Mountaineering is not typically considered an academic subject. Nor is there much scholarship on the sport, let alone its history in the state with the smallest population, Alaska. Yet through analysis of the sport, deeper connections in the relationship between humans and the environment, the history of colonizing both indigenous peoples and land, and the place of gender and sport in Alaska come to light. Mountaineers that traveled to Alaska in the late 19th century and early 20th century were some of the first advocates for protecting its land, yet also displayed their imperialist and masculine values in the mountains. The effects of these approaches to climbing structurally excluded women and furthered the project of colonizing the land by both physically and metaphorically claiming the peaks of mountains for the nation. Their climbing also contributed to the idea that humans conquered nature; by dominating the peaks these climbers saw themselves in a battle with nature, and reaching the summit was their victory. As World War II hit Alaska, new approaches to climbing surfaced, reflecting both the spirit of war time in Alaska and the resulting population boom. Organized through the branches of climbing and environmental clubs, women began to participate with a distinctly female culture of climbing. Women sometimes expressed views of the union between humans and nature, and men also organized as environmental protectors due to their experiences in the mountains. Yet as this thesis will point out, in viewing nature and humans as separate mountaineers encouraged the view that Alaska and its land were a wilderness resource for recreation, rather than a land to act in community towards. This thesis attempts to complicate the sport of mountaineering, documenting the ways people climbed and the different meanings they embedded in their climbing activity.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Washington, 2008. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 278-287).

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Cette thèse propose une approche socio-historique de l’excellence en alpinisme, sur une période qui s’étend de l’apparition de l’Alpine Club britannique, le premier club alpin au monde, créé en 1856, jusqu’au début du XXIe siècle. L’excellence est envisagée sous l’angle d’un triple rapport : un rapport à la pratique, qui désigne les manières légitimes de pratiquer, un rapport à soi-même, qui renvoie à la façon dont les alpinistes excellents (les « grands alpinistes ») se perçoivent et envisagent leurs trajectoires biographiques, et un rapport aux autres individus, c'est-à-dire la manière dont ces alpinistes appréhendent et se distinguent des autres usagers de la montagne et des non-alpinistes. À partir des discours des membres de l’élite de l’alpinisme britannique et français, la question est posée de savoir comment se crée, se transmet, se diffuse dans l’espace et se maintient dans le temps un « esprit de l’alpinisme » entendu à la fois comme mentalité, esprit de corps, ethos, et principes éthiques au fondement de l’excellence, fortement distinctif, identitaire et fédérateur, au principe d’un sentiment d’appartenance, voire d’une identité collective. Centré sur le Royaume-Uni, berceau de l’alpinisme et lieu de codification d’une forme originelle d’excellence, encore perçue comme spécifique de nos jours, ce travail considère l’alpinisme français, d’apparition plus tardive, comme contre-point comparatif servant notamment à étudier des phénomènes de diffusion de la conception britannique de l’excellence. La question de la genèse historique d’un « grand alpinisme » sur le temps long se double enfin de celle de la fabrique biographique du « grand alpiniste », sur le temps court de la trajectoire biographique. Ce faisant, c’est un travail de dénaturalisation de l’excellence, pensée comme un construit historique et social, qui est entrepris. L’étude des trois dimensions de l’excellence (rapport à l’activité, à soi, et aux autres) se fait en premier lieu à partir d’un matériau original : un corpus de 62 autobiographies d’alpinistes. Son usage s’accompagne d’une réflexion méthodologique sur les conditions de sa validité sociologique. Afin de réinscrire ces discours dans leurs cadres historiques et sociaux d’énonciation, d’autres matériaux sont mobilisés : 16 entretiens, deux bases de données (dont l’une permet de mener une analyse prosopographique), les articles et les notices nécrologiques des revues des grands clubs alpins sélectifs des deux pays. / This thesis proposes a socio-historical approach of excellence in mountaineering, from the creation of the British Alpine Club, the first alpine club in the world, founded in 1856, up until the beginning of the 21st century. Excellence is defined by three relations: a relation to the activity of mountaineering, that is, the legitimate ways of practicing this activity, a relation to oneself, that is, the ways in which excellent mountaineers (the “great mountaineers”) see themselves and consider their biographical trajectories, and a relation to others, that is, the ways in which these mountaineers apprehend and distinguish themselves from the other users of mountains and from non-mountaineers. From the study of the discourses of the elite of British and French mountaineering, we seek to understand how a “spirit of mountaineering” (a mentality as well as an “esprit de corps”, an ethos, and a set of ethical principles at the foundation of excellence) has been created, transmitted, has travelled between countries and has been maintained over time. This “spirit” is the basis of a sense of belonging, even of a collective identity. Centered on Britain, as the cradle of mountaineering and the place where an original form of excellence, still perceived today as specific, was initially codified, this study considers French mountaineering, of later appearance, as a comparative point of reference, useful to point out a phenomenon of diffusion of the British conception of excellence. The issue of the historical genesis of a “great mountaineering” on the long-term scale doubles up with the issue of the biographical making of the “great mountaineer”, considered on the short-term scale of the biographical trajectory. By doing so, it is a work of denaturalization of excellence, seen as a historical and social construct, which is undertaken. The study of the three dimensions of excellence (as a relation to activity, to oneself, and to the others) is carried on in the first place with the help of an unusual material: a corpus of 62 autobiographies of mountaineers. Its use is backed with methodological observations regarding the conditions of its sociological validity. In order to consider these discourses within their historical and social frames of enunciation, other materials are used: 16 interviews, two databases (one of them used to carry out a prosopography), the articles and necrologies of the journals of the selective alpine clubs of the two countries.

