This thesis documents mourners’ experiences of funerals in contemporary Britain, and considers the implications of these for an understanding of funerals’ social significance. It represents the first time that experiences of these people, who attend funerals but do not contribute to their planning, have been taken into account in an analysis of funerals in contemporary Britain. The data on which the thesis draws have been generated in collaboration with the Mass-Observation Project, a long-running, large-scale qualitative writing project based at the University of Sussex. Participants in the project are self-identified ‘ordinary people’ who were asked to write in detail about the most recent funeral they had been to, as well as the best and worst they had ever attended. These data were analysed thematically. The thesis argues that the three previously identified ‘authorities’ over death and dying of religion/tradition, professional/expert, and individual/self do not fully account for mourners’ experiences of funerals. By examining the ‘doing’ and ‘displaying’ of family at funerals, the thesis demonstrates that for mourners, the family constitutes a further authority over the funeral. Among other themes, the significance of speakers at the funeral and of mourners’ own authenticity are drawn on to then argue that Davies’ theorisation of funerals as ‘words against death’ needs to take account not only of what is done at funerals but who does it; that funerals are also ‘people and their relationships against death’.

This research study analyses the construction of meaning surrounding the embalmed corpse in contemporary England. It documents a process of social change in which Legal, Medical and Religious discourses concerning the dead, once dominant and unchallenged, now co-exist, if somewhat uneasily, with modern constructions of death and the possibility of an after life. The meaning of the embalmed corpse is considered to be constructed by different elements which are presented historically. Initially religious discourses governed the meaning of the body, which was preserved for religious reasons. 17th century surgeon-embalmers requisitioned the corpse for reasons of status assertion, presenting their arguments in medical terms. Contemporary hygiene issues, in tandem with legal issues, today have a powerful impact on the corpse, which is usually experienced by mourners in the context of contemporary consumer culture, after the process of embalming has occurred. The decline of religious practices also mean that the contemporary corpse has assumed a far greater significance than in the past. From the perspective of the sociology of the body, based on the seminal work of Turner, this thesis discusses how changing experiences of live bodies are inextricably linked with changing experience of dead bodies in contemporary societies. This is accomplished through an interpretation of the different meaning attributed to embalmed corpses, together with an appreciation of the work of Hertz and Van Gennep, both of whom identified, in pre-literate societies, the centrality and embeddedness of the treatment of the corpse to funeral rituals. The thesis reports some empirical investigations of embalming-related issues which provide an analysis of contemporary meanings of the corpse and cast light upon the contemporary structure of the English funeral world. Embalmers expect to produce a culturally acceptable ‘death disguise’ for the benefit of mourners whose encounters with the corpse are surprisingly numerous in contemporary death-denying society. Culturally acceptable death images appear to focus upon the dead being in a condition of 'liminal repose', where the illusion of rest is constructed. Embalmers and funeral directors comprise occupations that are quite distinct, although working with the dead in different parts of the same process. Highlighting the significance of corpse appearance, whereby it is rendered 'normal', has also highlighted the socio-cultural process whereby this transformation occurs. As the dead are carefully re-presented, this has hidden the 'true' condition of the dead and therefore also hidden the covert technicians, embalmers, who accomplish this transformation. Embalming therefore appears a hidden aspect of the social construction of the dead, as death is now estranged from the popular context.

