In the field of urban planning, environmental psychology studies human relationship to places and settings, which are then categorized as the public's identities, attachments, and dependencies. Of interest to city planning, these findings can also be utilized in a design methodology. By giving particular attention to civic programs, this thesis presents a model for multi-scalar architecture and construction of place meanings. With urban, political, and historic networks contributing to place categories, ecological evolution provides developmental trajectories that can then be manifested through architectural design in civic and cultural institutions within city centers. From site selection through the design and execution of the project, the precedence is led by the people of past, present, and future, and the spaces they celebrate. The following is about the County of Arlington Civic Center, a multi-scalar perspective and design. / Master of Architecture

There has been great scholarly interest in examining the management, proliferation, and dynamic articulations of borders through an actor-network lens in recent years. In tracing the networks of Mohamed Harkat, the irregular arrival of a particular group of Tamil migrants, and Deepan Budlakoti, I demonstrate how the border is a fluid entity composed of socio-technical actors dispersed across time and space capable of producing varying degrees of membership statuses. In exploring the cases of these non-citizens, this thesis aims to understand what each of these multi-level networks tells us about the notion of borders and bordering practices alike. This study contributes to the expanding literature that situates the border as a fluid and malleable entity that is made up of interwoven socio-technical practices, discourses, symbols, institutions, and networks through which power is dispersed and the binary distinctions between membership and non-membership increasingly become layered concepts.

This thesis aims to understand the role of public governance (national laws and regulations) in addressing poor working conditions on South African fruit farms connected to global production networks (GPN), at the intersection of global private (codes of conduct) and local civil society organisation (CSO) initiatives. A particular objective of the investigation is to understand the extent to which public governance is able to address working conditions on South African fruit export farms, taking into account wider global commercial pressures inherent in fruit GPNs. Much analysis of global private and governance by local CSOs has not sufficiently addressed the role of public governance. Research focusing on public governance in addressing working conditions in South African fruit has not sufficiently accounted for the multi-scalar interactions between lead firm supermarkets, national suppliers and local fruit producers. These interactions are positioned to shape and influence regulatory outcomes for different groups of permanent and casual farmworkers. The thesis seeks to address the following central research question: ‘To what extent do multi-scalar tensions in global production networks (GPNs) challenge the public governance of working conditions, and what are the lessons from labour operating in South African fruit production?’This research draws upon the GPN analytical framework and public governance research, in order to conceptualise the multi-scalar commercial and governance processes that play out in the South African fruit export sector. In doing so, this research seeks to contribute to existing GPN and public governance literatures. Previous GPN research has not sufficiently investigated the role of public governance (laws and regulations) in addressing working conditions, partly due to an assumption that neoliberal policies have eroded the ability of developing states to regulate labour incorporated into global production. This problematic is beginning to be addressed, due to increasing academic acknowledgement of the central regulatory role nation states continue to play in addressing working conditions in global production, at the intersection of global private (codes of conduct) initiatives and governance by local CSOs (NGO and trade union activity). Additionally, this thesis seeks to bring together two separate strands of ‘governance’ research in global production networks, which have thus far been investigated separately; the governance of commercial interactions on the one hand, and the governance of labour on the other. A key theoretical argument is that understanding challenges facing the public governance of labour requires a broader conceptualisation of the governance of multi-scalar commercial interactions in global production, which shape and influence workforce composition at local farm level. This thesis argues that an inherent multi-scalar tension exists on the one hand between ‘global commercial pressures’ exerted by global lead firms over national suppliers and local producers driving workforce casualisation, and on the other hand a ‘global governance deficit’ at the core of which lies a public governance deficit facing increasing numbers of casual workers, characterised by minimum wages insufficient to meet living costs and a lack of trade union representation. This tension, it is argued, underpinned the crisis in South African fruit in 2012/13, when casual workers mobilised to demand an increase in the agricultural minimum wage, and threatened the fruit value chain by blocking the main arterial routes to Cape Town port. The policy implications of this thesis are that nation states are required to adopt multi-scalar interventions which transcend traditional forms of governance, in order to address the global commercial pressures inherent in GPNs and protect increasing numbers of casual workers in this context.

