The role of odorant binding proteins in the olfaction of mosquitoes, the primary mechanism of human host recognition, has been an important focus of biological research in the field of infectious disease transmission by these insects. This thesis provides an in depth knowledge of these proteins in three mosquito species Anopheles gambiae, Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus. A large scale analysis on these genomes has been carried out towards the identification of the odorant binding proteins in the mosquito genomes. Identification of many new OBP members, in particular in the Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus species, and an extensive phylogenetic analysis presenting a novel classification of the OBP subfamilies of these mosquito species has been proposed. This results further demonstrates the extraordinary multiplicity and diversity of the OBP gene repertoire in these three mosquito genomes and highlights the striking sequence features that are nevertheless highly conserved across all mosquito OBPs. Owing to the availability of homologous structures from mosquitoes or related species, the 3D structure modelling of all the Classic OBPs from the three genomes (representing in total 137 structures) has been performed. This was completed by large scale docking studies on these structures by screening a large set of compounds that are known to be mosquito attractants or repellents. These provide many exciting new insights into the structural and functional aspects towards understanding the efficacy of some repellents and of some attractants from human emanations. Through molecular dynamics simulation, the structural changes observed in an OBP bounded to an odorant when pH conditions are modified were characterized and the probable mechanism of ligand binding and release is presented. This work provides the first insights to many of the long awaited questions on the genomic, structural and functional characterization of mosquito OBPs and can be viewed as a reliable starting point for further experimental research focussed on these aspects.

Abstract The age of an adult female mosquito is a critical determinant of its ability to transmit a range of human pathogens such as the dengue viruses. Since most pathogens require a relatively long period of development in their mosquito vector before they can be transmitted to a new host, only older insects are of epidemiological importance. It has been proposed that life-shortening strains of the inherited bacterial symbiont Wolbachia may be potentially useful to shift mosquito population age structure towards younger individuals, thereby reducing pathogen transmission without eradicating the mosquito population. However, life-shortening Wolbachia strains do not occur in mosquitoes naturally. To facilitate the evaluation of this potential strategy, the major aim of this project was to transfer a life-shortening Wolbachia strain, wMelPop, from the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, to the dengue vector, Aedes aegypti. After successful transinfection, I then characterized the wMelPop infection in this mosquito species, and the associated phenotypic effects of this Wolbachia strain on several aspects of Ae. aegypti life-history. The horizontal transfer of the obligate intracellular bacterium Wolbachia pipientis between invertebrate hosts hinges on the ability of Wolbachia to adapt to new intracellular environments. Previous attempts to directly transfer wMelPop from D. melanogaster to Ae. aegypti have been unsuccessful, presumably due to mal-adaptation of wMelPop to this novel mosquito host. In an attempt to adapt wMelPop to the mosquito intracellular environment to facilitate transfer, we serially passaged this infection for 3 years in Aedes cell culture. After long-term serial passage in mosquito cell lines, wMelPop was then initially reintroduced into its native host, D. melanogaster, by embryonic microinjection to examine the phenotypic outcome of this process. The cell line-adapted wMelPop strains were characterized by a loss of infectivity when reintroduced into Drosophila, grew to decreased densities, and had reduced abilities to cause life-shortening infection and cytoplasmic incompatibility (CI), when compared to the original wMelPop strain. These results were suggestive of adaptation of this Wolbachia strain to the mosquito intracellular environment. Subsequently, we successfully established wMelPop in Ae. aegypti using embryonic microinjection. Two independently transinfected Ae. aegypti lines, PGYP1 and PGYP2, were generated. Analogous to infection in Drosophila, the presence of wMelPop in both of these lines halved adult mosquito lifespan under a range of laboratory conditions. The new association is stable, and wMelPop is maternally inherited with high fidelity across Ae. aegypti life span. It is capable of inducing near perfect CI that does not diminish as male Ae. aegypti age, which should facilitate its invasion into natural field populations and persistence over time. Fecundity assays using young PGYP1 females revealed that wMelPop infection