nÃo hà / A pesquisa com titulo: âMarcadores das Africanidades das Rezadeiras de Quilombos de Caucaia/CE: Uma Abordagem PretagÃgicaâ. O trabalho foi realizado entre 2013 e 2015, com sete rezadeiras quilombolas e cinco iniciantes, de trÃs comunidades quilombolas de Caucaia-CE: Serra do JuÃ, Porteiras e CercadÃo dos Dicetas. Diante da lacuna enorme no que se refere à relaÃÃo das africanidades com o ofÃcio das rezadeiras, intento responder, no decorrer desse trabalho, as seguintes indagaÃÃes: Quais os marcadores das africanidades no ofÃcio das rezadeiras? Como à possÃvel trabalhar com os marcadores das africanidades no ofÃcio da reza na perspectiva de uma intervenÃÃo pedagÃgica? Como a Pretagogia pode contribuir para a apropriaÃÃo desses marcadores? O trabalho teve fase interventiva com trÃs oficinas usando como tÃcnica a mandala dos objetos geradores com os marcadores africanos da reza que foram: oralidade, ancestralidade, senhoridade, iniciaÃÃo, elementos da natureza, espiritualidade, segredo, relaÃÃo comunitÃria, territoriedade, que sÃo de base africana. Para isso, a dissertaÃÃo organiza-se da seguinte forma: CAPÃTULO 1: Introduz contando minha trajetÃria familiar, acadÃmica e profissional em relaÃÃo Ãs africanidades; CAPÃTULO 2: Trata do dialogo com os autores da pesquisa e as senhoras rezadeiras; CAPÃTULO 3: Apresenta oficina Pretagogica na Serra do Juà com objetos geradores da Pretagogia com as rezadeiras e comunidade; CAPÃTULO 4: Aborda oficina em Porteiras com as rezadeiras capulanas; CapÃtulo 5: Trata da oficina ministrada em cercadÃo dos Dicetas rezadeira com crianÃas e jovens. CAPÃTULO 6: ConclusÃo com descriÃÃo da culminÃncia dos trabalhos e homenagens Ãs matriarcas rezadeiras das comunidades de JuÃ, CercadÃo e Porteiras, alÃm da sÃntese dos resultados da pesquisa como um todo. O trabalho utiliza como fundamentos teÃricos a Pretagogia de Sandra Petit (2015), a TradiÃÃo Viva apresentada por Hampatà Bà (1982), o Estudo sobre a Cura AtravÃs da Palavra em Gomes e Pereira(2004), A magia na Cura de Santos (2007), a importÃncia da TransmissÃo da Fala por Bernat (2013) e o Uso do Corpo e a Musicalidade por meio dos Tambores da Pedagoginga de Rosa (2013), o aprendizado na CosmovisÃo Africana em Oliveira (2006) e a teoria da AfrodescendÃncia de Cunha (2010). A pesquisa apresenta minha reflexÃo quanto ao conceito de Afroreza como e que afroancestrais, rejeitando a afirmaÃÃo da reza ser totalmente de base catÃlica, anulando as sabedorias africanas contidas em seus versos e gestos. Desse modo, a dissertaÃÃo fortalece o compartilhamento das experiÃncias das rezadeiras e sua afirmaÃÃo afrodescendente na construÃÃo de uma educaÃÃo libertadora e sem preconceitos em relaÃÃo ao nosso legado africano.

No abstract available. / Thesis (M.A)--University of Durban-Westville, 2004.

The aim of this Master thesis was to examine news journalism covering expressions of mourning related to violent or unexpected deaths. What rituals for mourning are brought out in media and do media present guidance to how mourners should behave?   The questions examined were: What characterised news events that leaded to texts on expressions of mourning? How was grief framed? Which narrative patterns were there in the texts? How was the deceased represented? How were the mourners represented?   165 texts, from Swedish daily newspapers, covering 93 different news events were analysed. The methods were mainly discourse analysis with focus on identities and relations, but also semiotic analysis with focus on staging and symbols and narrative analysis with focus on patterns for storytelling.   The result showed that a news story about ordinary people expressing their feelings of grief has elements of melodrama. The news story is based on the myth of the victim, and formed as a typical story where equilibrium is disturbed when the inconceivable happens and the mourners can by their actions restore equilibrium. The paradigms behind are the opposites life – death and good – evil.    The deceased is represented as a victim in a mythic sense. The most important qualities of a victim are youth, innocence and goodness. The victim is framed as a person we could sympathise and identify with. The mourners in the texts praise the victim and sanctify the place where the victim died with candles, roses and notes. The mourners are essential to the story; they create identification and an identity that include us as readers in a community and a discourse of mourning and mourners. The ordinary people who appear as mourners in the texts are relatives and close friends of the victim, but also mourning tourists, media chosen friends and anonymous women who are represented, in a stereotypical way, as the professional female mourner who weep over the deceased. In some texts celebrities appear as mourners of ordinary people, and they personalize how the distinction between public and private is erased in popular journalism. They also might give a kind of legitimacy to the way media frame the story about ordinary people mourning the innocent victim.   Some texts had a partly diverging story. If the victim, in some aspect, could not be framed as innocent the paradigm good – evil became problematic. When victims or mourners had foreign origin the contrast us – them was added.  In some texts the ethical code for Swedish journalists was disregarded, mainly by publishing information on ethnicity or by interviewing children and people in shock

