This report was done on behalf of Uppsala municipality with the aim to investigate how much the CO2-equivalent emissions differ between different building systems during the construction phase, considering the different choice of material used in the frames. Several multi-family houses with different building systems were therefore studied and compared by using previous LCA from collected climate reports regarding each construction project. Different scenarios of the residential development in Uppsala until year 2050, including multi- and single-family houses, were further on brought forward. The impact that the choice of material had on the climate was then studied by comparing the scenarios with the climate goals set up by Uppsala municipality regarding the construction sector. This was discussed in order to investigate whether Uppsala municipality would reach the climate goals or not. The conclusion of the study is that the building systems with wooden frames in general release less CO2-equivalent emissions than the ones with concrete frames. One of the reasons for this is that the production of the materials has different amounts of waste and the fact that concrete consists of cement, which causes a lot of emissions during the production of the material. Another part of the report was to investigate if climate improved concrete could decrease the CO2-equivalent emissions from building systems with concrete frames. This was done by doing a case-study, where parts of the concrete frame for one of the building systems were replaced, which resulted in a small decrease of the emissions. It is however, in a larger perspective, important to reduce the emissions as much as possible and there is still room to continue the improvement of concrete.

The history of housing in Sweden is a central part of our cultural history and for the collective understanding of ourselves. During the 20th century the Swedish state has played an active roll in the production of housing. But, since the 90s the housing question has been left to the market which struggles to produce the quantity of housing that is needed. While the housing that is built today comes with a lot of qualities, it is also ridden with problems. The floor plans are general, yet fixed, common spaces are under prioritized and the possibility to customize your apartment is low. Not to mention that we are moving towards a situation were also rental apartments are put on the free market which under the current situation, could lead to an increased segregation in the bigger cities. The ability to choose how your home should be configurated has become a luxury.   The situation has certain similarities with the speculative way of building of the late 19th century in Sweden. The answer then was to make it possible for workers, small farmers and officials to build their own homes with financial help from the state.   When neither the market nor the state can provide good enough housing for the citizens, it is time to, like before, explore how we can take the matter in our own hands. Today an answer could be joint building ventures. Friends, colleagues or like-minded can get together and build their own multifamily houses by planning, building and finally inhabit the buildings. It is today a tricky process, but experiences from Germany have showed that it can be a reliable way of providing housing when the idea gets more normative. Holmsund could be a good testing ground for joint building ventures. The settlement is expected to grow, there are free central plots and the settlement can provide enough service and commuting possibilities even for people more used to city life.   My system provides a frame, concrete slabs resting on steel columns with a wet core stabilizing the structure laterally. The users are then, in dialogue with the architect and the other residents negotiating the space after their needs and economical situation.

Byggnadssektorn uppskattas idag stå för närmare 40 % av vår totala energiförbrukning, varav nästan 60 % utgörs av uppvärmning och varmvatten. Från myndigheter såväl som allmänheten börjar högre krav ställas på energihushållning i vårt byggnadsbestånd. I media duggar informationen tätt om nya metoder för energieffektivisering, ändå visar statistiken att mycket finns kvar att göra. Frågan som bör ställas är var problemet ligger. Detta examensarbete behandlar projekteringens roll för slutresultatet med avseende på energianvändningen i flerbostadshus. Syftet är att identifiera förbättringsfaktorer för hur projekteringen kan påverka byggprocessen mot ett mer energieffektivt slutresultat. Arbetet grundar sig på tidigare studier och utnyttjar dels en fallstudie av ett 3 st. flerbostadshus i Västerås från 2000-talets början, dels en intervjustudie med fokus på upplevda svårigheter i arbetet med energifrågor bland byggbranschens aktörer. I den inledande litteraturstudien identifierades tekniska och processberoende faktorer som avgör en byggnads energianvändning. Den knyter också an till liknande studier för att tillvarata tidigare erfarenheter. Fallstudien resulterade i att uppmärksamma hur stora konsekvenserna blir av att inte beakta energianvändningen i tillräcklig omfattning. Intervjustudien resulterade i att identifiera likheter och skillnader i de olika aktörernas syn på projekteringen med avseende på byggnaders energianvändning. Bland de förbättringsfaktorer som identifierats bör framför allt en mer framträdande roll hos byggherren nämnas. En tydlig ambitionsnivå för projektet tillsammans med kravformuleringar är också en nödvändighet. Ett samarbete mellan aktörer där all tillgänglig kompetens utnyttjas redan i tidiga skeden krävs också för att kunna beakta energifrågan på allvar. Tekniska konsulter måste ges tillfälle att påverka projektet innan det låsts i alltför stor utsträckning. Fokus genom hela projekteringen bör ligga på ett betraktningssätt där hela byggnaden ses som ett sammanhängande system. Under arbetets gång har också uppmärksammats ett behov av att underlätta uppföljning av utförda byggprojekt. Uppföljning är nödvändigt för att utveckla branschen och frångå ryktet om en byggbransch oförmögen att lära av tidigare misstag. Slutligen kan nämnas att en ökad efterfrågan från samhället måste ske som incitament för byggherren att bygga mer energieffektivt. Samtidigt handlar det för byggherren om att marknadsföra fördelarna med energieffektiva alternativ till konventionella bostäder för att skapa efterfrågan.