induced minimal costs for reproductive fitness for females during their first gonotrophic cycle. The phenotypic effects of wMelPop on several aspects of Ae. aegypti life-history were additionally characterized. Overall, minor costs of wMelPop infection for pre-imaginal survivorship, development and adult size were observed. However, wMelPop infection decreased the viability of quiescent Ae. aegypti eggs over time. Similarly, the reproductive fitness of wMelPop-infected Ae. aegypti females declined with age. These results revealed a general pattern associated with wMelPop pathogenesis in Ae. aegypti, where host fitness costs incurred by this infection increase during aging of both immature and adult life-history stages. We also discovered that wMelPop-infected Ae. aegypti have a reduced ability to utilise blood from non-human hosts for egg development. Blood feeding by wMelPop-infected females on mouse, guinea pig or chicken hosts resulted in a near complete abolishment of reproductive output associated with both a decline in the numbers of eggs oviposited as well as the hatching rate of successfully laid eggs. In contrast, the reproductive output of wMelPop-infected females fed human blood was normal, with intermediate effects observed with other vertebrate blood sources. Removal of Wolbachia from mosquitoes using antibiotic treatment restored egg development to standard levels on all blood sources. Further blood feeding assays over two reproductive cycles definitively illustrated a nutritional interaction between host blood source and egg development in wMelPop-infected Ae. aegypti. This dramatic phenotype may provide new insights into the nutritional basis of mosquito anthropophily. The results presented in this thesis highlight several important parameters required to theoretically model the infection dynamics of wMelPop, and its potential impacts on Ae. aegypti populations. Moreover, the successful establishment of wMelPop in Ae. aegypti forms the primary basis for further field-based evaluations, which will ultimately determine the viability of this Wolbachia-based strategy as an applied tool to reduce dengue transmission.

Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia. / Made available in DSpace on 2012-10-23T11:07:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 239804.pdf: 3191082 bytes, checksum: d83994a4b805dea27292abefb7e3f082 (MD5) / Dirofilaria immitis is the ethiological agent of canine cardiovascular dirofilariosis or heartworm disease. This onchocercid nematode is widespread among dogs, cats, wild canids and eventually infected the human. The life cycle of parasite alternates between canids vertebrate hosts and mosquito vector. The parasite#s transmission to the dog, its main host, takes place through several mosquitoes species from the gender Culex, Aedes, Mansonia. The parasite#s detection at the vector is usually done by observation through the microscope and in the dog by the modified Knott#s method, where it is possible to observe the presence or absence of microfilarias released by the adult worm within the blood stream. However, these methods set space for errors once other kinds of worms from other filarias species might be found infecting the dog and the vector and they could be taken as D. immitis. For a more precise diagnose to this disease, techniques from molecular biology based on PCR are being developed in order to cope with the usual difficulties. In the present research we have used as a pattern the PCR for detection D. immitis, and we realized a survey of infection rates in mosquitos captured in Santa Catarina Island`s. For such, we have used the primers driven against gene, that transcrible for a surface antigene#s gene segment from the D. immitis. At the patternizing stage we used different DNA amounts withdrawn from D. immits worm, DNA from an infected and uninfected dog blood. We#ve amplified one DNA segment of 378pb of genome`s parasite with DNA extracted from Blood an infected dog. The primers sensibility allows the target segment#s amplification in a range which varies from 100 ng to 1 pg, such result points out the possibility of amplifying a minimum amount of the parasites# DNA at the dog#s blood stream and in the host. A DNA excess of 60 ng/ul extracted of dog`s blood and 80ng/ul DNA extracted the vector#s DNA does not inhibit the specific band#s amplification of the parasite. At the specificity session we did not observe the merge of unspecified bands when DNA of other kinds of nematodes and platelmints that infect dog`s. At the application#s stage in Field, a total of 400 mosquitoes of diferents species, were caugth in the north and central region of Santa Catarina Island`s and tested by PCR. Filarial DNA was found in 2,3% (1/44) of pools tested. These results prove that Oc scapularis is a natural vector of D. immitis in and indicating the existence of the disease at that specific locality Fort#s Beach. We believe that this techniques used as a pattern will be of great value to the diagnosis#s species-specific determination as well as to the canine dirofilariosis actual monitoring.