TITLE: Climbing walls on Basic and Secondary school in South Bohemia. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this thesis was to determine the number of elementary and secondary schools in South Bohemia, they're using wall climbing in physical education lesson. How many schools owns a climbing wall and what's they're material equipment. METHODS: This thesis is made up as a research with survey and questionnaire methods. First of all it was made the survey to determine, which schools are using wall climbing in physical education lesson. Then to this schools was sent the questionnaire with fourteen questions about the wall, lessons and material equipment. The data were processed in statistical program Excel and presented with the help of created graphs. RESULTS: This work shows actual state of using wall climbing in elementary and secondary schools. In South Bohemia makes this 16 schools of the total number of 378, witch represents a little bit more than 4%. Further it was investigated the method of inlusion this activity straight in to the physical education lessons and material equipment that each of this school owns. KEYWORDS: mountaineering, physical education, experience, children climbing, safety

Le présent mémoire de thèse a pour objet l'analyse d'une parenté formelle et symbolique susceptible de constituer en genre les œuvres cinématographiques particulières que nous nommons «films d'ascension». Cette volonté de mettre en évidence une structure narrative proche nous a amené à interroger la notion de genre cinématographique, ses caractéristiques, sa pertinence, ses limites. Les situations d'hybridation avec des genres tels que le mélodrame, le film policier, le film d'espionnage, par exemple, sont également évoquées. La singularité du «film d'ascension» nous a invité à examiner les contextes socio-historiques qui favorisèrent sa naissance et sa pérennisation malgré la disparition de son avatar historique qu'est le Bergfilm. D'autre part, la fonction sociale du film d'ascension a nécessité que nous nous penchions sur sa dimension symbolique et sur les ressorts mythiques qui le sous-tendent ainsi que sur son éventuelle adéquation avec les valeurs de représentation de l'imaginaire social des époques qu'il a traversées. Sont enfin abordées les questions que soulèvent le devenir, dans le contexte de l'appréhension nouvelle de la nature et des espaces naturels, d'un genre étroitement lié à la perception de la haute montagne. / The subject of this thesis is to analyze formal and symbolic relationship being liable to form into gender the specific movies that we call " ascent movies." This will to highlight a narrative structure closer that led us to question us about the notion of genre, its characteristics, its relevance, its limits. The Situations of hybridization with genders such as melodrama, thriller, spy movie, for example, are also discussed. The peculiarity of "ascent movie" invited us to examine the socio-historical contexts that favored his birth and his sustainability despite the disappearance of its historical avatar that is the Bergfilm. On the other hand, the social function of ascent movie has required that we consider her symbolic dimension and his underlying mythical spring that as well as her possible appropriateness with values representing the social imaginary of eras that he has come down through. At last, are addressed the issues raised by the evolution, in the context of the new understanding of nature and natural areas, of a genre closely related to the perception of the high mountain.

This is a master thesis project in Industrial Design Engineering at Luleå University of Technology performed during the spring semester 2019 and with the goal to design a helmet for POC specialized for ski mountaineering.   To cope with new rules in ski mountaineering competitions, to widen the product catalogue of POC and to make ski mountaineering safer and more enjoyable, a double certified helmet was to be designed, meaning certified for both mountaineering and downhill skiing. The end goal with the project was a product concept fully ready to be prototyped and tested for both EN 12492 – mountaineering helmets and EN 1077 – ski helmets standards.   Theories relevant to the project has been researched, they include head injuries, manufacturing methods, anthropometry, and safety certifications. Some takeaways from these were that head injuries in ski mountaineering can be severe or deadly, but can be mitigated by using a helmet, helmets are usually produced by expanding plastic beads into a shock absorbing material, by expanding the beads more, the shock absorbing material gets a lower density, and by expanding them less the material gets a higher density, an easy way to design a helmet that fits well on most people’s heads is to use headforms, and that an easy way to design a helmet that can be EN1077 and EN12492 certified is to use similar dimensions as existing helmets with the same certifications.   Methods used in the project has been: a survey asking users for insight and opinions; analysis of the brand POC; competition research; observations; idea generation - including 6-3-5 and body storming; and creation and evaluation of prototypes.   The project has resulted in information about user’s experiences of SKIMO helmets, users wants and needs, an analysis of POC products, ideas, prototypes for testing functionality, clay models for exploring shape, a concept decision and last but not least, a CAD model and a prototype of the final concept. The survey results together with some observations could be summarized as three problems to solve and six features the helmet should have. 1. Temperature Change. 2. Ventilation holes makes goggle foggy when worn on the on the forehead. 3. The third problem is created as a combination of the EN 1077 standard penetration test for ski helmets and the users need for “extremely good ventilation”.   Requested features were: 1. The users want to be able to where sun glasses in a passive position on top of the helmet. 2. They want head lamp attachment. 3. It should look good. 4. Side straps for goggles are requested. 5. It should be colourful so that it’s easy to detect in the mountain terrain. 6. And of course, it needs to be lightweight.   The result is a SKIMO helmet I chose to call POC Ibex. It’s a helmet with a double layer EPS liner with multiple functions. It allows for ventilation to the forehead without fogging up the goggles and helps withstanding penetration tests while still having big ventilation holes. It has Magnetic removable ear pads, that can be attached without removing the helmet. It’s made from EPS and PC and on the top, it has an extra thick layer of PC for extra protection against rock fall.

