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A presente dissertação tem por finalidade analisar a compatibilidade das medidas restritivas comerciais, constantes em diversos tratados multilaterais ambientais, com as normas que compõem um sistema que prevê o multilateralismo, a abertura e a equidade nas relações comerciais. Trata-se de um estudo que, a partir da análise de tratados internacionais, da jurisprudência e da revisão bibliográfica existente na área do comércio e meio ambiente, investiga os aspectos da fragmentação do direito internacional, reconhecendo a necessidade de coordenação entre os subsistemas normativos. Para tanto, serão percorridas teorias a respeito da potencialidade de conflito entre diferentes normas e jurisdições competentes, demonstrando que, através de métodos interpretativos e do recurso a princípios gerais do direito internacional, é possível encontrar a forma apropriada para harmonizá-los. Nesse espectro, ganha importância o exame do artigo XX do GATT 1994 e dos casos que ressaltam a aplicação desta norma que fornece exceções ao regime comercial, permitindo a execução de políticas governamentais que atendam à proteção dos recursos naturais. A toda evidência, conclui-se que as disposições dos tratados ambientais e comerciais interagem no cenário jurídico internacional, denunciando que o sistema de livre-comércio inclina-se a adaptar a agenda ambiental entre as suas preocupações, respondendo ao desafio de promover o equilíbrio entre as normas do direito internacional e a coerência entre esses diversos tratados. / The following dissertation aims to analyze the compatibility of trade restrictive measures introduced in various multilateral environmental agreements with trade rules, guided by open, non-discriminatory, equitable and predictable multilateral trading relations. This study relies on the agreements examination, case and literature review in the trade and environment area, researching aspects of the fragmentation of international law that recognize the need for coordination between normative self-contained regimes. Likewise, the thesis goes through relevant theories regarding the potential conflict between different norms and competent jurisdictions, demonstrating that it is possible to find the proper way to harmonize them by interpretive methods and general principles of international law. Furthermore, it is required to explore the role introduced under article XX of the GATT 1994 and the jurisprudence that highlight the application of this rule, which provides exceptions to the trade regime, allowing the enforcement of government policies that address the protection of natural resources. Thereby, this study concludes that the provisions of the multilateral environmental and trade treaties interact in the international legal arena, emphasizing that the free trade system is inclined to adapt the environmental agenda among their concerns, responding to the challenge of promoting the balance between the norms of international law and coherence between these various treaties.

The Swedish state has participated as an elected member of the United Nations Security Council three times and is entering their fourth. The UNSC is an old institution that is not equal to what powers the states within it has. The permanent states, the victors from the second world war, have a more prominent role in the council and do not have to be elected every two years as the other states that want to be a part of the council. The cost of for small states like Sweden to be a part of the council can be quite large, but in financial means and as a time-consuming task for the foreign department. Therefore, it is essential to know if the time spent in the council for a state like Sweden amounts to something in the sense of influence over the outcome. This bears the question if Sweden has used and is using its membership in the UNSC in an effective manner. By looking at the official documentation by the foreign department and interviewing former diplomats about Sweden’s role in the UNSC during these periods this thesis analyses the way that Sweden has acted before. Furthermore, the thesis also looks at the first five weeks in the current period of 2017. The results are analyzed through a theoretical framework of what should be methods to achieve influence in the UNSC. As the analysis shows, Sweden has moved from being a more passive participant to a more active and proactive part of the UNSC. This, however, can come at the cost of changing other states view of the Swedish state in international relations.