The aim of the thesis is to investigate the experiences of mourners of participating in news reports about grief in connection with crime and accidents. There are two overarching research questions. How do the bereaved experience their encounters with, and treatment by, journalists - what do they think of journalists’ motives, strategies, methods and ethics? How do the bereaved use journalism, i.e. what are their motives and strategies for participation, and how do they perceive their relations with journalists and the consequences of having been interviewed? The theoretical underpinnings are provided by scholarship on source relations, (encounters with and negotiations between journalists and news sources), news constructions (narrative components and patterns in grief journalism) and journalistic ethics, with a particular focus on an ethics of proximity, i.e. the ethical dimensions of people’s relations and encounters. The empirical material is comprised of qualitative interviews with 22 respondents who featured, in their capacity as mourners, in Swedish news reports of deaths connected with crime and accidents. A strategic sample was made with the aim of attaining as much variation as possible among respondents above all in their relationship to the deceased and cause of death, but also in terms of the attention given to the event in the media, the number of contacts with journalists, and how contact was made. The perception of the respondents is that journalists wanted to talk to them because the event had news value and was of general interest. In dramatic cases, the victim’s next of kin, in particular, felt that journalists also had commercial motives. As the respondents see it, the strategies used by journalists can involve trying to persuade the bereaved to participate, and steering them so that the news interview and text can be shaped in accordance with established narratives of grief journalism. Some respondents said journalists had shown them respect, while others felt they had been treated with a lack of consideration. The findings are ambivalent in that journalists’ methods were experienced positively by some respondents and negatively by others. Involvement in news reporting can offer redress, giving respondents a chance to pay tribute to the deceased. It can also provide comfort, as it can be incorporated into the mourning process and make it possible to share one’s grief both with people one knows and with strangers. The study also found that respondents have strategies of their own. In their dealings with journalists, they can negotiate for control by insisting on reading the text before publication or favouring journalists they perceive as more sympathetic and resisting those they dislike. Respondents’ relations with and perceptions of journalists can be conflictual or consensual, and characterized by a passive or active attitude. Journalists can be seen as allies and potential assets, or as enemies and a source of insecurity. If the death was dramatic and attracted considerable media attention, relations become more conflictual, with respondents who feel cornered liable to ‘attack’ journalists. This can be triggered by shock. However, shock can also numb close relatives emotionally, making them indifferent and their attitude one of passive acceptance.