The turn of the millennium has heralded an explosion in the popularity of adventure sports often also referred to as alternative lifestyle sports or extreme sports. These are offering both new avenues and potential challenges to the traditional ways of conceptualising and practicing sport. This thesis analyses the development of adventure sports, in particular climbing and kayaking, as a subculture. It delivers a socio-economic history of climbing, analyses the role of the media in its development, its participation and its lived experience. Further it investigates the impact of globalisation, commercialisation and consumerism on adventure sports, and considers to what extent they are being brought into the mainstream as a result. The economic impact of participation in adventure sports is reviewed along with a study of how the make up of its participants has changed as the activities have become more accessible. Particular focus is placed on the analysis of the gender order, specifically looking at the experiences of women in adventure sports. For this purpose the sports culture found in climbing and kayaking is examined and the implications for the reconstruction of gender relations are considered. This study employs an ethnographic approach including both semi-structured and structured interviews with both adventure sports experts and participants, document and media analysis, participant observation and the more recent nethnography approach. One of the significant contributions of this thesis has been to provide a comprehensive review and analysis of the social, cultural and media environment of arguably one of the most popular lifestyle sports in the UK. It has also shown the strong interrelationship that exists between the media and adventure sports, and has demonstrated how the increased commercialisation and commodification of the activity has resulted in economic development particularly in some remoter parts of the UK through the packaging and provision of the climbing experience. At the same time some participants see this is ‘selling out’. This research has demonstrated how women’s participation in adventure sports has been subject to marginalisation, sexualisation and trivialisation similar to other mainstream sports. However, this work has also highlighted that there is room for optimism as new discourses of femininity contrary to the traditional male hegemony are emerging. Further research opportunities have been identified concerning issues of ethnicity and participation; the social, cultural and economic relationships between adventure sportspeople and rural communities. Emerging feminist discourses also warrant further investigation.

Title The energy performance at the growth rate in ski-mountaineering Objectives Measure group skialpinists of different ages and performance of the ski-mountaineering simulator with a gradient 21ř and speed 1,4 km/h to 5,4 km/h with increasing 0,4 km/h in every minute. Determine their energy expenditure in different speeds as the speed increases and with constant slope. Methods Seven ski-mountaineerers of different levels were testing in laboratory of ski-mountaineering simulator. We calculate of maximum oxygen consumption and anaerobic threshold. Results The probands attained average energy expenditure 8,18 kJ per minute at the end of the first minutes and they attained average energy expenditure 29,32 kJ per minute at the end of the 10th minutes. The average energy expenditure of probands increased by 2,35 kJ per minute an average with a standard deviation 0,69 kJ per minute. Keywords ski-mountaineering, heart rate, oxygen consumption, ski-mountaineer trainer.

<p>Man has always in one way or another had to take risks in order to survive, but in today's society, voluntary risks increased markedly. It is about both physical and financial risks. The aim of this essay is to problematize what it is for properties that drive people to extreme sports and adventure travel. We want to see how extreme sports performers own picture looks compared to how the media presents them. We have in this essay interviewed two long sailors, a BASE jumper and an ex-mountain climber to see how the performers own picture of reality looks. We examined how the media presents different extreme sports in the form of news magazines and lifestyle magazine. We have concluded that there is a huge gap between the self images of their sport compared to how the media presents them. News Magazines often deals with risks and dangers of extreme sports and put them in different contexts in their articles and that the sport is to demonstrate its capacity, to reach goals, triumph and prestige. Also Sunday supplement that are not news-oriented have the same main focus. Lifestyle magazines image of extreme sports performers is more consistent with the addition to the participants own image in which the actual experience and lifestyle is important and not the risk-seeking.</p>