La protection de l'environnement constitue un défi majeur pour la communauté internationale. Dépassant les frontières étatiques, elle renvoie à une vision globale de son encadrement juridique. Dans cette perspective, la problématique environnementale, incontournable dans bien des domaines, ne peut plus être ignorée par l'aide publique au développement qui doit l'intégrer dans toutes ses opérations. Longtemps critiquées pour les politiques qu’elles ont entreprises, les banques multilatérales de développement (BMD) se sont emparées de la question environnementale. Elles contribuent à renouveler les modalités de la protection de l'environnement, intensifiant et diversifiant l'arsenal juridique international en y intégrant des mécanismes innovants tels que l'évaluation environnementale, la conditionnalité environnementale ou bien encore l'accountability. La thèse se concentre sur l’étude de ces mécanismes. À travers l’observation des pratiques de la Banque mondiale et des banques régionales de développement, cette recherche en apprécie l'effectivité et montre l’ambivalence des dispositifs, oscillant entre innovation normative et immaturité de la mise en œuvre. / Protecting the environment is a major challenge for the international community. Beyond the state borders, the topic refers to a global vision of its legal framework. Hence, environmental issues, which cannot be ignored in many areas, can no longer be ignored by official development assistance and must integrate this process into all its operations. Long criticized for the policies they have undertaken, the multilateral development banks (MDBs) have now seized the environmental issue. They contribute to renew the modalities of environmental protection, intensifying and diversifying the international legal arsenal, integrating innovative mechanisms such as environmental assessment, environmental conditionality and accountability. This thesis focuses on the study of these mechanisms. Through observing the practices of the World Bank and regional development banks, this research appreciates the effectiveness of these various mechanisms, and shows the ambivalence of the devices, oscillating between normative innovation and immaturity of the implementation.

A presente dissertação tem por finalidade analisar a compatibilidade das medidas restritivas comerciais, constantes em diversos tratados multilaterais ambientais, com as normas que compõem um sistema que prevê o multilateralismo, a abertura e a equidade nas relações comerciais. Trata-se de um estudo que, a partir da análise de tratados internacionais, da jurisprudência e da revisão bibliográfica existente na área do comércio e meio ambiente, investiga os aspectos da fragmentação do direito internacional, reconhecendo a necessidade de coordenação entre os subsistemas normativos. Para tanto, serão percorridas teorias a respeito da potencialidade de conflito entre diferentes normas e jurisdições competentes, demonstrando que, através de métodos interpretativos e do recurso a princípios gerais do direito internacional, é possível encontrar a forma apropriada para harmonizá-los. Nesse espectro, ganha importância o exame do artigo XX do GATT 1994 e dos casos que ressaltam a aplicação desta norma que fornece exceções ao regime comercial, permitindo a execução de políticas governamentais que atendam à proteção dos recursos naturais. A toda evidência, conclui-se que as disposições dos tratados ambientais e comerciais interagem no cenário jurídico internacional, denunciando que o sistema de livre-comércio inclina-se a adaptar a agenda ambiental entre as suas preocupações, respondendo ao desafio de promover o equilíbrio entre as normas do direito internacional e a coerência entre esses diversos tratados. / The following dissertation aims to analyze the compatibility of trade restrictive measures introduced in various multilateral environmental agreements with trade rules, guided by open, non-discriminatory, equitable and predictable multilateral trading relations. This study relies on the agreements examination, case and literature review in the trade and environment area, researching aspects of the fragmentation of international law that recognize the need for coordination between normative self-contained regimes. Likewise, the thesis goes through relevant theories regarding the potential conflict between different norms and competent jurisdictions, demonstrating that it is possible to find the proper way to harmonize them by interpretive methods and general principles of international law. Furthermore, it is required to explore the role introduced under article XX of the GATT 1994 and the jurisprudence that highlight the application of this rule, which provides exceptions to the trade regime, allowing the enforcement of government policies that address the protection of natural resources. Thereby, this study concludes that the provisions of the multilateral environmental and trade treaties interact in the international legal arena, emphasizing that the free trade system is inclined to adapt the environmental agenda among their concerns, responding to the challenge of promoting the balance between the norms of international law and coherence between these various treaties.

