The main results of the PhD thesis are described in the summary. The main objective of the thesis is to define the acquisition of lexical and morphosyntactic features of Lithuanian adjective. The analysis is based on the large quantity of linguistic data (~ 400 000 words), which is the corpus of four children compiled according the method of longitudinal observation. The study has interchangeably applied several methods of analysis: longitudinal observation, corpus linguistics, error analysis and comparative method. Statements to be Defended 1. Lexical features of adjectives are acquired by children with difficulties: they often confuse adjectives of a single semantic group and make many errors. 2. Children easily acquire morphosyntactic features of adjectives: they do not make many errors. Some errors may be observed only in cases, when adjective paradigms do not coincide with noun paradigms. 3. Lexical and morphosyntactic features of adjectives are acquired simultaneously. The meaning of adjective is realised only when multi-word combinations and morphosyntactic features have been acquired. 4. The acquisition of adjectives correlates with the individual language development. Bigger lexical variety of adjectives is more characteristic to children with early and late language development, if compared to children with typical language development. Morphosyntactic features of adjectives do not pose problems to children with late language development. 5. The acquisition of... [to full text] / Santraukoje pateikiami pagrindiniai disertacinio tyrimo metu gauti rezultatai. Aprašomo tyrimo tikslas – išanalizuoti leksines ir morfosintaksines lietuvių kalbos būdvardžio įsisavinimo ypatybes. Tyrimui pasirinktas didelės apimties šaltinis – keturių vaikų kalbos tekstynas (~ 400 000 žodžių), sukauptas ilgalaikio stebėjimo metodu. Tyrimas atliktas taikant ir derinant kelis metodus: ilgalaikio stebėjimo, tekstynų lingvistikos, klaidų analizės ir lyginamąjį. Atlikus tyrimą darbe pagrindžiami šie ginamieji teiginiai: 1. Vaikams sudėtinga įsisavinti būdvardžio leksines ypatybes: dažnai painiojami vienos leksinės semantinės grupės būdvardžiai, daroma daug klaidų. 2. Vaikai lengvai įsisavina morfosintaksines būdvardžio ypatybes: klaidų nėra daug, dažniau klystama tik retų paradigmų būdvardžius derinant su daiktavardžiais. 3. Būdvardžio leksinės ir morfosintaksinės ypatybės įsisavinamos drauge. Būdvardžio reikšmė suvokiama tik pradėjus vartoti keliažodžius pasakymus, įsisavinus gramatines ypatybes. 4. Būdvardžio įsisavinimas susijęs su individualia vaiko kalbos raida. Ankstyvajai ir vėlyvajai kalbos raidai būdinga didesnė būdvardžių leksinė įvairovė nei įprastai kalbos raidai, o vaikams, kurių kalbos raida vėlyva, nesudėtinga įsisavinti būdvardžio morfosintaksinius požymius. 5. Būdvardžio įsisavinimą veikia ne tik aplinkos veiksniai (vaikiškoji kalba), bet ir kalbos sistema. Kaip ir įsisavinant kitas kalbos dalis, vaikų kalboje vyrauja vaikiškojoje kalboje dažniausiai vartojamos... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]

Disertacijoje aprašomo tyrimo tikslas – išanalizuoti leksines ir morfosintaksines lietuvių kalbos būdvardžio įsisavinimo ypatybes. Tyrimui pasirinktas didelės apimties šaltinis – keturių vaikų kalbos tekstynas (~ 400 000 žodžių), sukauptas ilgalaikio stebėjimo metodu. Tyrimas atliktas taikant ir derinant kelis metodus: ilgalaikio stebėjimo, tekstynų lingvistikos, klaidų analizės ir lyginamąjį. Atlikus tyrimą darbe pagrindžiami šie ginamieji teiginiai: 1. Vaikams sudėtinga įsisavinti būdvardžio leksines ypatybes: dažnai painiojami vienos leksinės semantinės grupės būdvardžiai, daroma daug klaidų. 2. Vaikai lengvai įsisavina morfosintaksines būdvardžio ypatybes: klaidų nėra daug, dažniau klystama tik retų paradigmų būdvardžius derinant su daiktavardžiais. 3. Būdvardžio leksinės ir morfosintaksinės ypatybės įsisavinamos drauge. Būdvardžio reikšmė suvokiama tik pradėjus vartoti keliažodžius pasakymus, įsisavinus gramatines ypatybes. 4. Būdvardžio įsisavinimas susijęs su individualia vaiko kalbos raida. Ankstyvajai ir vėlyvajai kalbos raidai būdinga didesnė būdvardžių leksinė įvairovė nei įprastai kalbos raidai, o vaikams, kurių kalbos raida vėlyva, nesudėtinga įsisavinti būdvardžio morfosintaksinius požymius. 5. Būdvardžio įsisavinimą veikia ne tik aplinkos veiksniai (vaikiškoji kalba), bet ir kalbos sistema. Kaip ir įsisavinant kitas kalbos dalis, vaikų kalboje vyrauja vaikiškojoje kalboje dažniausiai vartojamos būdvardžio leksemos ir gramatinės kategorijos. Kalbos sistema... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The main objective of the study is to define the acquisition of lexical and morphosyntactic features of Lithuanian adjective. The analysis is based on the large quantity of linguistic data (~ 400 000 words), which is the corpus of four children compiled according the method of longitudinal observation. The study has interchangeably applied several methods of analysis: longitudinal observation, corpus linguistics, error analysis and comparative method. Statements to be Defended 1. Lexical features of adjectives are acquired by children with difficulties: they often confuse adjectives of a single semantic group and make many errors. 2. Children easily acquire morphosyntactic features of adjectives: they do not make many errors. Some errors may be observed only in cases, when adjective paradigms do not coincide with noun paradigms. 3. Lexical and morphosyntactic features of adjectives are acquired simultaneously. The meaning of adjective is realised only when multi-word combinations and morphosyntactic features have been acquired. 4. The acquisition of adjectives correlates with the individual language development. Bigger lexical variety of adjectives is more characteristic to children with early and late language development, if compared to children with typical language development. Morphosyntactic features of adjectives do not pose problems to children with late language development. 5. The acquisition of adjective is influenced by the input, as well as by the linguistic... [to full text]

Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-14T12:40:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 6977218 bytes, checksum: 34547c965174ece2a95f7154a218cdf5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-04-23 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Quilombola communities are an invaluable cultural heritage of our country, considered an important historical font of the formation of Brazilian people, and consequently, living archives of linguistic processes that restructured the Portuguese language spoken in Brazil, giving it particular feature. Parallel to the growth of localities considered remnants of Quilombo, the need for research increases in these areas, in order to produce data able to contribute to scientific researches regarding these groups. In the interest of these contributions, we focused on the linguistic aspects of the Quilombola community of Caiana dos Criolos, in the city of Alagoa Grande, Mesoregion of Paraiba Agreste. In this study, we analyzed phonetic, morphological and syntactic peculiarities understood as evidence of contact with African languages, besides that we realized a lexical-semantic analysis of this community orality performance, concluding with the construction of a glossary of some terms of the socio-cultural universe of this Quilombola community, considered relevant for understanding the reality of these people. We used field research as our methodological procedures, where we collected individual interviews oriented under the precepts of sociolinguistic research, constructing the theoretical basis from intersectional links of Dialectology, Sociolinguistics and Ethnolinguistics fields, besides having as bibliographical support important references on the areas of Phonetics, Morphology, Syntax and Lexicology, in order to develop a better construction of the distinct parts of the work. We believe that both phonetic and morphosyntactic data, as well as the data of lexical-semantic nature, resulting from our study, are able to contribute to a better understanding of the current configuration of the popular variation of the Portuguese language spoken in Brazil. / As comunidades quilombolas representam um inestimável patrimônio cultural do nosso país, sendo consideradas verdadeiros celeiros da história da formação do povo brasileiro, e consequentemente, arquivos vivos dos processos linguísticos que reestruturaram a língua portuguesa falada no Brasil, dando-lhe feição particular. Paralelamente ao crescimento de localidades consideradas remanescentes de quilombos, cresce a necessidade de pesquisas nesses espaços, com a finalidade de produzir dados que contribuam para o desvendar científico das lacunas referentes a esses grupos. Com o interesse de contribuir para o preenchimento dessas lacunas, debruçamo-nos sobre os aspectos linguísticos da comunidade quilombola de Caiana dos Crioulos, localizada no município de Alagoa Grande, na Mesorregião do Agreste Paraibano. Nesse estudo, analisamos particularidades fonéticas, morfológicas e sintáticas