<p>The aim of this Master thesis was to examine news journalism covering expressions of mourning related to violent or unexpected deaths. What rituals for mourning are brought out in media and do media present guidance to how mourners should behave?</p><p> </p><p>The questions examined were: What characterised news events that leaded to texts on expressions of mourning? How was grief framed? Which narrative patterns were there in the texts? How was the deceased represented? How were the mourners represented?</p><p> </p><p>165 texts, from Swedish daily newspapers, covering 93 different news events were analysed. The methods were mainly discourse analysis with focus on identities and relations, but also semiotic analysis with focus on staging and symbols and narrative analysis with focus on patterns for storytelling.</p><p> </p><p>The result showed that a news story about ordinary people expressing their feelings of grief has elements of melodrama. The news story is based on the myth of the victim, and formed as a typical story where equilibrium is disturbed when the inconceivable happens and the mourners can by their actions restore equilibrium. The paradigms behind are the opposites</p><p>life – death and good – evil. </p><p> </p><p>The deceased is represented as a victim in a mythic sense. The most important qualities of a victim are youth, innocence and goodness. The victim is framed as a person we could sympathise and identify with. The mourners in the texts praise the victim and sanctify the place where the victim died with candles, roses and notes. The mourners are essential to the story; they create identification and an identity that include us as readers in a community and a discourse of mourning and mourners. The ordinary people who appear as mourners in the texts are relatives and close friends of the victim, but also mourning tourists, media chosen friends and anonymous women who are represented, in a stereotypical way, as the professional female mourner who weep over the deceased. In some texts celebrities appear as mourners of ordinary people, and they personalize how the distinction between public and private is erased in popular journalism. They also might give a kind of legitimacy to the way media frame the story about ordinary people mourning the innocent victim.</p><p> </p><p>Some texts had a partly diverging story. If the victim, in some aspect, could not be framed as innocent the paradigm good – evil became problematic. When victims or mourners had foreign origin the contrast us – them was added.  In some texts the ethical code for Swedish journalists was disregarded, mainly by publishing information on ethnicity or by interviewing children and people in shock</p>

A pesquisa intitulada A antiguidade clássica na representação do feminino: pranteadoras do Cemitério Evangélico de Porto Alegre (1890-1930) analisa a influência da cultura greco-romana na representação das figuras femininas desta necrópole e apresenta um inventariado das pranteadoras. O estudo aborda também as duas marmorarias mais atuantes na capital gaúcha: a Casa Aloys e a Marmoraria Lonardi, que realizaram a colocação de algumas destas esculturas. O inventário contempla não somente a tipologia das pranteadoras, mas os materiais utilizados na arte funerária do Evangélico. A análise das pranteadoras foi amparada na presença social e moral da mulher republicana, retratada nas páginas das revistas Globo e Kodak, importantes publicações do período sobre o qual versa este estudo. / This research comprises an analysis of the greek and roman culture influences on the representation of the female figures in the necropolis indicated by its title: The classical antiquity in the female representation: mourners of the Evangélico Cemetery of Porto Alegre (1890-1930), as well as an inventory of the mourners in that cemetery. The study also approaches the two more active marble yards in the city of Porto Alegre: the Casa Aloys and the Lonardi Marble Yard, which has done the placement of some of these funerary sculptures. The inventory does not comprehend only the mourners’ typology, but also an identification of the materials employed at the funerary arts of the Evangélico Cemetery. The mourners’ analysis took in consideration the social and moral presence of the republican woman as portrayed in the Globo and Kodak magazines´ pages, which were important publications in the period that this study discusses.

