As grandes cidades brasileiras, como São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro e Porto Alegre, sofreram um crescimento acelerado ao longo das últimas décadas. Em conseqüência, mostrou-se necessário controlar o seu planejamento, garantindo à população condições favoráveis de desenvolvimento habitacional. Para Porto Alegre/RS, o instrumento básico de controle urbanístico é o Plano Diretor de Desenvolvimento Urbano e Ambiental (PDDUA). As definições apresentadas no PDDUA identificam, a partir do início da sua vigência, uma nova tipologia arquitetônica para as várias regiões da cidade. Neste contexto, o estudo de tipologias torna-se importante, pois, além de indicar os critérios de projeto adotados em determinada época e local, pode servir de parâmetro para os estudos de viabilidade, quando da necessidade de tomada de decisão para a implantação de uma nova edificação. Em função disto, o presente trabalho tem como objetivo identificar as características geométricas típicas dos projetos arquitetônicos de edificações residenciais multifamiliares construídos em Porto Alegre/RS a partir da vigência do PDUUA. Para cumprir com o objetivo proposto, foi realizado um levantamento documental junto à Secretaria Municipal de Obras e Viação da Prefeitura Municipal de Porto Alegre/RS (SMOV/PMPA) onde, a partir de uma população de projetos elaborados seguindo as diretrizes do PDDUA, foram realizadas análises com uma amostra de projetos estatisticamente representativa. Como na amostra houve grande concentração de projetos localizados nas Macrozonas 1 e 3, as edificações destas regiões da cidade foram detalhadamente estudadas. Os aspectos analisados procuraram englobar os principais elementos arquitetônicos dos projetos constituintes da amostra. Dentre os resultados alcançados, cabe salientar que a área total projetada, a presença de apartamento de zelador, a área útil total das unidades privativas e o número de dependências apresentam resultados diferentes segundo a localização. Além disso, os apartamentos de 3 dormitórios possuem, de maneira geral, valores de área superiores aos apartamentos de 2 dormitórios. Confirmam-se, assim, decisões de projeto particulares segundo a região. / Brazilian big cities, like São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro and Porto Alegre, have suffered accelerated growth throughout the last decades. Due to this growth, it has been necessary to control city planning, in order to guarantee favorable conditions of housing development for the population. In Porto Alegre/RS, the basic instrument of urban building control is the Management Plan of Urban and Environmental Development (PDDUA). The definitions presented in the PDDUA identify, from the beginning of its validity, a new architectural standard for the various regions of the city. In this context, the study of the standards has become important, for, besides indicating the project criteria to be adopted in determined time and place, they can serve as parameter for viable studies, when making planning decisions for the implementation of a new construction. For this reason, the present work has, as objective, to identify the typically geometric characteristics found in the architectural projects of multifamily residential constructions built in Porto Alegre /RS from the validity date of the PDUUA. To fulfill the considered objective, a documentary survey was carried out along with the City Department of Work and Means of Transportation of the Municipal City Hall of Porto Alegre /RS (SMOV/PMPA) where a statistically valid sample was selected from a population of elaborated projects which follow the norms of the PDDUA. As in the sample there was great concentration of projects located in Macrozones 1 and 3, the projects of these areas of the city were studied in detail. The analyzed aspects tried to include the main architectural elements of the constituent projects of the sample. Amongst the results reached, the projected total area, the presence of keeper's apartment, the useful total area of the apartments and the number of dependences present different results according to the location. Besides, apartments with 3 bedrooms possess, in a general way, higher area values than apartments with 2 bedrooms. Thus, it confirms different decisions according to the region.

