This paper addresses the nature of Social Work supervision in the Directorate of Developmental Welfare Services. It contains five chapters namely Research Orientation, Literature Review, Social Structure in Namibia, Empirical Study and the last chapter is the Conclusions and Recommendations. The Research Orientation deals with motivating factors explaining the need for this research as well as pointing out the goal and objectives of the research. The goal of the research is to explore and describe Social Work supervision in the Directorate of Developmental Welfare Services in Namibia. The Literature Review gives comprehensive explanations of the importance of Social Work supervision in delivering social services. It provides opinions of different authors and their views on the nature of supervision, the supervisory needs of supervisees, and the functions and roles of supervisors. The Research Methodology chapter looks at how the research was done, how the researcher gathered information and the tools that were used. The research data was examined using the quantitative data analysis approach. Data analysis and interpretation breaks down the data obtained from the questionnaires, which are the instruments that the researcher used to obtain the information. The result consists of graphs and tables that clearly present the data. This chapter also covers the social structure of Namibia, a brief description of the regions in Namibia in order to help the reader understand the distances between offices. The Conclusions are a summary of the findings obtained from the respondents on the nature of supervision in the directorate. Possible solutions to improve supervision in the directorate are addressed in the recommendations. One of the recommendations is that the directorate should develop standardised supervisory guidelines. / Dissertation (MA (Social Work))--University of Pretoria, 2008. / Social Work and Criminology / unrestricted

Esant intensyviam gyvenimo ritmui, keičiasi vertybės, poreikiai, tikslai, siekiai, todėl norint neatitrūkti nuo realios aplinkos ir siekiant gerų darbo rezultatų reikia vis iš naujo nustatyti, kokie motyvaciniai veiksniai yra efektyviausi, tinkamiausi motyvuojant pedagogus. / Due to quick pace of life a lot of things have been changing: value, needs, objects, that is why it is necessary to reestablish proper and the most efficient motivational factors, in order not to lose touch with reality and to seek better work results.

This research considers the motivating factors behind energy use in the residential sector, which in 2011 accounted for more than 26% of overall energy use in the UK. The study took a mixed method approach and considered case studies in both the UK and Australia, two countries with very different energy regimes. UK case studies were analysed using predictive energy modelling, quantitative assessment of actual energy use and thermal comfort, and qualitative interview and focus group assessment of individual motivation around energy use. The Australian case studies were assessed qualitatively and their attitudes compared to the UK core group. Additional perspectives were gained through interviews with UK landlords, a large environmental group, a senior politician, and two senior policymakers from a large energy company. The investigation assesses the implied importance of the key strands developed from previous research in instigating changes in behaviour amongst occupants. These include psychological, social, financial, educational and regulatory factors. In particular, it looks at the ineffectiveness of the Green Deal on energy behaviour in the residential sector. The research offers a reasoned explanation as to why it is important to record predictive, actual, and intended behaviour with regard to energy use. The study concludes that a variety of incentives are necessary to encourage behaviour change, and that the complexity of occupant behaviour makes it difficult to develop a single policy to encourage more sustainable energy use. There is sometimes a disconnect between intention and behaviour. However, there seems to be a certain commonality among the occupants, in that their behaviour around energy is often other than predicted by conventional economics and more likely to incorporate predictions from behavioural economics. This is recognised by the case study participants in both the UK and Australia, and they largely agree on the beneficial role of government in regulating them and "nudging" them in the right direction with regard to influencing their motivations around energy use. Financial incentives are also a key driver in motivating residents to use energy more sustainably, but they need to be carefully aligned to suit a wide range of individuals. Another issue that became clear in the research is that policy focusing purely on energy efficiency can be ineffective, if the policy goal is to mitigate the effects of climate change. The rebound effect is likely to result in a lower demand for residential energy transferring to increased demand for energy elsewhere in the economy. The study recommends that policy should focus on sustainable energy use, using financial and other mechanisms to discourage the use of fossil fuels.