Orientador: Raul Borges Guimarães / Banca: Encarnita Salas Martin / Banca: Claudia Marques Roma / Resumo: A Leishmaniose Tegumentar Americana (LTA) é uma doença infecto-parasitária, não contagiosa, transmitida aos mamíferos através da picada de fêmeas de flebotomíneos, infectadas por protozoários do gênero Leishmania. Caracterizada por afecções dermatológicas, a doença apresenta atualmente três padrões epidemiológicos e ampla distribuição geográfica. A preocupação em se entender a doença e seus fatores determinantes não é recente, e dentre eles, é preciso considerar como se processa a produção do espaço e a relação da sociedade com a natureza, o que reforça a importância dos estudos geográficos. Os Parques Estaduais do Aguapeí (PEA) e do Rio do Peixe (PERP) e os municípios que os integram, compõem a área do presente estudo, cujo objetivo geral consistiu em analisar a relação entre o espaço geográfico e a LTA, de modo a contribuir com a gestão destes espaços especialmente protegidos. Para tanto, na revisão bibliográfica, retomamos os processos de ocupação da região e os estudos da doença no estado de São Paulo em diferentes contextos históricos. Consideramos as notificações dos casos humanos da doença de 1998 a 2016, a ocorrência de casos nas proximidades dos parques e as relações socioespaciais existentes no interior dos mesmos. Utilizamos armadilhas luminosas tipo CDC para a captura de espécies de flebotomíneos e analisamos os planos de manejo com vistas à identificação da abordagem epidemiológica. Assim, constatamos que a situação epidemiológica da doença na área de interesse c... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: American Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (ACL) is a non-contagious infectious-parasitic disease transmitted to mammals through the bite of female sandflies infected by protozoa of the genus Leishmania. Characterized by dermatological conditions, the disease currently presents three epidemiological patterns and a wide geographic distribution. The concern to understand the disease and its determinants is not recent, and among them, it is necessary to consider how the production of space and the relation of society to nature are processed, which reinforces the importance of geographic studies. Aguapeí and Rio do Peixe State Parks and the municipalities that comprise them integrate the area of the present study, whose general aim was to analyze the relationship between geographic space and the ACL, in order to contribute with the management of these specially protected spaces. Therefore, in the bibliographic review, we return to the processes of occupation of the region and the studies of the disease in the state of São Paulo in different historical contexts. We consider the reports of the human cases of the disease from 1998 to 2016, the occurrence of cases in the vicinity of the parks and the socio-spatial relationships existing within them. We used CDC type light traps to capture sandflies species and analyzed management plans to identify the epidemiological approach. Thus, we verified that the epidemiological situation of the disease in the area of interest is characterized by sporad... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

O gerenciamento dos recursos hídricos em bacias de regiões semi-áridas requer a compatibilização da oferta crítica de água com a demanda. Este problema assume caráter especialmente relevante quando se trata de bacias com solos férteis, submetidas a demanda de água para irrigação. A bacia do rio Mosquito, afluente do Verde Grande, no norte de Minas Gerais se insere nesta problemática. A região, por suas características hidroclimáticas, econômicas e sociais é incluída no polígono das secas. Possui uma economia altamente dependente da agricultura que aproveita os solos geralmente férteis. O desenvolvimento não planejado da irrigação trouxe conflitos de uso que se constituem em um dos principais entraves ao desenvolvimento da bacia. Este trabalho descreve os estudos realizados visando a compatibilização da oferta da água com a demanda. No que tange à oferta de água o estudo foi orientado ao dimensionamento e operação de reservatórios de regularização. A limitação das disponibilidades hídricas levou à necessidade de se gerenciar demanda através de duas abordagens: limitando-a, através de um valor máximo de área irrigável, e administrando-a em anos extremamente secos através de esquemas de racionamentos. Um resultado interessante é que na maioria das vezes a necessidade de racionamento pode ser estabelecida no início da estação seca, permitindo teoricamente que os irrigantes dimensionem a área a ser irrigada nesta estação de acordo com as disponibilidades de água. A adoção