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[pt] Trata-se de um estudo sobre métodos de previsão de vida à fadiga de dutos com mossas submetidos a carregamento de pressão interna. Um método é proposto e com ele realiza-se previsões utilizando o método SN, sendo a influência das tensões médias calculadas segundo a parábola de Gerber. Adicionalmente são analisados outros métodos disponíveis na literatura, sendo abordados seus embasamentos teóricos, coeficientes de segurança e validações experimentais. A análise de tensões dos diferentes métodos foi realizada utilizando o Método de Elementos Finitos com o pacote computacional Abaqus 6.10, salvo nos casos em que foram fornecidas equações vindas de regressões de resultados numéricos. Todos os resultados avaliados foram comparados com resultados experimentais disponíveis na literatura, sendo um total de oito curvas avaliadas em seis casos em que se alteraram a espessura do tubo, o diâmetro do punção que gerou a mossa, a pressão inicial e o material do tubo. Os resultados indicam que as diferenças conceituais entre os diferentes métodos se refletem nas previsões geradas e que o método proposto faz previsões próximas aos resultados experimentais, sem o uso de fatores de segurança ou de confiabilidade. / [en] This study aims to analyze different methods to predict the fatigue life in pipelines with dents loaded with internal pressure. A new method is proposed which makes previsions based on the SN method; the mean pressure is taken into account according to the parabola of Gerber. Some other methods available in the literature are analyzed in terms of their safety factors and experimental validation. The stress analysis has been performed for the different methods using Abaqus 6.10, a Finite Element analysis software, except in those cases where a regression curve, based on numerical results, are provided. All the results found have been compared against experimental results available in the literature. A total of eight methods have been evaluated in six cases with different linepipe wall thicknesses, indentor diameters, materials and initial pressures. The results indicate that that different methods produce different life predictions, and the new method presented predict lives with a good match to the experimental data without using safety or reliability factors.

Submitted by Pedro Barros (pedro.silvabarros@ufpe.br) on 2018-07-31T19:47:08Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) TESE José Manoel de Sousa.pdf: 5234006 bytes, checksum: d0c67b3a526933cbc2e8574c3e43b9d3 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Alice Araujo (alice.caraujo@ufpe.br) on 2018-08-01T21:51:25Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) TESE José Manoel de Sousa.pdf: 5234006 bytes, checksum: d0c67b3a526933cbc2e8574c3e43b9d3 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-01T21:51:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) TESE José Manoel de Sousa.pdf: 5234006 bytes, checksum: d0c67b3a526933cbc2e8574c3e43b9d3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-02-24 / Este estudo desenvolve-se no eixo de integridade estrutural de dutos por onde escoam petróleo e derivados. Tem-se como vetor a normatização internacional vigente. Quanto aos critérios de aceitação de dutos indentados (mossas). Uma parcela das normas vigentes toma como critério de rejeição, a profundidade da mossa, ou uma relação desta com o diâmetro externo da tubulação. Embora existam relatos de acidentes que ocorreram em dutos, cujos critérios estavam dentro dos parâmetros destas normas, razão pela qual tenta-se através deste trabalho, alternativas de pesquisa que forneçam outros meios, quando possível, além dos estabelecidos nestes regramentos internacionais. Este estudo compreende parte experimental, onde elabora-se corpo de prova devidamente normatizado, após esta etapa executa-se o processo de indentação, que consiste de criação de mossa. Em seguida, de posse do corpo de prova indentado (mossa), utilizou-se o laboratório da General Eletric, onde procedeu-se a criação da geometria deformada real em 3D. Para tanto foi utilizado o único tomógrafo industrial existente na América Latina. Após esta etapa, passa-se ao trabalho de refinamento do modelo através de software específicos, pois o modelo inicial oriundo da GE contém 1.399.466 faces, e 699.724 vértices. Para definir as propriedades do aço API 5L X80 foram realizados três ensaios de tração com corpos de provas normatizados, conforme ASTM E8/E8M-09 (2010), recomendação da API 5L. Foi realizada a simulação de teste de pressão no espécime sendo submetido