The demand of blood products in the US is expected to rise over the years. Adolescents represent a potential population of eligible donors and it is fundamental to better understand what influences blood donation among this category of population. Such investigation has not been conducted in the Appalachian region. To elucidate the question, a voluntary and anonymous questionnaire was administered to high school students from five counties of South Central Appalachia. A sample of 568 adolescents were asked to provide demographic characteristics, blood donation status and to rate various motivating factors. The association between blood donation and motivating factors were analyzed using logistic regression. Caucasians were the most represented ethnicity in the study population with 94.52%. From the total respondents, 37.85% reported being blood donors with an average age of 17.29 years. Among the donors, 51.66% were females and 55.45% came from low socio-economic class families. Emergency involving someone they care about and personal story of someone whose life was saved by blood donation were the top rated motivating factors by the donors with respective frequencies of 76.74% and 72.09%. Adjusting for the gender, age and socio-economic status, donating blood with friends increased the likelihood of blood donation by 53.2% (95% confidence interval: 1.01 – 2.31). These finding suggest that strategies focused on promoting group donation such as during school events may increase the rate of blood donation.

Darbo objektas: studentų motyvacija renkantis laisvalaikį. Darbo problema: kokie motyvaciniai veiksniai lemia studentų laisvalaikio pasirinkimą ir kaip skatinti studentus pasirinkti aktyvias laisvalaikio formas. Baigiamajame darbe tiriami klausimai: kaip charakterizuojamas laisvalaikis ir motyvacija; kokia laisvalaikio reikšmė individui; kokie veiksniai sąlygoja laisvalaikio pasirinkimą; kokie studentų poreikiai pasirenkant laisvalaikį; kokiomis priemonėmis galima skatinti studentus rinktis aktyvias laisvalaikio praleidimo formas. Darbo tikslas: nustatyti studentus motyvuojančius veiksnius renkantis laisvalaikį. Darbo uždaviniai: 1. Išanalizuoti teorinę laisvalaikio ir motyvacijos sampratą . 2. Atskleisti laisvalaikio reikšmę individui ir jo veiklai. 3. Paaiškinti motyvacijos apsisprendimo teorijos taikymą nustatant laisvalaikio pasirinkimą motyvuojančius veiksnius. 4. Ištirti studentų motyvaciją lemiančius veiksnius renkantis laisvalaikį. Darbo metodai: mokslinės literatūros analizė, anketinė apklausa, aprašomoji statistinė duomenų analizė. Apibendrinus tyrimo rezultatus, nustatyta, kad respondentai dažniau renkasi pasyvias nei aktyvias laisvalaikio praleidimo formas, respondentų nuomone nepakanka aktyviaus laisvalaikio praleidimų veiklų, dažnas dažnasstudentas renkasi pasyvias laisvalaikio formas norėdamas pailsėti nuo studijų, tačiau nepriklausomai nuo laisvalaikio praleidimo formų, jų pasirinkimą stipriausiai lemia motyvacinis veiksnys - vidinė motyvacija žinoti, o... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Object: Students motivation on choosing leisure activities. Problem: What motivation factors determine students choise of leisure activities, how to promote them to choose more active forms of activities. In this bachelor thesis questions being solved are : how to characterize leisure and motivation, what is the meaning of leisure to individual, what effects affects choosing leisure, what are students on choosing leisure, what measures can be used to promote students to chose more active leisure activities. Purpose: to identify motivating factors in choosing leisure. Tasks: 1. Analyze the theoretical concept of leisure and motivation. 2. Reveal recreational importance of the individual and the business. 3. Explaining the motivation to self-determination theory in the assessment of leisure choice of motivating factors. 4. Investigate the determinants of students' motivation in choosing leisure. Methods: literature analysis, questionnaire survey, descriptive statistical analysis of the data. Summarizing the results of the study it showed that the respondents prefer more passive than active forms of leisure, respondents consider that there is not enough outdoor activities, students often prefer passive recreation area to take a break from studying , but regardless of the leisure time activities of their choice is determined by the strongest motivating factor - internal motivation to know , and the least - amotivation . Thus, it can be said that apathy for outdoor activities... [to full text]