desta sistemática requer, entretanto, a crição de uma estrutura organizacional e legal que é comentada e discutida. / Water resource management in · basins in semi-arid regions requires compatibilization between critical supply of water and demand. This problem is especially relevant when it involves basins with fertile soils, where there is a demand for irrigation water. This problem occurs in basin of the river Mosquito, a tributary of Verde Grande, in the north of the state of Minas Gerais. Due to its hydroclimatic, economic and social conditions, this region is part of the polygon of droughts. Its economy is highly dependent on agriculture which uses the generally fertile soils. Unplanned development of irrigation caused conflicts of use which are one of the main barriers to basin development. This work describes the studies performed to compatibilize water supply and demand. As regards water supply, the study was oriented toward the sizing and operation of regulation reservoirs. The limitation of water availability led to need of managing demand by means of rationing schemes. An interesting result is that, generally, the need for rationing can be determined at the beginning of the dry season, and theoretically allows the irrigators to size the area to be irrigated during this season, according to water available. The use of this system, however, requires setting up an organizational and legal structure which is examined and discussed.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-11-10T11:09:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2014-02-28Bitstream added on 2014-11-10T11:58:49Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000784169.pdf: 793777 bytes, checksum: 33fff06bc16f50febb5d4b7f90ac9c4e (MD5) / A dengue é uma infecção viral transmitida por mosquito encontrado em regiões tropicais e subtropicais. Nos tempos atuais a dengue tornou-se de grande interesse para a saúde pública internacional, pois segundo a Organização Mundial de Saúde (OMS), de 50 a 100 milhões de infecções por dengue ocorrem a cada ano e mais de 2,5 bilhões de pessoas vivem em mais de 100 países onde a dengue é endêmica. A prevenção ou redução da transmissão do vírus da dengue depende do controle dos mosquitos vetores ou da interrupção do contato humano com o vetor. Neste trabalho é estudado um modelo matemático que descreve a dinâmica populacional do mosquito transmissor da dengue. Este modelo descreve a dinâmica da população do mosquito em todas as fases do seu desenvolvimento e aborda duas formas de controle para os mosquitos, o controle biológico com a inserção de mosquitos machos estéreis no meio ambiente e o controle químico com a utilização de inseticida. Para avaliação destas formas de controle sobre o sistema é formulado um problema de controle ótimo. Portanto, para auxiliar na resolução deste problema é proposto um algoritmo genético e ao final são apresentados os resultados computacionais / Dengue is a mosquito-borne viral infection found in tropical and sub-tropical regions around the world. In recent years, dengue disease has become a major international public health on concern. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that 50 100 million dengue infections occur each year and that over 2.5 billion people lives in more than 100 countries where dengue is endemic . Preventing or reducing dengue virus transmission depends on control of the mosquito vectors or interruption of human vector contact. In this work we studied a mathematical model that describes the populational dynamics of dengue's mosquito transmitter. This model describes the populational dynamics of mosquitoes in all stages of their development and discusses two methods to control mosquitoes, biological control with the release of sterile male mosquitoes in the environment and chemical control using insecticide. To evaluate these forms of control over the system is formulated a optimal control problem. Therefore, to assist in solving this problem we propose a genetic algorithm and the last we show computational results