compreendidas como evidências do contato com línguas africanas, além de realizarmos uma análise léxico-semântica do falar da comunidade em questão, realizando, ao final, um glossário com algumas lexias do universo sociocultural da comunidade, considerados relevantes para a compreensão da realidade caianense. Utilizamos como procedimentos metodológicos, a pesquisa de campo, quando coletamos entrevistas individuais orientadas sob os preceitos da investigação sociolinguística, procurando nos pontos de interseção entre a Dialetologia, Sociolinguística e Etnolinguística, a sustentação teórica necessária a nosso estudo, além de fundamentarmo-nos em bibliografia consagrada das áreas de Fonética, Morfologia, Sintaxe e Lexicologia, para elaboração das distintas partes do trabalho. Acreditamos que tanto os dados fonéticos e morfossintáticos, quanto os dados de natureza léxico-semântica resultantes de nosso estudo podem contribuir para uma maior compreensão da configuração atual da variável popular da língua portuguesa falada no Brasil.

This dissertation presents a description and analysis of language units that function as connectors of sentences in Sateré-Mawé language. This language is only member of the linguistic family Sateré-Mawé, belonging to the Tupi (Cf. RODRIGUES, 2002). Its speakers inhabit mostly the region of the middle area of Amazon Indigenous Lands in Andira-Marau, located in the state of Amazonas, in the border with the state of Pará, and its population is 12,000 people (cf. SESAI, 2014). This research is part of a broader project of \"Description and analysis of morphosyntactic aspects of Sateré-Mawé language\" coordinated by Dr. Dulce do Carmo Franceschini - UFU and is based on the theoretical framework of descriptive linguistics, from the standpoint of European structural functionalism from French line, based mainly on André Martinet (1972), Claude Hagège (1982) and Denis Creissels (2006), among other authors. This work also fits into the paradigm of action research, a working methodology that implies a greater involvement of the researcher with the group involved in the research. The corpus selected for this work consists on statements extracted from narratives written by indigenous Sateré-Mawe teachers and published in the form of books. In the corpus, 13 units that function as connectors Sateré-Mawé were identified. However, it was only possible to analyze the morphosyntactic and semantic-operation of seven of functional units, namely: {ma ato}, {pyno}, {tupono}, {sio}, {pote}, {turan} and {mi ite}. It is intended, through this research, to contribute to the understanding of the functioning of Sateré-Mawé language, its documentation, and especially its revitalization, from the dissemination of the results of our research among indigenous teachers, which, in a way, are co-authors of this work. / Esta dissertação apresenta uma descrição e análise de unidades linguísticas que funcionam como conectores de orações na Língua Sateré-Mawé. Essa língua é membro único da família linguística Sateré-Mawé, pertencente ao tronco Tupi (Cf. RODRIGUES, 2002). Seus falantes habitam, em sua maioria, a região do médio rio Amazonas na Terra indígena Andirá-Marau, localizada no estado do Amazonas, na divisa com o estado do Pará, e a sua população é de 12.000 pessoas (cf. SESAI, 2014). Esta pesquisa faz parte de um projeto mais amplo de Descrição e análise de aspectos morfossintáticos da língua Sateré-Mawé coordenado pela Dra. Dulce do Carmo Franceschini UFU e se fundamenta no arcabouço teórico da linguística descritiva, do ponto de vista do funcionalismo estrutural europeu de linha francesa, com base, principalmente, em André Martinet (1972); Claude Hagège (1982); e Denis Creissels (2006); entre outros autores. Este trabalho enquadra-se ainda no paradigma da pesquisa-ação, uma metodologia de trabalho que implica em um comprometimento maior do pesquisador com o grupo envolvido na pesquisa. O corpus selecionado para este trabalho é constituído de enunciados extraídos de narrativas escritas por professores indígenas Sateré-Mawé e publicados sob a forma de livros. Foram identificados no corpus 13 unidades que funcionam como conectores em Sateré-Mawé. Entretanto, só foi possível analisar o funcionamento morfossintático e semântico-funcional de sete dessas unidades, a saber: ma"ato, p"no, tupono, sio, pote, turan e mi"ite. Pretende-se, com esta pesquisa, poder contribuir para a compreensão do funcionamento da Língua Sateré-Mawé, sua documentação e, principalmente, sua revitalização, a partir da divulgação dos resultados de nossa pesquisa entre os professores indígenas, que, de certa forma, são co-autores deste trabalho. / Mestre em Estudos Linguísticos