Background: Diabetes mellitus type 2 is a growing disease that affects both adults and children. Common risk factors for developing diabetes type 2 are low physical activity and abdominal obesity. The disease can bring complications such as cardiovascular disease and hypoglycemia. Pre-diabetes is a pre-stage to develop diabetes mellitus type 2. However, lifestyle changes can prevent the progress of diabetes mellitus type 2. In order to make the lifestyle changes that are required, motivation is of great importance. Aim: The aim of this study was to describe experiences of furtherance and inhibitive motivational factors to lifestyle changes among persons with pre-diabetes and diabetes mellitus type 2. Method: The method used was a literature study based on qualitative research. The articles in the study were analyzed accordingly to Friberg's five step model and resulted in three themes and eight sub-themes. Results: The themes were; an internal motivating force, support from the surrounding as a motivational factor and inner and outer barriers that inhibit for the motivation. In order to support and motivate persons with pre-diabetes and diabetes mellitus type 2 the nurse must understand what it is that helps persons find the motivation to make lifestyle changes. Conclusion: Promoting and inhibiting motivational factors for lifestyle changes varies from person to person. / Diabetes mellitus typ 2 är en sjukdom som ökar i hela världen. Prediabetes är ett förstadium till diabetes mellitus typ 2. Tidigare forskning visar att livsstilsförändringar är grundläggande för att förhindra riskfaktorer och komplikationer. Motivation är en förutsättning hos personen med diabetes mellitus typ 2 för att genomföra och bibehålla en livsstilsförändring. Sjuksköterskan har en betydelsefull funktion genom att ge stöd och motivera personerna. Vad är det som anses främja och hindra motivationen? Detta examensarbete beskriver personers erfarenheter av faktorer som främjade och hindrade motivationen till livsstilsförändringar vid prediabetes och diabetes mellitus typ 2. Tio artiklar som behandlar ämnet har bearbetats och utifrån dessa har teman utformats. Resultatet visade att inre drivkraft och stöd från omgivningen var betydelsefulla motiverande faktorer till skillnad från inre och yttre barriärer som istället var hindrade för motivationen. Den inre drivkraften är viktig men individuell och sjuksköterskan bör ha ett personcentrerat förhållningssätt för att kartlägga vad som anses motiverande till livsstilsförändring. Mer forskning krävs kring motiverande faktorer till livsstilsförändringar samt sjuksköterskans förmåga att kunna motivera.

Teachers and administrators have different perceptions regarding the importance and validity of various factors that influence veteran teachers' professional practice. Herzberg's 2-factor motivation-hygiene theory was used as the conceptual framework for this basic qualitative study. The purpose of the study was to gain an understanding of veteran teachers' and administrators' perceptions about motivating and hygiene factors and their influences on veteran teachers' professional practice in a southern California suburban school district. One-on-one semistructured interviews were conducted with 8 veteran high school teachers and 4 high school administrators. The interview responses were audio recorded and transcribed, then coded using open and axial coding and categorized into themes. Administrators perceived 3 prevalent motivating factors for teachers: academic freedom, student-teacher relationships, and feeling effective, whereas administrators' hygiene factors included administrative support with discipline and open and clear communication. Teachers cited students' progress and student-teacher relationships as their primary motivating factors and lack of administrative support as their most important hygiene factor. The hygiene factors provided a foundation and framework for teachers to perform the motivating work of teaching students and developing relationships. Through this study, both veteran teachers and administrators may become more aware of the motivating factors that positively influence veteran teachers' professional practice in the classroom, which may improve the ways in which administrators support and motivate them. Positive social change may result by creating synergetic relationships between administrators and veteran teachers that could not only expand the role of veteran teachers but also increase student academic achievement.