SILVA, Maria Eliene Magalhães da. Marcadores das africanidades no ofício das rezadeiras de quilombos de Caucaia/CE: uma abordagem pretagógica. 2015. 207f. – Dissertação (Mestrado) – Universidade Federal do Ceará, Programa de Pós-graduação em Educação Brasileira, Fortaleza (CE), 2015. / Submitted by Márcia Araújo (marcia_m_bezerra@yahoo.com.br) on 2016-05-06T13:16:34Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2015_dis_memsilva.pdf: 3671959 bytes, checksum: 08432d18c1799eb14c01630113ca7eeb (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Márcia Araújo (marcia_m_bezerra@yahoo.com.br) on 2016-05-06T15:12:34Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2015_dis_memsilva.pdf: 3671959 bytes, checksum: 08432d18c1799eb14c01630113ca7eeb (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-05-06T15:12:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2015_dis_memsilva.pdf: 3671959 bytes, checksum: 08432d18c1799eb14c01630113ca7eeb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / A pesquisa com titulo: ‘Marcadores das Africanidades das Rezadeiras de Quilombos de Caucaia/CE: Uma Abordagem Pretagógica’. O trabalho foi realizado entre 2013 e 2015, com sete rezadeiras quilombolas e cinco iniciantes, de três comunidades quilombolas de Caucaia-CE: Serra do Juá, Porteiras e Cercadão dos Dicetas. Diante da lacuna enorme no que se refere à relação das africanidades com o ofício das rezadeiras, intento responder, no decorrer desse trabalho, as seguintes indagações: Quais os marcadores das africanidades no ofício das rezadeiras? Como é possível trabalhar com os marcadores das africanidades no ofício da reza na perspectiva de uma intervenção pedagógica? Como a Pretagogia pode contribuir para a apropriação desses marcadores? O trabalho teve fase interventiva com três oficinas usando como técnica a mandala dos objetos geradores com os marcadores africanos da reza que foram: oralidade, ancestralidade, senhoridade, iniciação, elementos da natureza, espiritualidade, segredo, relação comunitária, territoriedade, que são de base africana. Para isso, a dissertação organiza-se da seguinte forma: CAPÍTULO 1: Introduz contando minha trajetória familiar, acadêmica e profissional em relação às africanidades; CAPÍTULO 2: Trata do dialogo com os autores da pesquisa e as senhoras rezadeiras; CAPÍTULO 3: Apresenta oficina Pretagogica na Serra do Juá com objetos geradores da Pretagogia com as rezadeiras e comunidade; CAPÍTULO 4: Aborda oficina em Porteiras com as rezadeiras capulanas; Capítulo 5: Trata da oficina ministrada em cercadão dos Dicetas rezadeira com crianças e jovens. CAPÍTULO 6: Conclusão com descrição da culminância dos trabalhos e homenagens às matriarcas rezadeiras das comunidades de Juá, Cercadão e Porteiras, além da síntese dos resultados da pesquisa como um todo. O trabalho utiliza como fundamentos teóricos a Pretagogia de Sandra Petit (2015), a Tradição Viva apresentada por Hampaté Bâ (1982), o Estudo sobre a Cura Através da Palavra em Gomes e Pereira(2004), A magia na Cura de Santos (2007), a importância da Transmissão da Fala por Bernat (2013) e o Uso do Corpo e a Musicalidade por meio dos Tambores da Pedagoginga de Rosa (2013), o aprendizado na Cosmovisão Africana em Oliveira (2006) e a teoria da Afrodescendência de Cunha (2010). A pesquisa apresenta minha reflexão quanto ao conceito de Afroreza como e que afroancestrais, rejeitando a afirmação da reza ser totalmente de base católica, anulando as sabedorias africanas contidas em seus versos e gestos. Desse modo, a dissertação fortalece o compartilhamento das experiências das rezadeiras e sua afirmação afrodescendente na construção de uma educação libertadora e sem preconceitos em relação ao nosso legado africano.

A pesquisa intitulada A antiguidade clássica na representação do feminino: pranteadoras do Cemitério Evangélico de Porto Alegre (1890-1930) analisa a influência da cultura greco-romana na representação das figuras femininas desta necrópole e apresenta um inventariado das pranteadoras. O estudo aborda também as duas marmorarias mais atuantes na capital gaúcha: a Casa Aloys e a Marmoraria Lonardi, que realizaram a colocação de algumas destas esculturas. O inventário contempla não somente a tipologia das pranteadoras, mas os materiais utilizados na arte funerária do Evangélico. A análise das pranteadoras foi amparada na presença social e moral da mulher republicana, retratada nas páginas das revistas Globo e Kodak, importantes publicações do período sobre o qual versa este estudo. / This research comprises an analysis of the greek and roman culture influences on the representation of the female figures in the necropolis indicated by its title: The classical antiquity in the female representation: mourners of the Evangélico Cemetery of Porto Alegre (1890-1930), as well as an inventory of the mourners in that cemetery. The study also approaches the two more active marble yards in the city of Porto Alegre: the Casa Aloys and the Lonardi Marble Yard, which has done the placement of some of these funerary sculptures. The inventory does not comprehend only the mourners’ typology, but also an identification of the materials employed at the funerary arts of the Evangélico Cemetery. The mourners’ analysis took in consideration the social and moral presence of the republican woman as portrayed in the Globo and Kodak magazines´ pages, which were important publications in the period that this study discusses.