As grandes cidades brasileiras, como São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro e Porto Alegre, sofreram um crescimento acelerado ao longo das últimas décadas. Em conseqüência, mostrou-se necessário controlar o seu planejamento, garantindo à população condições favoráveis de desenvolvimento habitacional. Para Porto Alegre/RS, o instrumento básico de controle urbanístico é o Plano Diretor de Desenvolvimento Urbano e Ambiental (PDDUA). As definições apresentadas no PDDUA identificam, a partir do início da sua vigência, uma nova tipologia arquitetônica para as várias regiões da cidade. Neste contexto, o estudo de tipologias torna-se importante, pois, além de indicar os critérios de projeto adotados em determinada época e local, pode servir de parâmetro para os estudos de viabilidade, quando da necessidade de tomada de decisão para a implantação de uma nova edificação. Em função disto, o presente trabalho tem como objetivo identificar as características geométricas típicas dos projetos arquitetônicos de edificações residenciais multifamiliares construídos em Porto Alegre/RS a partir da vigência do PDUUA. Para cumprir com o objetivo proposto, foi realizado um levantamento documental junto à Secretaria Municipal de Obras e Viação da Prefeitura Municipal de Porto Alegre/RS (SMOV/PMPA) onde, a partir de uma população de projetos elaborados seguindo as diretrizes do PDDUA, foram realizadas análises com uma amostra de projetos estatisticamente representativa. Como na amostra houve grande concentração de projetos localizados nas Macrozonas 1 e 3, as edificações destas regiões da cidade foram detalhadamente estudadas. Os aspectos analisados procuraram englobar os principais elementos arquitetônicos dos projetos constituintes da amostra. Dentre os resultados alcançados, cabe salientar que a área total projetada, a presença de apartamento de zelador, a área útil total das unidades privativas e o número de dependências apresentam resultados diferentes segundo a localização. Além disso, os apartamentos de 3 dormitórios possuem, de maneira geral, valores de área superiores aos apartamentos de 2 dormitórios. Confirmam-se, assim, decisões de projeto particulares segundo a região. / Brazilian big cities, like São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro and Porto Alegre, have suffered accelerated growth throughout the last decades. Due to this growth, it has been necessary to control city planning, in order to guarantee favorable conditions of housing development for the population. In Porto Alegre/RS, the basic instrument of urban building control is the Management Plan of Urban and Environmental Development (PDDUA). The definitions presented in the PDDUA identify, from the beginning of its validity, a new architectural standard for the various regions of the city. In this context, the study of the standards has become important, for, besides indicating the project criteria to be adopted in determined time and place, they can serve as parameter for viable studies, when making planning decisions for the implementation of a new construction. For this reason, the present work has, as objective, to identify the typically geometric characteristics found in the architectural projects of multifamily residential constructions built in Porto Alegre /RS from the validity date of the PDUUA. To fulfill the considered objective, a documentary survey was carried out along with the City Department of Work and Means of Transportation of the Municipal City Hall of Porto Alegre /RS (SMOV/PMPA) where a statistically valid sample was selected from a population of elaborated projects which follow the norms of the PDDUA. As in the sample there was great concentration of projects located in Macrozones 1 and 3, the projects of these areas of the city were studied in detail. The analyzed aspects tried to include the main architectural elements of the constituent projects of the sample. Amongst the results reached, the projected total area, the presence of keeper's apartment, the useful total area of the apartments and the number of dependences present different results according to the location. Besides, apartments with 3 bedrooms possess, in a general way, higher area values than apartments with 2 bedrooms. Thus, it confirms different decisions according to the region.

<p>The United States presents the appropriate conditions for a wider adoption of offsite construction (OSC): steady growth in the construction industry, high construction wages, shortage of labors, and demand for housing – especially multifamily housing. The multifamily housing market is overheated, but many design and construction companies are still struggling to stay strong in this market, marked by tight profit margins, high competitiveness and inefficiencies. OSC presents itself as a solution to help design and construction companies to become more efficient and resilient to potential market crises. However, the architecture, engineering and construction (AEC) industry is hesitant to move to higher levels of OSC adoption, mainly because stakeholders, including owners, developers, designers, and construction companies, are not aware of the potential benefits resulting from OSC and are not prepared to promote the changes necessary for the successful adoption of OSC or for the engagement in modular construction, which would represent an important move towards industrialized construction. This study focused on how to implement strategic changes in design and construction companies, particularly small and medium-size enterprises, interested in successfully using OSC in multifamily housing projects, considering the need for more affordable and sustainable multifamily housing in the United States. Using mixed methods, the study involved five phases of data collection and data analysis and had the contribution of professionals from the AEC industry. Focusing only on the AEC industry of the United States, the researcher first identified the main factors affecting the use of OSC in multifamily projects, as well as the most important changes that design and construction companies need to adopt for the successful use of OSC in multifamily projects. The factors and the changes helped to structure and shape the scope of the principles, which were later consolidated and validated through research with professionals from design and construction companies. The final set of eight principles was divided into four topics: (1) strategy and business model, (2) people, organization, and culture, (3) technology, materials, and tools, and (4) processes and operations. In addition to helping to shape more efficient and resilient construction companies, the application of the proposed principles contributes to building more affordable and sustainable housing in the United States.</p>