Mokymasis šiame amžiuje yra reikšmingas ne tik tuo, kad apima mąstymą ir jausmus, bet šis etapas labai reikšmingas tolimesnei gebėjimo mokytis sėkmei. Tai etapas, kuriame individas siekia atskleisti savo pažintines, dvasines galias ir gali rengtis tolimesniam savo gyvenimo įprasminimui. Tyrimo problema - didėjantis nelankančių mokyklos ir neturinčių motyvacijos mokytis moksleivių skaičius. Tyrimo objektas – paauglių mokintis mokykloje motyvuojantys veiksniai. Klausimas. Kokie bendrojo lavinimo mokykloje pobūdžio veiksniai, daro poveikį paauglių mokymosi motyvacijai ? Tiriamojo darbo tikslas yra atskleisti ir aprašyti pagrindinius veiksnius, turinčius įtakos mokymosi motyvacijai. Uždaviniai:  Atskleisti mokymosi motyvacijos sampratą.  Apibrėžti veiksnius galinčius turėti įtakos paauglių mokymosi motyvacijai.  Įvertinti veiksnių turinčių įtakos paauglių mokymosi motyvacijai bendrojo lavinimo mokykloje svarbą.  Nustatyti 13-15 m. paauglių mokymosi motyvaciją lemiančių veiksnių poveikio stiprumą ir charakteristikas.  Išryškinti mokytojo asmenybės reikšmę mokinių mokymosi motyvacijai. Šiai problemai spręsti buvo pasirinktas koreliacinis tyrimas. Koreliacinio tyrimo pagalba buvo nustatyti ryšiai tarp vidinių veiksnių (mokymosi motyvų raiškos) ir išorinių veiksnių (pedagoginių, psichologinių, socialinių teiginių). Koreliacinio tyrimo procedūra buvo atlikta remiantis C.M.Charles aprašytomis tyrimo metodikomis (Charles, 1999). Tyrimo rezultatai parodė, kad paauglių mokymosi... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Learning in our life is important not only for including intellection and feelings. This stage also is very important for further success of learning ability. This is a stage where a person has a possibility to develop his cognitive and mental power and is able to prepare for giving a sense for his further life. The problem of research – the number of students without learning motivation and with non - attendance is on the increase. The object of research – learning motivating factors of students at school The Question What factors at the secondary school influence the learning motivation of the students? The purpose of research – to develop and describe the main factors which influence for leaning motivation. The goals: • to develop the conception of learning motivation • to determine the factors which can influence learning motivation of the students • to evaluate the importance of the factors which can influence learning motivation of the students at school • to define the power and characteristics of influence for learning motivation between the teenagers of 13 – 15 years old • to emphasize the meaning of the teacher’s individuality for the learning motivation of the students Correlation research was chosen for solving this problem. The research helped to cleared up the relations between inner (expression of learning motivation) and outer (pedagogical, psychological and social affirmations) factors. Correlation research was performed with reference to C.M... [to full text]

Problem of unutilized energy saving potential in the multifamily housing stock of European Union has been emphasized by the European Commission (2008). Comparative study at hand takes tenant – owner associations of Stockholm and Vilnius as study cases. The goal is to find out what are the motivating and obstacle factors that create reasons for tenant – owner associations to invest or to delay investment into energy saving measures. Further aim is to generate suggestions for energy saving policy improvements based on the motivating and obstacle factors for the given capitals. Targets have been implemented by series of interviews held with board leaders of tenant – owner associations. Comparative study has revealed that main obstacles for energy saving renovation is of informational nature – lack of precise, reliable and verified data distracts from investments, since it is difficult to estimate the expected payback and other financial figures. Findings in the perspective of motivating factors are of monetary nature – tenant–owner associations are mostly motivated by monetary savings.