este corpo a uma pressão de 50 MPa, conforme API 5L, obteve-se uma tensão de Mises de 370 MPa. Outra simulação realizada foi com um duto de 24 Polegadas e meia de espessura de parede, foram executados seis casos com mossas de profundidade diferentes, após cada teste de indentação foi utilizado o APDL do ANSYS® para recuperar a geometria deformada e iniciar nova simulação de pressurização de cada caso, as pressões impostas foram regidas conforme dois casos: O primeiro foi submetida a pressão conforme a norma CFR 192, que versa sobre a MAOP, o segundo caso de pressão foi baseado conforme a norma API 5L que define que para este espécime de 24” e material X80, a pressão máxima de teste é de 20,7 MPa. Tendo apenas a mossa do caso 6 não sido aprovada. / This study is developed in the axis of structural integrity of pipelines through which oil and derivatives flow. The current international standardization is a vector. Concerning the acceptance criteria for indented pipelines (dents). A part of the current norms take as criterion of rejection, the depth of the ditch, or a relation of this with the external diameter of the pipe. Although there are reports of accidents that occurred in pipelines, whose criteria were within the parameters of these norms, which is why we try through this work research alternatives that provide other means, when possible, in addition to those established in these international regulations. This study comprises an experimental part, where a properly normalized proof body is elaborated, after this stage the indentation process is carried out, which consists of creation of the dent. Then, with the indented specimen (dent), the General Electric laboratory was used, where the real deformed geometry was created in 3D. For this purpose, the only industrial tomographer in Latin America was used. After this step, we proceed to the work of model refinement through specific software, since the initial model from GE contains 1,399,466 faces, and 699,724 vertex. In order to define the properties of API 5L X80 steel three tensile tests were carried out with normalized test bodies, according to ASTM E8 / E8M-09 (2010), API 5L recommendation. The pressure test simulation was performed on the specimen and the body was subjected to a pressure of 50 MPa, according to API 5L, a Mises tension of 370 MPa was obtained. Another simulation was performed with a duct of 24 Inches and a half of wall thickness, six cases with different depth dips were executed, after each indentation test the ANSYS APDL was used to recover the deformed geometry and to initiate new simulation of pressurizing of In each case, the imposed pressures were governed according to two cases: The first one was subjected to pressure according to CFR 192, which deals with MAOP, the second pressure case was based on the API 5L standard that defines that for this specimen of 24 "And X80 material, the maximum test pressure is 20.7 MPa. Having just the dent of case 6 not been approved.

The objective of my project was to determine variability and representability of mercury in the urban environment of Umeå in northern Sweden, based on applying the methods of forest moss biomonitoring (Swedish Environmental Protection Agency, ICP Manual). Mercury (Hg) is a commune pollutant in urban environments release to the atmosphere by anthropogenic activities. Industrial, traffic and incineration activities are the main sources of this element. Mercury is easily transported through the atmosphere and cycle through terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, trending to bioaccumulate in organisms. The aims of the study are: (1) determine the representability and variability of the method in a specific urban environment, based on more intensive analyses of a green area within the city boundaries of Umeå, northern Sweden. (2) influence of site-specific conditions on the concentration of mercury in mosses. (3) City-scale variability in relation to national forest moss biomonitoring data (IVL.se). Results of urban environment measurements do not differ much respect the values of mercury concentration obtained sampling mosses far from the city, but it is subject to many factors that can alter results of the study.  Most of these are meteorological factors and the difficulty of find green zones close to cities with the suitable conditions to find mosses and perform a property sampling process avoiding throughfall and litterfall. The conclusion is that the use of mosses is a representative and valuable method to obtaining information in an urban environment but is limited by mentioned factors.