Orientador: Paulo Eduardo Martins Ribolla / Coorientador: Diego Peres Alonso / Banca: Maria Anice Mureb Sallum / Banca: Celso Luis Marino / Resumo: A evolução da hematofagia em mosquitos é sem dúvida a adaptação mais importante desse grupo de inseto em termos dos patógenos transmitidos pelos vetores, causadores de diversas doenças importantes no mundo de hoje. Um equívoco comum que os mosquitos como um grupo são conhecidos taxonomicamente foi gerado, mas há muitas espécies para serem descobertas e classificadas. Os mosquitos da família Culicidae que possui como subfamília Anophelinae, formam um grupo diversificado, de origem monofilética, com distribuição global. Vale assinalar que apenas uma minoria das 3.200 espécies conhecidas atualmente são importantes vetores de patógenos para os seres humanos. Além de seu papel na transmissão de patógenos, os mosquitos têm muito a oferecer à ciência básica, por exemplo, como indicadores da biodiversidade, do grau de degradação do meio ambiente natural, das diversas formas de uso do solo e para estudos de evolução e de especiação. Os mosquitos possuem um peptídeo chamado Peptídeo Sexual que é expresso nas glândulas acessórias dos machos e inseminado nas fêmeas durante a cópula. A ligação deste peptídeo ao seu receptor encontrado nas fêmeas, desencadeia uma vasta resposta comportamental no inseto, que inclui a mudança de hábito alimentar, dando preferência a alimentos protéicos, a recusa de cópula com outros machos, a indução da oviposição dentre outras. Este projeto teve como objetivo o estudo deste peptídeo e seu respectivo receptor em diferentes anofelinos brasileiros visando gerar dados a respeito da filogenia e da caracterização de um possível marcador genético. Foram feitas extrações de DNA dos mosquitos, reações de PCR, sequenciamento, e análise das sequencias para foramação das árvores filogenéticas no programa Phylip pelas analyses de Máxima Verossimilhança, Neighbor-Joining e Parcimônia. As árvores geradas neste projeto foram comparadas com a árvore padrão do artigo de ... / Abstract: The evolution of mosquitoes hematophagy is undoubtedly the most important adaptation of this group of insect in terms of pathogens transmission, which cause various important diseases in the world nowadays. Thus, a common misconception that mosquitoes as a group are known taxonomically was generated, but there are many species to be discovered and classified. The mosquitoes of Culicidae Family which has Anophelinae as subfamily are a diverse group of monophyletic origin, with global distribution. It is noteworth that only a minority of the 3200 species known today, are important vectors of pathogens to humans. Besides the pathogens transmission, mosquitoes have much to offer to basic science, for example, as biodiversity indicators, indicating also the degradation degree of the natural environment, the various ways soil is explored and for studies of evolution and speciation. The mosquitoes have a peptide called Sex Peptide which is expressed in accessory glands of males and is inseminated in females during copulation. The binding of this peptide to its receptor triggers a major behavioral response in the insects, which includes changes in eating habits, giving preference to protein, the refusal of mating with other males, induction of oviposition, among others. This project aims the study of this peptide and its corresponding receptor in different brasilian anophelines in order to generate data about phylogeny and characterization of a possible genetic marker. DNA extraction were made, PRC reaction, sequencing, and sequence analysis for tree generation in the program Phylip whith the anylisis of Maximum Likelihood,Neighbor- Joining and Parsimony.The generated tree was compared whith a standard tree of Foste et al (2013) which used three diferent genes COI, CAD e white gene. We didn't get successful whith SPR tree, but, with SP the classification of the tree were almost the same of Foster et al (2013). Another tree was generated whith ... / Mestre

O gerenciamento dos recursos hídricos em bacias de regiões semi-áridas requer a compatibilização da oferta crítica de água com a demanda. Este problema assume caráter especialmente relevante quando se trata de bacias com solos férteis, submetidas a demanda de água para irrigação. A bacia do rio Mosquito, afluente do Verde Grande, no norte de Minas Gerais se insere nesta problemática. A região, por suas características hidroclimáticas, econômicas e sociais é incluída no polígono das secas. Possui uma economia altamente dependente da agricultura que aproveita os solos geralmente férteis. O desenvolvimento não planejado da irrigação trouxe conflitos de uso que se constituem em um dos principais entraves ao desenvolvimento da bacia. Este trabalho descreve os estudos realizados visando a compatibilização da oferta da água com a demanda. No que tange à oferta de água o estudo foi orientado ao dimensionamento e operação de reservatórios de regularização. A limitação das disponibilidades hídricas levou à necessidade de se gerenciar demanda através de duas abordagens: limitando-a, através de um valor máximo de área irrigável, e administrando-a em anos extremamente secos através de esquemas de racionamentos. Um resultado interessante é que na maioria das vezes a necessidade de racionamento pode ser estabelecida no início da estação seca, permitindo