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2016-09-28T19:41:33Z No. of bitstreams: 1 silviabrilhanteguimaraes.pdf: 409002 bytes, checksum: 372de929a13269670d0326dc2c432a35 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Diamantino Mayra (mayra.diamantino@ufjf.edu.br) on 2016-09-30T13:52:01Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 silviabrilhanteguimaraes.pdf: 409002 bytes, checksum: 372de929a13269670d0326dc2c432a35 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-09-30T13:52:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 silviabrilhanteguimaraes.pdf: 409002 bytes, checksum: 372de929a13269670d0326dc2c432a35 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-12-03 / A leitura é uma atividade bastante complexa, na qual estão envolvidos diferentes mecanismos como a identificação das letras, o de reconhecimento das palavras e de seus significados, bem como, a interação sintática e semântica. Nesse sentido, estudos veem investigando os papéis das habilidades metalinguísticas como a consciência fonológica e a consciência morfossintática no desenvolvimento da leitura. Serão examinadas duas hipóteses: a primeira, enfatiza que a leitura contextual envolve tanto o processamento fonológico como o morfossintático, porque as pistas contextuais podem ajudar a criança a adquirir as regras de correspondência entre letra e som. A segunda hipótese sugere que apenas as pistas sintático semânticas são utilizadas na leitura contextual no português. Nesse sentido, espera-se correlações significativas e positivas entre consciência morfossintática e reconhecimento de palavras no contexto, mas não com a consciência fonológica. Participaram 134 crianças, de ambos os sexo, entre 6 e 11 anos pertencentes ao projeto “Avaliação Psicométrica de medidas de consciência metalingüística” do Departamento de Psicologia da Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora (UFJF). Desses estudantes, 73 (54,5 %) eram do sexo feminino e 61 (45,5%) do masculino, sendo que 30 (22,4%) crianças freqüentavam o segundo ano, 52 (38,82%) o terceiro ano e 52 (38,82%) o quarto ano. Os dados foram coletados em quatro escolas públicas de Juiz e Fora no 2º semestre de 2009. Foram aplicadas tarefas de consciência fonológica (roteiro de consciência fonológica) e de consciência morfossintática (analogia flexional, analogia derivacional e replicação identificação do erro e replicação oral), além do TDE: subteste de leitura, para medida de leitura de palavras isoladas e do teste de Cloze como avaliação de leitura contextual. Também foi utilizado o WISC III: subteste de vocabulário como medida de controle. As aplicações das tarefas e testes selecionados ocorreram em locais reservados nas próprias escolas e foram organizados em quatro momentos: três individuais e um coletivo. As aplicações aconteceram em aproximadamente 50 minutos para cada encontro. Na análise dos dados foram utilizados teste de correlação e regressão. Os resultados obtidos ofereceram evidências empíricas de que tanto os processamentos fonológicos quanto os morfossintáticos estão associados e contribuem de forma independente para a leitura de textos. Essas análises permitem constatar que no Português do Brasil, tanto a consciência fonológica como a morfossintática são recursos importantes para a leitura de textos. / Reading is a very complex activity in which different mechanisms are involved like identification of letters, recognition of words and their meanings, as well as the syntax and semantics interaction. In this sense, studies are investigating the roles of metalinguistic skills such as phonological awareness and morphosyntactic awareness in reading development. Two hypotheses will be examined: first, it emphasizes that contextual reading involves both phonological processing as morphosyntactic, because the contextual cues can help children acquire the rules of correspondence between letter and sound. The second hypothesis suggests that only the syntactic-semantic cues are used in contextual reading in Portuguese. In this sense, it is expected positive and significant correlation between morphosyntactic awareness and words recognition in context, but not with phonological awareness. The participants were 134 children of both sexes, between 6 and 11 years belonging to the project "Evaluation of psychometric measures of metalinguistic awareness" of the Psychology Department at the Federal University of Juiz de Fora (UFJF). There