Pendant les deux dernières décennies l'idée d'une nature holographique de la gravité a pris forme à travers la correspondance AdS/CFT, aussi connue sous le nom de dualité jauge/gravité. CFT correspond à « conformal field theory », théorie conforme des champs, et dans la dualité il s'agit d'une théorie de jauge dans la limite de grand N 1. AdS représente l'espace d'anti-de Sitter, une solution maximalement symétrique des équations d'Einstein avec une constante cosmologique négative, et correspond au côté gravitationnel de la dualité. Dans certaines limites, des théories sur AdS avec de la gravité en d+1 dimensions peuvent être associées à des CFTs sans gravité en d dimensions, d'où le nom « dualité ». Cette dualité est aussi dite « holographique » par analogie avec le concept optique homonyme qui indique la possibilité de générer une image tridimensionnelle comme la projection d'un écran ou d'un film bidimensionnel. Le terme holographie vient des mots grecs holos, « en entier », et graphe, « écriture. Une telle projection, malgré le fait que l'information est stockée en 2 dimensions, contiendrait toute l'information pour reconstruire l'image tridimensionnelle. Dans la dualité jauge/gravité, la théorie de jauge se comporte comme un film d-dimensionnel qui contient la même information que l'image gravitationnelle (d+1)-dimensionnelle. Cette dualité relie la théorie gravitationnelle à la théorie quantique de champs (TQC) dual à travers des conditions aux limites sur des champs qui vivent dans AdS. Dans ce sens-là, la théorie de jauge peut être considérée comme définie sur le bord d'AdS, ce qui renforce l'analogie optique et, pour cela, la dualité est aussi connue comme la correspondance « bulk/boundary » ou « intérieur/bord ». Une de ses principales propriétés est l'association d'une TQC fortement couplée à une théorie gravitationnelle faiblement couplée et vice-versa. Pour cette raison, dans cette thèse j'utilise un intérieur faiblement couplé pour explorer et identifier des propriétés non-perturbatives de TQCs dans la limite de couplage fort. Cette thèse explore l'holographie à température nulle et finie. Nos objets d'intérêt sont des TQCs générées par la brisure de l'invariance d'échelle de CFTs et qui peuvent être étudiées à travers le groupe de renormalisation (GR). Le profil des champs au long de la dimension supplémentaire à l'intérieur est dual à des flots du GR sur la TQC vivant sur le bord, car la dimension supplémentaire est en correspondance avec l'échelle d'énergie. La correspondance va plus loin en identifiant les champs de l'intérieur comme duaux aux couplages renormalisés de la TQC, ce qui mène au concept du GR holographique. Avec le GR holographique, dans cette thèse je vais explorer des comportements qui sont d'une nature intrinsèquement non-perturbatifs du point de vue de la QFT. Les principaux résultats sont les suivants. A température nulle, pour un seul couplage, nous avons classifié toutes les solutions de notre système et identifié trois types de flots exotiques correspondant à des solutions qui inversent leur direction au long du flot, d'autres qui sautent des points fixes et des flots qui interpolent entre des minima du potentiel. Ces résultats ont été généralisés à plusieurs couplages à température nulle. Je présente également la relation entre la fonction principale de Hamilton et la nature du champ de vitesses des couplages: gradient ou non. À température finie nous avons considéré un seul couplage et exploré la thermodynamique des trois types de solutions exotiques mentionnées ci-dessus. Nous avons identifié une transition de phase entre des solutions qui sautent et qui ne sautent pas des points fixes, une discontinuité de l'énergie libre pour un potentiel admettant des solutions qui inversent le sens du flot à température nulle et la non-existence de solutions à température finie associées à un flot entre minima pour un potentiel qui admet une telle solution à température nulle. / Over the past twenty years the idea that gravity is holographic has become progressively concrete, materialised through the AdS/CFT correspondence, also known as the gauge/gravity duality. CFT stands for conformal field theory and in the correspondence it is a gauge-theory in the large N limit1. AdS stands for anti-de Sitter space-time, a maximally symmetric solution of Einstein’s equations with negative cosmological constant, it corresponds to the gravitational side of the duality. In some limits, theories on AdS with gravity in d + 1 dimensions can be mapped to CFTs without gravity in d dimensions and vice-versa, hence the name “duality”. Another term for the gauge/gravity duality is holographic duality. The term holography comes from the Greek words holos, “whole”, and graphe, “writing” or “drawing”. In physics, the term holography originates in optics, referring to the possibility of generating a 3-dimensional image as a projection from a bi- dimensional screen or film. In such a