teoricamente que os irrigantes dimensionem a área a ser irrigada nesta estação de acordo com as disponibilidades de água. A adoção desta sistemática requer, entretanto, a crição de uma estrutura organizacional e legal que é comentada e discutida. / Water resource management in · basins in semi-arid regions requires compatibilization between critical supply of water and demand. This problem is especially relevant when it involves basins with fertile soils, where there is a demand for irrigation water. This problem occurs in basin of the river Mosquito, a tributary of Verde Grande, in the north of the state of Minas Gerais. Due to its hydroclimatic, economic and social conditions, this region is part of the polygon of droughts. Its economy is highly dependent on agriculture which uses the generally fertile soils. Unplanned development of irrigation caused conflicts of use which are one of the main barriers to basin development. This work describes the studies performed to compatibilize water supply and demand. As regards water supply, the study was oriented toward the sizing and operation of regulation reservoirs. The limitation of water availability led to need of managing demand by means of rationing schemes. An interesting result is that, generally, the need for rationing can be determined at the beginning of the dry season, and theoretically allows the irrigators to size the area to be irrigated during this season, according to water available. The use of this system, however, requires setting up an organizational and legal structure which is examined and discussed.

Introdução: O estudo dos insetos em virtude da nocividade ou benefício que oferecem ao homem é objeto da entomologia aplicada. No Brasil, a incorporação da entomologia pela saúde pública vem ocorrendo de forma gradual até os dias de hoje. A vigilância entomológica surge como uma ferramenta que possibilita sistematizar informações sobre os insetos, com a finalidade de conhecer aspectos biológicos e ecológicos que permitam definir o papel vetorial, predizer o risco de exposição da população humana aos vetores e fornecer bases técnicas para ações de controle das espécies de interesse. Embora existam meios legais para tornar a Vigilância Entomológica uma prática contínua e abrangente, essa ainda não é uma realidade no Rio Grande do Sul. Objetivo: Demonstrar a importância da entomologia em saúde pública, através das práticas de Vigilância Entomológica de mosquitos (Diptera, Culicidae), vinculadas à rotina da Vigilância Ambiental em Saúde. Métodos: Entre dezembro de 2006 e dezembro de 2008 foram realizados estudos mensais, abordando aspectos ecológicos da fauna em uma área de Mata Atlântica do litoral norte do Estado, empregando armadilhas CDC e aspirador de Nasci. Em novembro de 2008, no noroeste, foram realizadas investigações entomológicas em áreas com circulação de vírus da febre amarela, utilizando rede entomológica associada a aspirador tipo frasco e, em julho de 2006, ações de monitoramento do vírus do Nilo Ocidental em refúgio de aves migratórias no sul do Estado, com uso de aspirador de Nasci. Resultados: O trabalho possibilitou detectar 23 novos registros de mosquitos para o Rio Grande do Sul. As coletas continuadas mostraram uma distribuição sazonal das espécies, sendo o período de outubro a maio o mais indicado para atividades de levantamento e monitoramento da fauna. O papel vetorial de Haemagogus leucocelaenus foi comprovado já que o vírus da febre amarela foi novamente detectado nessa espécie. Outra importante contribuição foi o primeiro isolamento do vírus da febre amarela em Aedes serratus, sugerindo o papel dessa espécie como 5 vetor secundário do vírus. Conclusões: A Vigilância Entomológica forneceu informações e indicadores que ampliam as perspectivas sobre a capacidade e competência vetorial de algumas espécies de mosquitos do Rio Grande do Sul, evidenciando a importância dessa ferramenta / Introduction: The study of insects, due to the damage or benefit they give to humans, is an object of applied entomology. In Brazil, the incorporation of entomology by public health has been occurring gradually until today. The Entomological Surveillance appears as a tool that provides the organization of information about the insects, aiming to know biological and ecological aspects that allow the definition of the role of vectors, the prediction of the risk of exposure of the human population to the vectors, and the provision of technical foundation in the control of key species. Although there are legal ways to turn the Entomological Surveillance in a continuous and broad practice, this is not real in Rio Grande do Sul. Objective: To demonstrate the importance of the entomology in