Loss of biodiversity is a global concern and one of the affected habitats are meadows, where we have a large species richness among fungi and vascular plants who interact in ways that are poorly researched. Many of these meadow species are severely affected by reduced meadow areas which have been converted into farmland, lost their rich flora and mycota because of added fertilizers or have been left unmanaged. The purpose of this study was to investigate if there is any connection between species richness in plants and fungi on meadows, if the meadow age affects species richness, and if environmental variables such as pH, shadowing, moss and soil type has an effect on species richness. During the summer of 2021 plants were counted and in the fall the fungi was counted. Statistical analysis was performed on two different datasets, one with all species counted, one with plant species that have their main habitat on meadows, and fungi commonly known as waxcaps. The result showed a significant connection in species richness between plants and fungi when all species were tested and when a selection of meadow living species was tested. The effect of time showed that the youngest meadow contained the least number of species. Shadowing for plants had a significant negative effect when all species were counted, and all other tests of GLM-models showed significant effects on plants by fungi and vice versa. The results show that there is an interaction between plants and fungi, although we today have a poor knowledge about the actual functionality of these interactions. Other studies have tested low-cost methods to establish meadows in cities and ski slopes, where it is possible to create new suitable habitats for species that have meadows as their main habitat. One of the meadows in this study shows that overgrown meadows can be restored with great results. / Förlust av biodiversitet är ett globalt problem och ett av de habitat som påverkas är ängarna, där det finns en stor artrikedom bland svampar och växter som interagerar med varandra på ett sätt som i dag är dåligt utrett. Många av dessa arter hotas av kraftigt minskande arealer av ängar vilka har gjorts om till åkrar, gödslats så att de har förlorat sin rika flora och funga samt växer igen då de inte längre anses vara användbara. I denna studie undersöks om det går att finna ett samband mellan antalet arter av växter på en äng och antalet arter av svampar samtidigt som påverkan av tiden lokalen har varit en äng testas. Dessutom undersöks vilken påverkan pH, skugga, täckning av mossa och jordtyp kan ha. Under sommaren 2021 inventerades växter och därefter svamparna under hösten. Analysen gjordes i två olika indelningar där alla arter togs med i en och den andra en reducerad indelning där enbart ängsspecifika växter och vaxskivlingar togs med. Datat analyserades statistiskt och resultatet visade att det finns ett signifikant samband mellan antalet arter av växter och antalet arter av svampar både när alla arter räknades in och när de specifikt ängslevande arterna togs med. Effekten av tiden ängarna varit hävdade visade flera signifikanta resultat där tendensen var att den yngsta ängen innehöll minst antal arter. Skuggning visade en signifikant negativ effekt på antalet växtarter när alla arter togs med och övriga statistiska test med GLM visade en signifikant påverkan av växter på svampar och omvänt. Detta resultat visar att det finns interaktioner mellan svampar och växter på ängarna, även om vi idag inte har så god kännedom om hur interaktionen faktiskt fungerar. Det finns undersökningar som visar att det med relativt billiga metoder går att skapa nya ängar både i städer och i skidbackar för att skapa nya lämpliga habitat för ängslevande arter samtidigt som en av ängarna i denna studie visar att vi med rätt vilja kan väcka liv i en äng som under lång tid fått växa igen.

Den globala biologiska mångfalden minskar på grund av kraftig mänsklig exploatering av resurser. Ett sådant exempel är diversitetens nedgång i Fennoskandias skogar. Denna studie sökte att undersöka om skogsbruket negativt påverkar mångfalden i en svensk skog i förhållande till dess vedlevande lavar och mossor, med hjälp av träsubstratets kvaliteter som jämförelse och oberoende variabel. 21 vedlevande mossor och lavar var grunden för dessa jämförelser. Studien jämförde två ursprungligen likadana produktionsskogar, där den ena blev ett naturreservat för nästan 100 år sedan. De ligger sydost om Linköping stad, nära BjärkaSäby. Tio 300 m2transekter med slumpmässigt genererade startpunkter och riktningar etablerades i varje skog. Kvantiteten av, deras diameter, deras höjd/längd och deras arttillhörighet för levande och döda träd över en meter i höjd noterades. Nedbrytningsstadier för liggande död ved bredare än 5 centimeter noterades. Ett Wilcoxon-rank-summa-test avslöjade signifikant högre medelvärden av förekomster för vedlevande arter inuti reservatet. Oparade t-tester avslöjade signifikant högre medelvärden för de vedlevande arternasarttäckning och för volymen död ved i reservatet. Pearsons chi-två test avslöjade signifikanta fördelningsskillnader hos levande tallars och lövträdsdiametrar mellan de två områdena men inte mellan fördelningen av nedbrytningsstadier eller hos diametrarna för levande granar. Logistiska regressioner avslöjade att de flesta av de vedlevande arterna med över 10 förekomster i båda områdena över lag hade åtminstone en signifikant korrelation med dess substrats egenskaper. Fynden tyder på att modernt skogsbruk påverkar vedlevande arter negativt, främst på grund av den lilla mängden substrat tillgängligt i produktionsskogen snarare än på grund av substratens variation av egenskaper. / Global biodiversity is declining due to human exploitation, such as seen with its decline within Fennoscandian forests. This study aimed to see if forestry negatively impacts diversity in a Swedish forest in relation to its wood-living lichens and mosses, using the wooden substrate qualities as a point of comparison. 