were 73 (54.5%) of these students female and 61 (45.5%) were male, and 30 (22.4%) children were attending the second year, 52 (38.82%) the third year 52 (38.82%) the fourth year. Data were collected from four public schools of Juiz de Fora in the 2nd half of 2009. There were applied the phonological awareness tasks (script by phonological awareness) and awareness morphosyntactic (inflectional analogy, derivational analogy and replication error detection and replication oral, and the TDE: reading subtest to measure reading isolated word and cloze test as an assessment of contextual reading. There were used the WISC III: vocabulary sub-test as a control measure. Applications of tests and tasks selected occurred in special spaces in the schools and were organizes into four periods: three individual and one collective. applications happened in about 50 minutes for each meeting. In the data analyze were used correlation and regression tests. The results provided empirical evidences that both phonological processing as the morphosyntactic are associated with and contribute independently for the reading of texts. This analysis leads us to conclude that in the Portuguese of Brazil phonological awareness as morphosyntactic are important features for reading text.

El presente trabajo abarca el estudio de la variación en las construcciones adverbiales locativas. Esta variación se manifiesta en dos niveles: (1) la alternancia entre la construcción estándar ADVERBIO + preposición de + PRONOMBRE PERSONAL (por ejemplo, delante de mí), y su variante normativamente no recomendada ADVERBIO + PRONOMBRE POSESIVO (por ejemplo, delante mío); y (2) la alternancia entre la construcción posesiva con el sufijo -o (por ejemplo, delante mío), y la construcción posesiva con el sufijo -a (por ejemplo, delante mía), variante normativamente aún más disuadida. El objetivo fue estudiar estas dos variables lingüísticas y sus posibles predictores sociolingüísticos. Con esta finalidad, se han analizado datos provenientes de Twitter. La recolección de datos se llevó a cabo en febrero del 2017. Se recogieron 2357 observaciones de construcciones adverbiales locativas de 21 países de habla hispana (incluyendo los Estados Unidos), de las cuales 1006 eran de la variante posesiva. En cuanto a la variación entre construcciones preposicionales y posesivas, se clasificaron los datos según cuatro variables independientes: el género (o sexo) del tuitero, la procedencia geográfica del tuit, el tipo de adverbio precedente y el número gramatical del referente. Con relación al uso del sufijo -a del posesivo, las observaciones fueron clasificadas según dos variables adicionales: la vocal final del adverbio y el género del referente gramatical. Se ha construido un modelo estadístico de regresión logística que mide el efecto de las variables independientes investigadas sobre el uso de (1) la construcción con el posesivo y (2) la construcción con el posesivo del sufijo -a respectivamente. Referente a (1), la alternancia en los complementos, el análisis revela que la zona dialectal del tuitero, el tipo del adverbio precedente y el número gramatical son los factores estadísticamente significativos para predecir el uso de la construcción posesiva. En lo que concierne a (2), la alternancia en los sufijos del posesivo, los datos apuntan a que tanto la zona dialectal del tuitero como el género del referente gramatical condicionan el uso del posesivo con la desinencia -a. / The present thesis studies the morphosyntactic variation in adverbial locative phrases in Spanish. This variation occurs at two levels: (1) the alternation between the standard construction ADVERB + the preposition de + PERSONAL PRONOUN (as in delante de mí) and the normatively nonstandard construction ADVERB + POSSESSIVE PRONOUN (as in delante mío); (2) the alternation between the possessive construction with the suffix -o (as in delante mío), and the possessive construction with the suffix -a (as in delante mía), the last variant being normatively highly discouraged. The goal of this study was to investigate these two linguistic variables and their possible sociolinguistic predictors. The data was obtained by API searches of Twitter data in February of 2017 and yielded material from 21 Spanish-speaking countries (including the US). 