projection, despite of the fact that the film has one spatial dimension less than the projection, the film would contain all the information to recover the three-dimensional image. In the gauge/gravity duality, the gauge-theory behaves as a d-dimensional film which contains the same information as the (d + 1)-dimensional gravitational image. This analogy is reinforced by the fact that the duality relates the gravitational theory to the dual resulting quantum field theory (QFT) via boundary conditions of the fields living in the AdS bulk. In this sense, the gauge theory can be thought of as living at the boundary of AdS and the duality is also know as the bulk/boundary correspondence. One of the most important features of the correspondence is the mapping of a strongly coupled QFT into a weakly coupled gravitational theory and vice-versa. For this reason, in this thesis I will use a weakly coupled bulk theory to explore and identify non-perturbative features of QFT in the strong coupling regime. This thesis explores holography at zero and finite temperature. Our main concern are the CFTs in which scale invariance is either spontaneously or explicitly broken and the resulting QFT can be studied via the renormalisation group (RG). The profile of fields along the extra-dimension in the bulk is dual to renormalisation group flows in the QFT side (boundary), as the extra-dimension can be mapped to an energy scale. The mapping goes further by identifying bulk fields as dual to QFT running couplings, leading to the so-called holographic renormalisation group. With the holographic RG in what follows I will explore behaviours that are of an intrinsically non-perturbative nature from the QFT standpoint. The main results are as follows. At zero temperature, for a single coupling, we classified all possible solutions in our setup and identified three kinds of exotic flows corresponding to solutions reversing direction along the flow (bounces), flows skipping fixed points and solutions interpolating between minima of the potential. These results are generalised to many couplings at zero temperature. I also present a complete map between forms of the Hamilton's principal function and the gradient or non-gradient nature of the solutions. At finite temperature we considered a single coupling setup and explored the thermodynamics of the three kinds of above-mentioned exotic flows. We identified a phase transition between skipping and non-skipping solutions, a discontinuous free energy for a bouncing potential and the non-existence of a finite-temperature solutions for a chosen potential admitting a minimum-to-minimum solution.

Ce travail examine les changements dans l'organisation de Hattuša, une ville de l'âge du bronze au nord de l'Anatolie centrale, lorsqu'elle devient la capitale des Hittites. Cette étude pose de façon innovatrice le problème de l'organisation de la cité-état (1950-1750 av. J.-C.) et celle de la capitale de royaume (1700-1200 av. J.-C.), en regardant les liens entre organisation politique et réalité urbaine à travers une analyse diachronique, reproductible et multiscalaire du principal quartier d'habitation de la ville, la Westterrasse. L'analyse chronologique démontre que la phase la mieux attestée de la Westterrasse ne date pas des XIVe-XIIIe siècles av. J.-C., comme il est communément admis, mais des XVIe-XVe siècles av.J.-C. Les rapports entre les bâtiments, les voies de circulation et le système d'évacuation des eaux illustrent la planification de la Westterrasse, la gestion des aménagements collectifs, de l'habitat privé et souligne la médiation nécessaire pour leur cohabitation. La répartition des petits objets révèle les profils principaux de la population de la Westterrasse, qui sont replacés dans le contexte politique du devenir de la capitale hittite. / This study investigates changes in the organisation of the Bronze Age city of Hattuša (North Central Anatolia), during the time the site became the capital of the Hittites. Interweaving a diachronic, reproducible and multi-scalar analysis of the main living quarter of the city (the so-called Westterrasse), this study enables an innovative exploration of the organisation of the city-state (1950-1750 BCE) and capital of the Hittite kingdom (1700-1200 BCE), by attending to the links between politics and urban space. The chronological analysis demonstrates that the best-recovered phase of the Westterrasse dates to the 16th-15th century and not to the 14th-13th century as previously assumed. The study of the buildings, streets and sewage system indicate a high degree of planning for the Westterrasse with careful management of both public infrastructure and private dwelling, which underline the mediation necessary for their cohabitation. The insights afforded by examination of the distribution of finds reveal the broad contours of the population of the Westterrasse, as they are situated in the political context of the future Hittite capital.

