Luis a sua família; 5) as tradições próprias da família são os almoços nos finais de semana; 6) revelaram que os avós aceitam e recebem bem essas tradições; 7) pensam em preservar a educação que os avós passaram; 8) sobre as diferenças e semelhanças entre as gerações responderam que na época dos avós havia mais opressão e hoje é mais liberal; 9) entre os valores que sofreram modificações ao longo do tempo destacou-se tomar a bênção; 10) por fim, acham que ser neto é aprender com os avós. Espera-se, com o presente trabalho contribuir com a literatura sobre a família ludovicense e oferecer subsídios aos profissionais interessados na mesma.

This dissertation asserts that American political culture faces a crisis of virtue and explores the role of citizens, journalists and politicians in fostering it. The historic election of Barack Obama on a platform of hope and change in 2008 suggests that Americans yearn for an infusion of virtue into political life. I assert, however, that we have lacked a lexicon of political virtue, or any systematic understanding of which virtues we value and which matter most to us. Nor have we understood whether groups who constitute key elements of our democracy—citizens, journalists, politicians, men and women, Democrats and Republicans—value virtues in politics similarly or differently. Without a working knowledge of the anatomy of virtue in the body politic, what is to prevent us from having to change again? By charting the virtue systems of these key groups, I have made explicit what is implicit to reveal that political virtue is more valued—and more present—than Americans likely realize. This exploration, I believe, contributes to the scholarship of political communication by enabling a fuller and more useful understanding of American political culture—and of the contradictions, curiosities, and surprises that enrich it. / text

214 Abstract Conceptualization of Mores in Seventeenth-Century French Tragedy This thesis is devoted to the study of interpretations of how tragic characters should be portrayed ("mores", "ethos", "mœurs") in French seventeenth-century theories on Tragedy. The theoretical writings of Jean Chapelain, La Mesnardière, Pierre Corneille, d'Aubignac, René Le Bossu, Rapin, Saint-Évremond, Jean Racine and André Dacier are examined in detail. Their findings are compared with the Latin and Italian commentaries on how the Aristotelian notion "character" ("éthé", "éthos") ought to be perceived and understood and what its impact is on dramatic action. The main focus is paid to the detailed analysis of very divergent and often incompatible interpretations of the four Aristotelian conditions outlined briefly in Chapter XV of Poetics and on how the French theorists and dramatists responded to Aristotle's requirements. The first condition requires dramatic character to be "good of its kind" ("chrestos", "ethos" "chreston", "ethe chresta"). The detailed study of contemporary criticism draws us to a conclusion that there are schematically two approaches on how the French theorists conceptualized this very elusive criterion. Whereas Chapelain in his Préface à l'Adone explicitely rejects the moral meaning of "chrestos" and thus...