public health through the practice of Entomological Surveillance of mosquitoes (Diptera, Culicidae), linked to the routine of the Health Environmental Surveillance. Methods: Between December 2006 and December 2008 systematic studies were carried out and focused on ecological aspects of the fauna in an Atlantic Forest area on the north coast of the state, using CDC traps and Nasci vacuum. In November 2008, in the northwestern region, entomological investigations were performed in areas with circulation of the yellow fever virus, using an entomological net associated with a bottle-type vacuum. In July 2006, monitoring of the West Nile virus in a refuge of migratory birds was carried out using a Nasci vacuum. Results: The study promoted the detection of 23 new records of mosquitoes for Rio Grande do Sul State. Systematic sampling demonstrated a seasonal distribution of the species, with the period between October and May adequate to activities related to fauna surveying and monitoring. The role of Haemagogus leucocelaenus as a vector was demonstrated since the yellow fever virus was again detected in this species. Another important contribution was the discovery of the first isolate of the virus in Aedes serratus, suggesting a role of this 7 species as secondary vector of the virus. Conclusions: The Entomological Surveillance gave information and indicators that broadened perspectives on the vector capacity and competency of determined mosquito species in Rio Grande do Sul, highlighting the importance of this tool

Orientador: José Luiz Boldrini / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Matemática Estatística e Computação Científica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-22T23:56:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 SilvaFilho_CiceroAlfredoda_D.pdf: 1540276 bytes, checksum: fa10c28a1782367f39180dfe7a92ec2b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: O objetivo do trabalho é o de analisar de forma matematicamente rigorosa dois problemas de controle ótimo com restrições dadas por sistemas de equações diferenciais que incluem a equação de transporte com renovação, bem como um conjunto de restrições para a classe dos controles. Tais sistemas modelam as dinâmicas de populações de mosquitos (considerados em dois grupos: indivíduos jovens, em fase aquática, e adultos) e suas interações com os recursos do meio ambiente (alimentos, por exemplo); além disso, leva-se em conta o processo de maturação da população jovem, a qual fica, portanto estruturada por idade e cuja dinâmica é governada por uma equação de transporte com renovação. Nestes problemas, as populações estão submetidas à atuação de um controle externo, um agente químico, por exemplo, que afeta as respectivas taxas de mortalidade, modificando-as; no caso dos indivíduos jovens, tal atuação pode depender do nível de maturação (idade) do indivíduo. O primeiro problema considera apenas a variação no tempo da população de adultos, enquanto que o segundo problema leva em conta também a sua distribuição espacial. Em cada um desses problemas, mostra-se, sob certas condições, a existência de controle ótimo, isto é, um controle que minimiza um dado funcional objetivo; obtêm-se também as correspondentes condições de otimalidade que caracterizam tal controle ótimo / Abstract: The objective of this work is to analyze in a mathematically rigorous way two optimal control problems with restrictions given by systems of differential equations including the transport equation with renewal, as well as, a restriction set for the controls. Such systems model the dynamics of mosquito populations (considered in two groups: young individual, in aquatic phase, and adults) and their interaction with the environmental resources (food material, for instance); moreover, the maturation process of the population of young individuals is taken in consideration, and thus it becomes age structured and its dynamics is governed by a transport equation with renewal. In these problems, the populations are submitted to the action of an external control, a chemical agent, for instance, which affects the respective mortality rates, changing them; in the case of the young individuals, such action may depend on the individual maturation level. The firs problem considers only the time variation of the adult population; the second problem takes in consideration also its spatial distribution. In each of those problems, it is shown that, under certain conditions, there exists optimal contra, that is, a control minimizing a given objective functional; the associated optimality conditions characterizing such optimal controls are also obtained / Doutorado / Matematica Aplicada / Doutor em Matemática Aplicada