2357 tweets containing the constructions of interest were gathered, of which 1006 were possessive constructions. Concerning the alternation between constructions with prepositions and possessives, the data was coded according to four independent variables: the gender (or sex) of the Twitter user, the location of the user, the type of adverb used in the phrase, and the grammatical number of the referent. As to the use of the suffix -a with possessives, two additional variables were coded for, the final vowel of the preceding adverb and grammatical gender of the referent. A statistical model was constructed in order to measure the effect of the independent variables on the use of (1) the possessive construction, and (2) the possessive construction with the suffix -a, respectively. The results of the first analysis indicate that the geographical region of the Twitter user, as well as the preceding adverb and the grammatical number of the referent, were statistically significant in predicting the use of the possessive construction. Furthermore, with regards to the variation in the suffix of the possessive pronoun, the analysis supports the view that the geographical region of the user and the grammatical gender of the referent are predictors that condition the use of the possessive pronoun with the suffix -a.

[pt] Este estudo tem como foco habilidades linguísticas de crianças pré-escolares no espectro autista. Os objetivos foram identificar e avaliar o tratamento dado à linguagem nas abordagens terapêuticas para o Transtorno do Espectro Autista (TEA) mais utilizadas na prática fonoaudiológica, em amostra coletada no Rio de Janeiro; e propor um instrumento de avaliação de habilidades linguísticas de préescolares com TEA, visando a rastrear dificuldades gramaticais no desempenho de tarefas de compreensão. O instrumento desenvolvido visa a avaliar aspectos sintáticos (sentenças simples variando quanto a transitividade e tempo/aspecto verbal; sentenças interrogativas e relativas, sentenças coordenadas), morfossintáticos (gênero e número gramatical) e pertinentes à interface sintaxesemântica (pronomes reflexivos e referenciais). Sentenças com reversibilidade temática são incluídas visando a dar seguimento à avaliação das crianças cujo desempenho não revelou dificuldades com sentenças irreversíveis. Metodologia psicolinguística que explora o direcionamento do olhar da criança foi adaptada para adequar as tarefas propostas ao ambiente terapêutico fonoaudiológico. Um estudopiloto conduzido com 12 crianças com TEA é relatado. 3 grupos foram caracterizados com base na produção linguística oral demonstrada em sessões clínicas - da mais desenvolvida (grupo 1) à menos desenvolvida (grupo 3). Os resultados são compatíveis com a literatura que distingue crianças no espectro autista como ALN (Language Normal) e ALI (Language Impaired). Dificuldades em todos os aspectos investigados foram identificadas nas crianças com baixa produção. Contudo, as crianças de todos os grupos revelam dificuldades na interface sintaxe-semântica e no número gramatical. Crianças do grupo intermediário apresentam maior dificuldade em sentenças complexas e sentenças reversíveis. / [en] This study focuses on the linguistic abilities of preschool children in the autistic spectrum. The objectives were to identify and evaluate the approaches to language in the most frequently used therapeutic approaches for ASD in the speech therapy practice, in a sample collected in Rio de Janeiro, and to propose an instrument to assess ADS children s language skills, by tracking specific difficulties in comprehension tasks. The instrument aims to evaluate syntactic structures (simple sentences varying in transitivity and tense/aspect of the verb; interrogative sentences; coordinate sentences; completive clauses; and relative clauses), morphosyntactic distinctions (gender and grammatical number) and aspects pertaining to the syntax-semantic interface (reflexive and referential pronouns), by avoiding the cost of thematic reversibility. In addition, reversible sentences were included to continue the evaluation of children whose performance on irreversible sentences did not present difficulties. A pilot study was developed with 12 autistic children. 3 groups were characterized based on their oral linguistic performance in speech therapy sections, from the less developed (group 1) to the most developed ones (group 3). The results are in line with the literature that distinguishes ALN (language normal) and ALI (language impaired) ASD children. Difficulties in all aspects investigated were identified in children with low production. However, children from all groups revealed difficulties in the syntax-semantic interface and in grammatical number. Children in the intermediate group had greater difficulty in complex sentences and reversible sentences.