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The building sector is one of the sectors that consume the most energy in Sweden. In order to deal with this problem Swedish government aims to reduce the energy consumption in the building sector 50% by 2050. Another ambitious goal set by the Swedish government is zero greenhouse gas emissions by 2040. Most of the buildings in Sweden were built during 1950-1990 before the first energy regulations were voted in Europe. A high percentage of these buildings date to 1950 and the majority of them are multi family buildings. Apartments built during this period are now requiring major renovation and retrofitting measures in order to comply with the energy and indoor environment regulations. Despite the urgent need for retrofitting expressed above, the retrofitting ratio in Sweden was 0.88% in 2013, so the number of buildings that haven’t gone through any energy retrofitting is still high making it clear that the biggest opportunity for energy savings lies within the existing building stock and that the retrofitting ratio has to enhance in order to achieve the governments energy and emission goals for 2050. In this study a new patented innovative energy retrofitting method is studied within IDAICE simulation program in order to find the heat load and the energy savings after applying this method. The simulated building is a three story multi family building with building characteristics from 1950 and the simulation takes place in two different climate zones (Stockholm and Umeå). Three different insulation thicknesses were tested creating three different variant cases in order to investigate the difference in energy savings an increase of the insulation thickness will bring. This retrofitting method except installation of extra facade insulation includes roof insulation, replacement of the air handling unit with heat recovery ventilation whose pipe system runs through the insulation behind the radiators of each zone and replacement of the old windows with triple glazed low U-value windows. The results show a high reduction in heat supplied after the retrofit, 66.4% room unit heat reduction in Stockholm and 59.6% in Umeå and even higher energy reduction 68.3% in Stockholm and 68.9% in Umeå. The CO2 emission reduction was 58.4% in Stockholm and 60.9% in Umeå. The difference in room unit heat, energy consumption and CO2 emissions among the Variant cases varies between 1-2%. The explanation for such a small difference lies in the fact that the only difference among these cases is the insulation thickness of the facade. The thermal comfort was also investigated and has shown an increase in hours of dissatisfaction after the retrofitting and as the insulation increased due to overheating. However it must be stated here that the reason behind the increase in dissatisfaction is that no window shading or window opening schedules were taken into account in the simulation maximizing the solar heat gains of the building. The study concludes that the studied retrofitting method is very efficient and the studied building achieves higher energy reduction than the goal that the Swedish government has set for 2050. The results of this study bring this retrofitting method ahead of the 2050 energy reduction goals set by the Swedish government with significant reductions in CO2 emissions and heat load.