La presente investigación tiene como objetivo determinar si la implementación de las certificaciones Green (Leed y/o Edge) y el cumplimiento de la aplicación del Bono Verde, en los proyectos Multifamiliares que se desarrollan en la Ciudad de Lima generan una mayor rentabilidad económica para los desarrolladores inmobiliarios. Para la investigación se escogieron dos proyectos; El primero en el distrito de la Victoria (sector económico C), y el segundo en el distrito de San Borja (sector económico A). Asimismo, en las Municipalidades de los distritos de Miraflores, San Borja y Surco están promoviendo proyectos sostenibles a cambio de una mayor área de construcción, siempre y cuando estas edificaciones tengan una certificación Green. Por otro lado el Gobierno central promueve la adquisición de viviendas sostenibles a cambio del Bono Verde, el cual comprende entre un 3% y 4% del valor del financiamiento del inmueble. Para evaluar la rentabilidad económica de los proyectos con la implementación de las certificaciones Green y del Bono Verde, se realizó un perfil económico estático para determinar la utilidad y margen operativo, además se realizó un flujo de caja económico para determinar los indicadores VAN y TIR. De los resultados que se obtuvieron de la investigación. Se tiene que la implementación del Bono Verde en viviendas del sector C, aumenta la velocidad de venta, así como el VAN y TIR. Por otro lado, la implementación de una certificación Edge en Viviendas del Sector A genera un mayor margen económico y un aumento de VAN y TIR. / The purpose of this research is to determine if implementing Green Certifications like LEED or EDGE and/or the application of Bono Verde in the development of Lima’s Residential buildings generates better margins for the developer. To determine this, two proyects were analized, the first being in the La Victoria district and the second one being in San Borja district. Miraflores, San Borja and Santiago de Surco are also promoting Green building proyects, and as an incentive giving additional construction área, aslong as they achieve a Green Certificate. Likewise the federal government is promoting de purchase of sustainable aparments with the Bono Verde subsidy, which accounts for a 3-4% discount for the first owner. To evaluate the economic profitability of the Projects wtih Green certificates and Bono Verde there was an economic evaluation carried out to determine the profit and operational margin, aswell as a cash flow to evaluate the NPV and IRR. According to the results obtained from the research, the implementation of the Bono Verde in La Victoria, it will increase the number of sales and therefore the NPV and IRR will rise. On the other side an EDGE certificate in San Borja will generate a wider margin and a better NPV and IRR. / Trabajo de investigación

En el entorno actual, como consecuencia del incremento de la emisión de residuos y la falta de atención al cuidado del medio ambiente, se generó el concepto de sostenibilidad, el cual abarca en todos sus términos un consumo responsable de recursos y medidas que disminuyen el impacto ambiental que tienen las actividades económicas en el medio ambiente, tales como la construcción. El término de construcción sostenible se ha generalizado, pero poco se sabe de las certificaciones y ordenanzas vigentes, y de los beneficios económicos, sociales y ambientales que pueden traer consigo. El caso de estudio es el edificio multifamiliar REBEL del GRUPO INMOBILIARIO INMGENIO S.A.C, que se encuentra ubicado en el distrito de San Borja, actualmente la Municipalidad viene haciendo una serie de ordenanzas que fomentan la construcción de edificaciones sostenibles, una de ellas es la Ordenanza Municipal 593, la cual otorgó la bonificación de altura al caso de estudio por haber contado con una precertificación de edificio sostenible. El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar los costos y beneficios que se generan en edificaciones sostenibles con certificación EDGE respecto a una edificación tradicional, defínase como edificación tradicional a toda aquella que no cuente con ningún tipo de certificación sostenible. Para poder realizar el correcto análisis de costos y beneficios del caso de estudio, se analizó el impacto de la implementación de los requerimientos para la certificación en los costos, y con respecto a los beneficios se evaluó la influencia de estos en el incremento de rentabilidad y el valor agregado al proyecto que este pudo generar. / Tesis