Traditionally, tourism was placed second as a priority in the agenda of investors, policy makers, and academics. Nowadays, a significant reappraisal of its role in socioeconomic development is taking place, which values tourism as a source for earning export revenues, generating large numbers of jobs, promoting economic growth and a more services-oriented economy not only in developing but also in developed countries (UNCTAD, 2007). According to World Tourism Organization (WTO), the European Union (EU) numbered six Member States among the top 10 countries in the world welcoming the largest number of international tourist arrivals. Within the EU, receipts from international tourism in 2008 were highest in Spain, France, and Italy, followed by Greece and Portugal. Previous studies have attempted to explain destination and/or firm strategic positions by focusing on (mostly demand and supply side factors) prices, exchange rates, qualitative and other institutional factors. The unique memorable experiences provided to customers directly determine a business’s and ultimately destination’s competitiveness. However, the extant tourism literature has provided limited explanation of the factors that characterize these memorable tourism experiences. Why Experience? ● Because a trip is very high in experiential & hedonic characteristics ● Pine & Gilmore (1999) argued the emerging of an “experience economy” in which: companies personally engage consumers through staged events, experiences become offerings in the marketplace; and consumers’ hearts are captured by the memorability of the experience Subject of Research ● Differences in Competitiveness of Regional Destination ● A business’s competitiveness is directly determined by the unique memorable experiences provided to customers. ● Therefore, it is important to investigate the impact that the experience’s perception and expectations can have on the diversification of tourism product & the competitiveness of international regional destinations It is well known that Traveller’s perceptions of different destinations, their awareness of alternative options and their perception of the extent to which these destination’s services could fulfil their expectations are crucial to tourist flows. A destination’s services should adapt and change in a way that suits the evolving consumer’s preferences in order for these destinations to maintain and/or enhance their competitiveness. Knowledge of tourist’s expectations, motivations, attitudes and differences among different cultural groups can create an environment within which by performing in an adaptive way, destinations will enhance their competitiveness. Therefore this research aims to offer the following contribution: ● Thorough literature review on the global tourism picture & the role of experience ● A novel approach by introducing a tourist’s enhanced role in defining the concept of experience ● Provide industry managers a generalized information on cross cultural differences Intend do so by trying to Evaluate the motivating experience factors that lead travellers from different cultural origins to different preferences when selecting their travel destination. Examine traveller’s anticipations, motivations and attitudes while reinterpreting experiences in a cross cultural setting. Assess the respective relevance and importance of the identified factors in the destination’s competitiveness as well as cross cultural influences and differences that lead to choosing differently while deciding to visit or revisit a destination. This research will also try to address practical and theoretical implications as well as suggestions for future research. / Ο τουρισμός αποτελούσε παραδοσιακά δεύτερη προτεραιότητα στην ατζέντα επενδυτών, υπεύθυνων χάραξης πολιτικής και ακαδημαϊκών. Σήμερα, πραγματοποιείται μια ουσιαστική επανεκτίμηση του ρόλου του στην κοινωνικοοικονομική ανάπτυξη, θεωρώντας ότι συνιστά πηγή εσόδων, ότι