<p>The residential sector is responsible for approximately 21% of the total energy use in the U.S. As a result, there have been various programs and studies aiming to reduce energy consumption and utility burden on individual households. Among various energy efficiency strategies, behavior-based approaches have received considerable attention because they significantly affect operational energy consumption without requiring building upgrades. For example, up to 30% of heating and cooling energy savings can be achieved by having an efficient temperature setpoint schedule. Such approaches can be particularly beneficial for multi-family residential buildings because 88% of their residents are renters paying their own utility bills without being allowed to upgrade their housing unit.</p> <p>In this context, eco-feedback has emerged as an approach to motivate residents to reduce energy use by providing information (feedback) on human behavior and environmental impact. This research has gained significant attention with the development of new smart home technology such as smart thermostats and home energy management systems. Research on the design of effective eco-feedback focuses on how to motivate residents to change their behavior by identifying and notifying implementable actions in a timely manner via energy analytics such as energy prediction models, energy disaggregation, etc.</p> <p>However, unit-level energy analytics pose significant challenges in multi-family residential buildings tasks due to the inter-unit heat transfer, unobserved variables (e.g., infiltration, human body heat gain, etc.), and limited data availability from the existing infrastructure (i.e., smart thermostats and smart meters). Furthermore, real-time model inference can facilitate up-to-date eco-feedback without a whole year of data to train models. To tackle the aforementioned challenges, three new modeling approaches for energy analytics have been proposed in this Thesis is developed based on the data collected from WiFi-enabled smart thermostats and power meters in a multi-family residential building in IN, U.S.</p> <p>First, this Thesis presents a unit-level data-driven modeling approach to normalize heating and cooling (HC) energy usage in multi-family residential buildings. The proposed modeling approach provides normalized groups of units that have similar building characteristics to provide the relative evaluation of energy-related behaviors. The physics-informed approach begins from a heat balance equation to derive a linear regression model, and a Bayesian mixture model is used to identify normalized groups in consideration of the inter-unit heat transfer and unobserved variables. The probabilistic approach incorporates unit- and season-specific prior information and sequential Bayesian updating of model parameters when new data is available. The model finds distinct normalized HC energy use groups in different seasons and provides more accurate rankings compared to the case without normalization.</p> <p>Second, this Thesis presents a real-time modeling approach to predict the HC energy consumption of individual units in a multi-family residential building. The model has a state-space structure to capture the building thermal dynamics, includes the setpoint schedule as an input, and incorporates real-time state filtering and parameter learning to consider uncertainties from unobserved boundary conditions (e.g., temperatures of adjacent spaces) and unobserved disturbances (i.e., window opening, infiltration, etc.). Through this real-time form, the model does not need to be re-trained for different seasons. The results show that the median power prediction of the model deviates less than 3.1% from measurements while the model learns seasonal parameters such as the cooling efficiency coefficient through sequential Bayesian update.</p> Finally, this Thesis presents a scalable and practical HC energy disaggregation model that is designed to be developed using data from smart meters and smart thermostats available in current advanced metering infrastructure (AMI) in typical residential houses without additional sensors. The model incorporates sequential Bayesian update whenever a new operation type is observed to learn seasonal parameters without long-term data for training. Also, it allows modeling the skewed characteristics of HC and non-HC power data. The results show that the model successfully predicts disaggregated HC power from 15-min interval data, and it shows less than 12% of error in weekly HC energy consumption. Finally, the model is able to learn seasonal parameters via sequential Bayesian update and gives good prediction results in different seasons.

[pt] Esse estudo apresenta o modelo de negócios de multi-family offices e propõe uma abordagem prescritiva específica para a elaboração e manutenção de portfolios de investimentos, com objetivo de torna-los mais eficientes em servir os interesses de seus clientes. O aconselhamento financeiro – atividade central destas empresas – tem por essência guiar os clientes a tomarem decisões melhores. Para esse fim, a abordagem proposta incorpora elementos da teoria financeira comportamental, que confrontam a teoria econômica clássica para explicar o comportamento do investidor normal – isto é, sujeito a problemas de autocontrole, a dor do arrependimento, a vieses cognitivos, etc.. Entende-se que o processo de elaboração e manutenção de portfólios deva ser iterativo e dinâmico, movido pelo relacionamento e pela qualidade da comunicação entre as partes (gestor e investidor). Foi desenvolvido um modelo-base para nortear esse processo, identificando e estabelecendo uma relação entre os diferentes componentes de risco envolvidos, dentre eles a tolerância, a capacidade e a atitude ao risco. Além disso, são incorporados os objetivos do cliente, seus valores, o horizonte de investimento, a filosofia da empresa e a aculturação comportamental financeira – tanto do investidor quanto do gestor. Essa abordagem pressupõe os gestores como verdadeiros educadores, apresentando recomendações práticas para que entendam o seu próprio comportamento, melhorando as suas decisões e o seu entendimento sobre as motivações de seus clientes. Isso os tornará melhores em servi-los e educa-los, favorecendo a retenção no longo prazo. / [en] This study presents the multi-family office business model and proposes a specific approach to the construction and management of investment portfolios, in order to make them more efficient at serving their clients interests. Financial advisory – the multi-family offices core activity – is aimed at guiding clients towards making better decisions. For this purpose, the proposed framework incorporates elements of behavioral finance, which confronts standard economic theory in order to explain the behavior of normal investors; that is, subject to selfcontrol problems, the pain of regret, cognitive biases and so on. It is understood that the portfolio elaboration and management process must be iterative and dynamic, relationship-driven and guided by the quality of communication between the parties (manager and client). A base-model was developed to guide this process, identifying and relating the different risk components that are involved, such as tolerance, capacity and risk attitude. Furthermore, it incorporates the client s objectives, values, investment horizon, the company s philosophy and both the client s and manager s behavioral finance knowledge. This approach foreshadows the manager as a true educator, presenting practical recommendations so that they can better understand their own behavior, improving their decisions and knowledge regarding their clients motivations. This will make managers better at serving and educating them, favoring long-term retention.