La « fin de la géographie » constitue un sujet de débats et d’oppositions entre les économistes et lesgéographes. Pourtant, les premiers participent à la reconnaissance du rôle de la géographie par la miseen évidence de l’influence toujours prégnante de la distance géographique sur les comportementsfinanciers. Ainsi, les économistes participent à la construction de cette discipline. Dans cetteperspective, l’objectif de cette thèse est l’intégration des OPCVM européens comme objets d’analysepertinents en géographie de la finance. Elle suppose de s’interroger sur le fonctionnement del’industrie, ses pratiques, sa réglementation. Le point focal mis sur le marché européen des OPCVMpermet de mettre au coeur de l’analyse le processus d’expansion spatiale inhérent à la finance. Si lesprincipes guidant cette expansion trouvent leurs origines dans l’industrie américaine, cette thèsesouligne le rôle actif joué par les États, l’Europe et les acteurs français. La circulation différenciée descapitaux au sein du marché européen révèle la logique multi-scalaire de la finance / The “end of geography” is a disputed and controversial topic among economists and geographers.Nevertheless economists contribute to the recognition of the role of geography by highlighting thepersistently important influence of geographic distance over financial behaviour. In this way they takepart in the construction of the discipline. Seen in this light, the aim of this study is the integration ofEuropean UCITS as a relevant research topic in geography of finance. The study claims to questionthe functioning of the industry, its practices and its regulation. The focus on European markets ofUCITS enables to place the process of geographic expansion in the centre of analysis. If the principlesguiding this expansion find their origins in the US, this study highlights the active role of States,Europe and French actors. Differentiated circulation of capital within European markets reveals themulti-scalar logic of finance.

La dissolution du dioxyde d’uranium en milieu nitrique est une étape clef du traitement des combustibles nucléaires usés. Elle précède en effet le procédé PUREX, qui permet l’extraction liquide - liquide des radionucléides valorisables. Cette dissolution est triphasique et autocatalytique, ce qui fait que de nombreux phénomènes impactent la réaction. Une bonne compréhension de ces phénomènes, autant à l’échelle microscopique que macroscopique, est nécessaire pour pouvoir proposer un modèle de la vitesse de disparition du solide au sein des dissolveurs. Les paramètres cinétiques de la réaction de dissolution ont été déterminés, en intégrant son aspect autocatalytique. L’étude cinétique a été réalisée en suivant la dissolution par microscopie optique. Cette technique d’analyse permet une approche uni-particulaire, qui est nécessaire car elle permet de limiter l’accumulation de l’espèce autocatalytique à l’interface solide – liquide. De plus, la dissolution du dioxyde d’uranium produit des oxydes d’azote. Une réaction volumique entre ces gaz et le catalyseur a été mise en évidence. Les cinétiques de cette réaction ont été estimées à partir des résultats expérimentaux. L’importance de la prise en compte des échanges à l’interface gaz – liquide pour définir la concentration de catalyseur en solution a été démontrée. Un modèle a été réalisé sur Matlab pour permettre de discriminer l’influence de ces différents éléments. Ce modèle donne des résultats cohérents avec l’expérimental, aussi bien à l’échelle microscopique que macroscopique. Plusieurs nombres adimensionnels ont également été mis en évidence pour cerner les phénomènes dont l’impact est prépondérant, en fonction de la géométrie et de l’hydrodynamique du dissolveur. Ce modèle a permis de cerner quelques pistes d’optimisation de procédés mettant en jeux des réactions autocatalytiques. Notamment, le fait que pour ces réactions particulières, les échanges aux interfaces solide - liquide et liquide - gaz peuvent être utilisés comme leviers pour maitriser la vitesse de disparition du solide / Recycling of nuclear fuel is based on liquid – liquid extraction. The dissolution of uranium dioxide in nitric medium is hence a key step at the head - end of the entire process. This particular dissolution