Cette thèse présente une approche d'analyse des textes non-standardisé qui consiste à modéliser une chaine de traitement permettant l’annotation automatique de textes à savoir l’annotation grammaticale en utilisant une méthode d’étiquetage morphosyntaxique et l’annotation sémantique en mettant en œuvre un système de reconnaissance des entités nommées. Dans ce contexte, nous présentons un système d'analyse du Moyen Français qui est une langue en pleine évolution dont l’orthographe, le système flexionnel et la syntaxe ne sont pas stables. Les textes en Moyen Français se singularisent principalement par l’absence d’orthographe normalisée et par la variabilité tant géographique que chronologique des lexiques médiévaux.L’objectif est de mettre en évidence un système dédié à la construction de ressources linguistiques, notamment la construction des dictionnaires électroniques, se basant sur des règles de morphologie. Ensuite, nous présenterons les instructions que nous avons établies pour construire un étiqueteur morphosyntaxique qui vise à produire automatiquement des analyses contextuelles à l’aide de grammaires de désambiguïsation. Finalement, nous retracerons le chemin qui nous a conduits à mettre en place des grammaires locales permettant de retrouver les entités nommées. De ce fait, nous avons été amenés à constituer un corpus MEDITEXT regroupant des textes en Moyen Français apparus entre le fin du XIIIème et XVème siècle. / This thesis presents a non-standardized text analysis approach which consists a chain process modeling allowing the automatic annotation of texts: grammar annotation using a morphosyntactic tagging method and semantic annotation by putting in operates a system of named-entity recognition. In this context, we present a system analysis of the Middle French which is a language in the course of evolution including: spelling, the flexional system and the syntax are not stable. The texts in Middle French are mainly distinguished by the absence of normalized orthography and the geographical and chronological variability of medieval lexicons.The main objective is to highlight a system dedicated to the construction of linguistic resources, in particular the construction of electronic dictionaries, based on rules of morphology. Then, we will present the instructions that we have carried out to construct a morphosyntactic tagging which aims at automatically producing contextual analyzes using the disambiguation grammars. Finally, we will retrace the path that led us to set up local grammars to find the named entities. Hence, we were asked to create a MEDITEXT corpus of texts in Middle French between the end of the thirteenth and fifteenth centuries.