Problem of unutilized energy saving potential in the multifamily housing stock of European Union has been emphasized by the European Commission (2008). Comparative study at hand takes tenant – owner associations of Stockholm and Vilnius as study cases. The goal is to find out what are the motivating and obstacle factors that create reasons for tenant – owner associations to invest or to delay investment into energy saving measures. Further aim is to generate suggestions for energy saving policy improvements based on the motivating and obstacle factors for the given capitals. Targets have been implemented by series of interviews held with board leaders of tenant – owner associations. Comparative study has revealed that main obstacles for energy saving renovation is of informational nature – lack of precise, reliable and verified data distracts from investments, since it is difficult to estimate the expected payback and other financial figures. Findings in the perspective of motivating factors are of monetary nature – tenant–owner associations are mostly motivated by monetary savings.

No description available.

Byggsektorn står för en stor del av den svenska ekonomin. I Sverige omsätter byggföretagen omkring 540 miljarder kronor på bygginvesteringar, vilka utgörs av ny-, om- och tillbyggnader av bostäder och lokaler. Majoriteten av Sveriges hushåll bor i flerbostadshus. Bygg- och fastighetssektorn är vidare uppmärksammad på grund av dess påverkan på omgivningen och miljön. Till följd av oron för byggsektorns klimatpåverkan har pressen ökat på byggherrar och deras arbetssätt. I samband med detta ställs det högre krav på att byggherrar bygger hållbart och implementerar det i sin verksamhet. Dessa krav medför att initialkostnader vid uppförandet av flerbostadshus påverkas. Byggherrar står alltså inför flera val vid investeringsbeslut som kan påverka det ekonomiska utfallet för flerbostadsprojekt, där de möter lång- och kortsiktiga utmaningar. Inom bygg- och fastighetssektorn är ekonomi och hållbarhet viktiga aspekter. Det förekommer därmed bekymmer bland byggherreföretagen att hållbart byggande medför extra kostnader, detta samtidigt som det råder en ökad efterfrågan från kunder. Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka hur en byggherre kan bygga flerbostadshus både lönsamt och hållbart. Detta arbete grundar sig på ett kvalitativt tillvägagångssätt, vilket innefattar en studie av befintlig teori och forskning inom ämnesområdet samt semistrukturerade intervjuer. Data erhållen från samtliga intervjuer analyserades utifrån studiens litteraturöversikt och inkluderar därmed; lönsamhet, ekologiskt hållbart byggande, ekonomiskt hållbart byggande samt socialt hållbart byggande. Studien påvisar att vikten av ett välplanerade projekt från tidigt skede är en fundamental faktor för att en byggherre ska kunna bygga både lönsamt och hållbart. Hållbarhetstänket bör implementeras under hela processen för uppförandet av flerbostadshus, där samtliga beståndsdelar beaktas. Vidare framgår det i denna studie att byggherren bör utgå från ett långsiktigt perspektiv vid bedömningar samt val av olika lösningar och alternativ. Här betonas val av material samt energialternativ som kritiska faktorer, där hybrida lösningar visat sig vara essentiellt. Arbetet belyser att dessa bedömningar och val bör genomföras med hjälp av bland annat livscykelanalyser och klimatberäkningar. En ytterligare faktor som påvisats vara väsentligt för att bygga både lönsamt och hållbart är införandet av cirkulär ekonomi. I studien visar det även sig vara av stor vikt att arbeta strukturerat, standardiserat och vara enhetliga i företaget. Resultatet från studien betonar ytterligare vikten av forskningsprojekt. Införandet av pilotprojekt samt nya och förbättrade alternativ kan vara banbrytare som sätter spår för hur en byggherre kan bygga flerbostadshus både lönsamt och hållbart. / The construction sector accounts for a large part of the Swedish economy. Construction companies in Sweden have a turnover of around 540 billion SEK on construction investments, which consist of new constructions, reconstructions and extensions of homes and premises. The majority of Sweden's households live in multifamily housing. The construction and real estate sector is also receiving attention due to its impact on the surroundings and environment. As a result of concerns about the construction sector's climate impact, the pressure on developers and their working methods has increased. In connection with this, higher demands are thus placed on developers to work with sustainable construction and see it as a central part of their business. These requirements entail that initial costs for the construction of multifamily housing are affected. Developers thus face several choices in investment decisions that can affect the financial outcome of multifamily housing projects, where they face long-term and short-term challenges. In the construction and real estate sector, economy and sustainability are important aspects. There are thus concerns among the construction client companies that sustainable construction entails higher costs, at the same time as there is an increased demand for it from customers. The purpose of this study is to investigate how a developer can build multifamily housing both profitably and sustainably. This study is based on a qualitative approach, which includes a study of existing theory and research in the subject area as well as semi-structured interviews. Data obtained from all interviews were analyzed based on the study's literature review and are thus comprised of; profitability, ecologically sustainable construction, economically sustainable construction and socially sustainable construction. The study shows that the importance of a well-planned project from an early stage is a fundamental factor for a developer to be able to build both profitably and sustainably. The idea of sustainability should be implemented throughout the process for the construction of multifamily housing projects, where all components are taken into account. Furthermore, the study shows that the developer should proceed with a long-term perspective when assessing and choosing different solutions and alternatives. Here, the choice of materials and energy alternatives are emphasized as critical factors, where hybrid solutions have proven to be essential. The work highlights that these assessments and choices should be carried out with the help of life cycle analyzes and climate calculations. An additional factor that has been shown to be substantial for building both profitably and sustainably is the introduction of a circular economy. In the study, it is also shown to be of great importance to work in a structured and standardized manner in the company. The results presented further emphasize the importance of research projects. The introduction of pilot projects as well as new and improved alternatives can be pioneers that set the stage for how a developer can build multifamily housing both profitably and sustainably.