is triphasic and autocatalytic, which means that numerous phenomena must be taken into account. A complete understanding of these phenomena, at macroscopic and microscopic scale, is necessary in order to model the solid disappearance rate in dissolvers. The kinetical parameters of the reaction were determined for both the catalyzed and non-catalyzed reactions. The kinetic study was realized thanks to a single particle approach. The reaction rates were measured by optical microscopy. This analytical technic enables to limit the catalyst accumulation at the solid - liquid interface. Moreover, nitrous oxides are products of the uranium dioxide dissolution. Evidence of a volumic reaction between these gases and the catalyst were found, and the kinetics of this reaction was estimated from the experimental results. Gas – liquid exchanges were shown to have an important impact on the catalyst concentration in the reactor. A model was realized thanks to the software Matlab to simulate these different phenomena. It was shown to be in good agreement with experimental results, at the microscopic and macroscopic scale. Dimensionless numbers were highlighted to describe the impact of each phenomenon on the solid disappearance, including the influence of the geometry and hydrodynamics of the reactor. Finally, ways of process optimization for autocatalytic reactions were determined thanks to the model. For instance, gas – liquid and solid – liquid exchanges were shown to be an interesting lever to fix the catalyst concentration in the reactor and at the solid surface

‘Rural restructuring’ has frequently been used to indicate the magnitude, and conceptualise the nature, of contemporary change in the countryside. Most notably, concern has focused upon the fundamental changes in economic and social organisation brought about by the increasing leverage of consumption-based activity as a path to rural development. By drawing on the relevant literature, however, I suggest in this thesis that the use of ‘rural restructuring’ as a conceptual framework has been inconsistent. The issue of scale is a case in point with scholars positioning their studies of rural change at varying levels of analysis. In response, I adopt Massey’s (2004) arguments about space and place to present an alternative model which considers ‘rural restructuring’ as a multi-scalar and mutually constitutive process. To explore the feasibility of approaching ‘rural restructuring’ in this way, the thesis focuses, in particular, upon the development of rural tourism at five different scales. These comprise the national scale (New Zealand), the regional scale (Central Otago), the sub-regional scale (the Otago Central Rail Trail), the business scale (five business case studies) and the individual scale (five entrepreneurial case studies). Reflecting the exploratory nature of the study and its multi-scalar approach, I use a number of qualitative research methods. These include interrogating the promotion of New Zealand and Central Otago as tourist destinations, cycling along the Otago Central Rail Trail, staying at accommodation businesses along the Rail Trail, and interviewing individual entrepreneurs about their experiences of business development. The analytical chapters of the thesis comprise an in-depth look at the promotion or experience of rural tourism development at each scale of analysis. Through identifying inter-scale consistencies and emphasising the reciprocal basis of such consistency, I present ‘rural restructuring’ as a multi-scalar and mutually constitutive process. Thus, I connect the national-scale targeting of the ‘interactive traveller’ to the promotion of Central Otago as a ‘World of Discovery’, before linking the development of the Otago Central Rail Trail to its regional context. I then investigate the nature of business development as intimately bound to the evolution of the Rail Trail, before finally tying these entrepreneurial creations to individual accounts of exhaustion and enjoyment that emerge from the operation of tourism businesses. The thesis ends by concluding that ‘rural restructuring’ can indeed be considered a multi-scalar and mutually constitutive process, worked out simultaneously at wide-ranging but interconnected levels of change.