La question du système des morphèmes de la négation simple ou composée en français suscite depuis toujours l’intérêt de la linguistique mais reste traitée de manière fluctuante par la linguistique diachronique qui l’étudie de façon inégale selon les périodes de l’histoire du français. En effet, concernant la période préclassique (1550-1630), si cette question est régulièrement abordée, aucune étude approfondie et détaillée du système de la négation n’existe à ce jour. Ainsi, ce travail s’inscrit au croisement d’une double visée de la recherche en linguistique : d’une part, celle d’un éclairage nouveau sur la question des marques grammaticales de la négation en français ; d’autre part, celle d’une réactualisation des questionnements sur la langue préclassique qui, longtemps négligée, jouit depuis une vingtaine d’années d’un regain d’intérêt croissant. La finalité de cette étude est de proposer une description précise de l’organisation et du fonctionnement du système des signes grammaticaux de la négation simple et de la négation composée (non, ne, ne…pas, ne…point, ne…jamais, etc.) à travers leurs divers emplois et leurs jeux de concurrence, tels qu’ils apparaissent dans un vaste corpus de textes de la période préclassique (1550-1630). Les méthodes de la morphosyntaxe et de la sémantique se sont avérées ici tout à fait adéquates, tout comme le cadre théorique de la psychomécanique du langage dont les postulats permettent de traiter en profondeur les enjeux et les subtilités impliqués par cette recherche. / The issue of simple and compound negation morphemes system in French language has always attracted a lot of interest. However, diachronic linguistics tackles this question in an uneven way according to different periods of French language’s history. Thus, although it is regularly mentioned, no detailed study about system of negation in pre-Classical French (1550-1630) exists so far.Therefore, this work has dual benefits for linguistics research: on the one hand it sheds a new light on the question of grammatical markers of negation in French; on the other hand it renews questions on the pre-Classical French language, which has been a topic of growing interest over the last two decades.The goal of this research is first to offer a detailed description of the organisation and operation of the system of simple and compound negation grammatical markers (non, ne, ne…pas, ne…point, ne…jamais, etc.) according to their different usages as they appear in a large text corpus of pre-Classical period (1550-1630). Their competition is also investigated. Morphosyntax and semantic methods turned out to be very efficient, as well as the theoretical framework of language psychomecanics whose postulates allow an in depth analysis of the issues and intricacies involved in this research.

Cette thèse étudie pour la première fois les pratiques langagières de la communauté grandissante des immigrés égyptiens en France. L’analyse morphosyntaxique a comme cadre la théorie insertionnelle Matrix Language Frame de Myers-Scotton (1993, 1997 et 2000). Nous constatons que les Égyptiens de la première génération recourent à l’alternance codique sans s’en rendre compte ou sans le reconnaître tandis que ceux de la deuxième génération sont conscients des caractéristiques linguistiques nées du contact des langues. De plus, la femme égyptienne, avec son rôle de maintien de l’arabe auprès de ses enfants, trouve sa féminité dans l’apprentissage du français et par conséquent elle joue un rôle important dans la pratique de l’alternance codique au sein de la famille. Les raisons de l’alternance codique chez les Égyptiens sont variées, par exemple : la citation ou le discours rapporté ; la désignation d’un interlocuteur en faisant intégrer à un groupe un interlocuteur tenu à l’écart ; l’humour qui caractérise notamment les Égyptiens de la première génération ; la spontanéité et la précision en optant directement pour le lexème le plus immédiatement disponible, même s’il est dans une langue différente par rapport au reste de la communication. Nos informateurs de la première génération ont recours aux procédés morphologiques pour simplifier l’usage des mots français ayant des sons qui n’existent pas en arabe égyptien ou ceux qui se composent de plus de trois syllabes. Nous exploitons les caractéristiques de ce contact des langues pour aider les élèves égyptiens nouvellement arrivés à réussir leur scolarité et s’intégrer dans la société française via la maîtrise du français. / This thesis analyses for the first time the language practices of the growing community of Egyptian immigrants in France. The morphosyntactical analysis is made in the framework of insertional theory Matrix Language Frame of Myers-Scotton (1993, 1997 and 2000). We find that the Egyptians of the first generation resort to code switching without realizing it or recognizing it while those of second generation are aware of the linguistic characteristics of the language contact. Furthermore, the Egyptian woman, with her role of maintaining Arabic with her children, finds her femininity in learning French and therefore she plays an important role in the practice of code switching within the family. The reasons of the code switching in the Egyptian community are varied, for example, the quotation or the reported speech ; the designation of an interlocutor by integrating into a group an interlocutor kept apart ; the humor that particularly characterizes the Egyptians of the first generation ; the spontaneity and the precision by opting directly for the most immediately available lexeme even if it is in a different language than the rest of the communication. Our informants of the first generation use morphological procedures to simplify the use of French words having sounds that don’t exist in Egyptian Arabic or those that consist of more than three syllables. We use the characteristics of this language contact to help Egyptian students newlly arrived to succeed in their schooling and integrate into the French society through the mastering of French language.