No description available.

People age 55 and over will dramatically increase in the next 25 years, and will comprise approximately 30% of the total population. They may want to maintain their current lifestyle, and at the same time, they will experience changes of their lifecycle stage that could affect their housing choices. Even though single-family, detached housing is the most dominant housing type in the U.S., a significant number of older adults could choose to live in multifamily housing if their motivations and background are understood. The choice to live in multifamily housing by adults in their later life may be influenced by their past experiences living in multifamily housing, and by their current satisfaction with multifamily housing living. The purpose of this study was to investigate the past, current, and future housing behavior of residents 55 and older living in multifamily housing. The research framework for this study was developed based on Morris and Winter's (1975, 1978) theory of housing adjustment and Wiseman's (1980) model of elderly migration. The research framework was comprised of five major sections: (a) Current Demographic Characteristics, (b) Previous Demographic Characteristics, (c) Reasons for Moving into Current housing, (d) Residential Satisfaction, and (e) Intention to Move in the Future. Five major hypotheses were tested. This study was designed as a quantitative study, using a self-administered questionnaire administered by an online survey company. Between February 2, 2012 and February 4, 2012, a total of 431 usable surveys for this study were collected. Several statistical methods were employed: descriptive statistics, one-way ANOVA, Pearson's correlation, crosstabs, exploratory factor analysis (EFA), and structural equation model (SEM). From EFA, three major reasons for moving into current housing (the multifamily living reason, the nearby activities reason, and the financial reason), and three residential satisfaction factors (satisfaction with the unit design, the multifamily community, and the location) were derived. Multifamily living reason significantly positively influenced satisfaction with the unit design, the multifamily community, and the location. There was a significant influence of the nearby activities reason only on satisfaction with the location. Financial reason significantly negatively influenced satisfaction with the unit design, the multifamily community, and the location. Satisfaction with the unit design and the multifamily community significantly negatively related to the intention to move. The findings from this study can help older adults and their advisors to better understand the housing decision-making process in later life, and inform the housing industry about the perceived potential benefits and challenges in developing multifamily housing for older adults. / Ph. D.