δημιουργεί μεγάλο αριθμό θέσεων εργασίας και ότι προωθεί την οικονομική ανάπτυξη και μια οικονομία περισσότερο προσανατολισμένη στις υπηρεσίες, τόσο στις αναπτυσσόμενες όσο και στις ανεπτυγμένες χώρες (UNCTAD, 2007). Σύμφωνα με τον Παγκόσμιο Οργανισμό Τουρισμού (ΠΟΤ), έξι κράτη μέλη της Ευρωπαϊκής Ένωσης (ΕΕ) συγκαταλέγονται μεταξύ των δέκα κορυφαίων παγκοσμίως χωρών με τον μεγαλύτερο αριθμό αφίξεων διεθνών τουριστών. Στην ΕΕ, τα έσοδα από τον διεθνή τουρισμό το 2008 ήταν υψηλότερα στην Ισπανία, τη Γαλλία και την Ιταλία, και ακολούθησε η Ελλάδα και η Πορτογαλία. Προηγούμενες μελέτες επιχείρησαν να εξηγήσουν στρατηγικές θέσεις προορισμών και/επιχειρήσεων, εστιάζοντας (κυρίως παράγοντες προσφοράς και ζήτησης) σε τιμές, συναλλαγματικές ισοτιμίες, ποιοτικούς και λοιπούς θεσμικούς παράγοντες. Οι μοναδικές, αξέχαστες εμπειρίες που προσφέρονται απευθείας στους πελάτες καθορίζουν την ανταγωνιστικότητα μιας επιχείρησης και, τελικά, ενός προορισμού. Ωστόσο, η υπάρχουσα βιβλιογραφία για τον τουρισμό δεν έχει εκτενώς επεξηγήσει τους παράγοντες που χαρακτηρίζουν και καθορίζουν αυτές τις αξέχαστες τουριστικές εμπειρίες. Γιατί γίνεται λόγος για εμπειρία ● Γιατί ένα ταξίδι έχει πολλά χαρακτηριστικά εμπειρίας και ηδονής ● Οι Pine & Gilmore (1999) μίλησαν για την εμφάνιση μιας «οικονομίας εμπειρίας»στην οποία οι εταιρείες προσελκύουν προσωπικά τους καταναλωτές μέσω σκηνοθετημένων εκδηλώσεων, όπου οι εμπειρίες γίνονται προσφορές στην αγορά και οι καρδιές των καταναλωτών σαγηνεύονται από την αξέχαστη εμπειρία. Θέμα της Έρευνας ● Διαφορές στην Ανταγωνιστικότητα των Περιφερειακών Προορισμών ● Η ανταγωνιστικότητα μιας επιχείρησης καθορίζεται άμεσα από τις μοναδικές, αξέχαστες εμπειρίες που προσφέρονται στους πελάτες. ● Επομένως, είναι σημαντικό να ερευνηθεί ο αντίκτυπος που μπορεί να έχει η αντίληψη της εμπειρίας και οι προσδοκίες στη διαφοροποίηση του προϊόντος τουρισμού και στην ανταγωνιστικότητα των διεθνών περιφερειακών προορισμών. Είναι ευρέως γνωστό ότι οι αντιλήψεις του ταξιδιώτη για τους διάφορους προορισμούς, η επίγνωση των εναλλακτικών επιλογών που έχει και η αντίληψη του βαθμού στον οποίο οι υπηρεσίες προορισμού θα μπορούσαν να ανταποκριθούν στις προσδοκίες του, έχουν αποφασιστική σημασία για τις τουριστικές ροές. Οι υπηρεσίες ενός προορισμού θα πρέπει να προσαρμόζονται και να αλλάζουν σύμφωνα με τις εξελισσόμενες προτιμήσεις του καταναλωτή προκειμένου οι προορισμοί αυτοί να διατηρούν και/ή να ενισχύουν την ανταγωνιστικότητά τους. Η γνώση των προσδοκιών, των κινήτρων, της νοοτροπίας του τουρίστα και των διαφορών μεταξύ διαφορετικών πολιτισμικών ομάδων μπορεί να δημιουργήσει ένα περιβάλλον μέσα στο οποίο οι προορισμοί, αντιδρώντας κατά τρόπο προσαρμοστικό, θα ενισχύσουν την ανταγωνιστικότητά τους. Επομένως, σκοπός της παρούσας έρευνας είναι να παράσχει τα εξής ● εις βάθος εξέταση της βιβλιογραφίας σχετικά με την εικόνα του παγκόσμιου τουρισμού και τον ρόλο της εμπειρίας ● μια καινοτόμα προσέγγιση με την εισαγωγή του ενισχυμένου ρόλου του τουρίστα στον ορισμό της έννοιας της εμπειρίας ● παροχή στους επικεφαλής του κλάδου γενικευμένων πληροφοριών σχετικά με τις διαπολιτισμικές διαφορές Κάτι τέτοιο επιδιώκεται μέσα από τα εξής ● Αξιολόγηση των παραγόντων δημιουργίας κινήτρων για την εμπειρία που οδηγούν τους ταξιδιώτες διαφορετικής πολιτισμικής προέλευσης σε διαφορετικές προτιμήσεις κατά την επιλογή του προορισμού ταξιδιού τους. ● Εξέταση των προσδοκιών, κινήτρων και της νοοτροπίας του ταξιδιώτη, δίνοντας ταυτόχρονα νέα ερμηνεία στις εμπειρίες μέσα από την διαπολιτισμική προοπτική ● Αξιολόγηση της σχετικής συνάφειας και σημασίας των προσδιορισμένων παραγόντων για την ανταγωνιστικότητα του προορισμού ● Αξιολόγηση των διαπολιτισμικών επιδράσεων και των διαφορών που οδηγούν σε διαφορετική επιλογή κατά τη λήψη απόφασης για την επίσκεψη ή την εκ νέου επίσκεψη ενός προορισμού. Η παρούσα έρευνα προσπαθεί επίσης να εξετάσει τις πρακτικές και θεωρητικές επιπτώσεις, καθώς και προτάσεις για μελλοντική έρευνα.