21 saproxylic mosses and lichens formed the basis of these comparisons. The study compared two originally equal production forests, where one became a reserve almost 100 years ago. They are located south-east of Linköping City, near Bjärka-Säby. Ten 300 m2 transects with randomly generated placements and directions were established in each forest. The quantity, diameter, height/length, and species of living and deadtrees over one meter tall were noted. Decay stages for lying dead wood broader than 5 centimeters was noted. A Wilcoxon-rank-sum-test revealed significantly higher meanoccurrences of saproxylic species in the reserve. Unpaired t-tests revealed significantly higher means of saproxylic species coverage and volume of dead wood in the reserve. Pearson’s chi-square test revealed significant distribution differences of living pines and deciduous tree diameters between the two areas but not in the distribution of wood decay stages or in the diameters of living spruces. Logistic regressions revealed that most of the saproxylic specieswith over 10 occurrences in both areas over all had at least one significant correlation with its substrate’s properties. Findings indicate that modern forestry negatively impacts wood-dwelling species mostly due to the small amount of substrate in the managed forest rather than due to their variety

In the 1850s when the timber floating began in Sweden many streams were channelized, which meant that the streams were straightened out, side channels were closed, and stones, trees and boulders were moved out to the banks of the streams. These measures altered the morphology of the streams, causing impediments to water moving in from the stream to the riparian zone, and reduced flooding frequency. When the era of timber floating was over humans began to restore the channelized streams to restore the damaged systems, mainly to improve fish habitats. Channelization and restoration involve major disruptions to the stream ecosystem, and the purpose of this study was to investigate how the bryophyte communities in the riparian zone differed in diversity, species richness and areal coverage, depending on the form of disturbance they were exposed to and the time passed since the disturbance occurred. This study was conducted along tributaries to the Vindel River in northern Sweden. There were three types of tributaries: partly channelized streams, best-practice restored streams and demonstration restored streams. At all tributaries included in the study, bryophyte samples were collected at two heights from the water surface, 0 and 40 cm. These samples were then identified to family or species level and their areal coverage was estimated. The results show that the demonstration restored streams had the lowest species richness and, there were no significant differences in diversity and species richness between the channelized streams and the best-practice restored streams. Regarding areal coverage, there was no significant difference between the stream types. The results also show that the time plays an important role for recovery of the bryophyte communities since diversity and species richness increased with the time since the disturbance occurred. / Under 1850-talet då flottning av timmer påbörjades i Sverige startade kanaliseringen av många vattendrag, vilket innebar att vattendragen rätades ut, sidokanaler stängdes, och stenar, träd och stenblock flyttades ut till vattendragens kanter. Dessa åtgärder förändrade vattendragens morfologi, orsakade fördämningar mellan vatten och strandzon och minskade översvämningsfrekvensen. När timmerflottningens era var slut började människan restaurera de kanaliserade vattendragen, främst för att det visat sig att fisket försämrats. Kanalisering och restaurering innebär stora störningar för ekosystemet de utförs i och denna studie syftar till att titta hur mossamhällen i strandzonen skiljer sig åt i diversitet, artrikedom och täckning beroende på vilken form av störning de utsatts för och tiden sedan de utsattes för störningen. Studien är gjord längs biflöden till Vindelälven i norra Sverige. Biflödena är dels kanaliserade vattendrag, bästa-praxis restaurerade vattendrag och demonstrationsåtgärdade vattendrag. Vid samtliga sträckor som ingår i studien har mossprover samlats in på två höjder från vattenytan, 0 och 40 centimeter. Dessa prover har sedan identifierats till lägsta möjliga taxonomiska nivå (art eller familj), och deras täckningsgrad har uppskattats. Resultaten visade att de demonstrationsåtgärdade vattendragen hade lägst artrikedom och diversitet och mellan kanaliserade vattendrag och bästa-praxis vattendrag kunde ingen signifikant skillnad i diversitet eller artrikedom påvisas.  Gällande täckningsgraden fanns ingen signifikant skillnad mellan vattendragstyperna. Resultatet visade också att tiden spelar en viktig roll för återhämtningen hos mossamhällena då artrikedom och diversitet ökar med tiden sedan inträffad störning.