A presente dissertação tem por finalidade analisar a compatibilidade das medidas restritivas comerciais, constantes em diversos tratados multilaterais ambientais, com as normas que compõem um sistema que prevê o multilateralismo, a abertura e a equidade nas relações comerciais. Trata-se de um estudo que, a partir da análise de tratados internacionais, da jurisprudência e da revisão bibliográfica existente na área do comércio e meio ambiente, investiga os aspectos da fragmentação do direito internacional, reconhecendo a necessidade de coordenação entre os subsistemas normativos. Para tanto, serão percorridas teorias a respeito da potencialidade de conflito entre diferentes normas e jurisdições competentes, demonstrando que, através de métodos interpretativos e do recurso a princípios gerais do direito internacional, é possível encontrar a forma apropriada para harmonizá-los. Nesse espectro, ganha importância o exame do artigo XX do GATT 1994 e dos casos que ressaltam a aplicação desta norma que fornece exceções ao regime comercial, permitindo a execução de políticas governamentais que atendam à proteção dos recursos naturais. A toda evidência, conclui-se que as disposições dos tratados ambientais e comerciais interagem no cenário jurídico internacional, denunciando que o sistema de livre-comércio inclina-se a adaptar a agenda ambiental entre as suas preocupações, respondendo ao desafio de promover o equilíbrio entre as normas do direito internacional e a coerência entre esses diversos tratados. / The following dissertation aims to analyze the compatibility of trade restrictive measures introduced in various multilateral environmental agreements with trade rules, guided by open, non-discriminatory, equitable and predictable multilateral trading relations. This study relies on the agreements examination, case and literature review in the trade and environment area, researching aspects of the fragmentation of international law that recognize the need for coordination between normative self-contained regimes. Likewise, the thesis goes through relevant theories regarding the potential conflict between different norms and competent jurisdictions, demonstrating that it is possible to find the proper way to harmonize them by interpretive methods and general principles of international law. Furthermore, it is required to explore the role introduced under article XX of the GATT 1994 and the jurisprudence that highlight the application of this rule, which provides exceptions to the trade regime, allowing the enforcement of government policies that address the protection of natural resources. Thereby, this study concludes that the provisions of the multilateral environmental and trade treaties interact in the international legal arena, emphasizing that the free trade system is inclined to adapt the environmental agenda among their concerns, responding to the challenge of promoting the balance between the norms of international law and coherence between these various treaties.

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No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação-Núbia Irailde Fernandes Gurgel.pdf: 5899678 bytes, checksum: 2a68d393238ee0a8ebbfc7d806dd8b2f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-09-13 / FAPEAM - Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Amazonas / This paper presents an analysis of global changes and their implications in the processes of urbanization, whose title is "Globalization and Urban Policy: The Multilateral agencies and PROSAMIM - Social and EnvironmentaAl Program of Manaus". It evences the recent urban revitalization occurred in Manaus – Am, from public policy heave by the State Government with funding from the Interamerican Development Bank - IDB. It starts from the principle that cities have always been the scene of great deeds, after the advent of mercantilism and later with industrialization process, they have become indispensable to the advancement of competitive capitalism. The social sciences have been analyzing their constant changes and their implications in the social context of individuals, therefore, they became the object of profound analyzes the role assigned to cities and its intrinsic relationship with the advent of capitalism in motion that, in the current context, the global configuration makes the States become competitors in the race for foreign investment in their territories, therefore, they should development a positive image of the city in Manaus given a major watersheds occupied by stilts that in various streams became stage of government actions in urban requalification process and environmental revitalization of the streams. These urban reforms converge with Michalet (2002) the territories are polarized with attractiveness aimed at integration of the global economy. To perform this work we adopted the methodology of qualitative research, including primary and secondary data seeking to understand the PROSAMIM and its relationship with urban policies adopted by the Bank, in other words, a policy of structural urban setting of the city of Manaus to stay appealing to processes triggered by globalization. Among the results presented, emerged new cityscapes and landscapes in the city of Manaus as well as new contexts conducive to property investment in the capital of Amazonas State. / Este trabalho apresenta uma análise das mutações globais e suas implicações nos processos de urbanização. Intitulado por “Globalização e Política Urbana: As Agências multilaterais e o PROSAMIM – Programa Social e Ambiental dos Igarapés de Manaus” que evidencia as recentes revitalizações urbanas ocorridas em Manaus - Am, a partir das políticas públicas alçadas pelo governo do Estado com financiamentos do Banco Interamericano de Desenvolvimento - BID. Parte-se do princípio de que as cidades sempre foram palco de grandes feitos, após o advento do mercantilismo e posteriormente, com o processo de industrialização, elas tornaram-se imprescindíveis ao avanço do capitalismo concorrencial. As Ciências Sociais vêm analisando suas mutações constantes e suas implicações no contexto social dos indivíduos, para tanto, tornou-se objeto de profundas análises o papel atribuído às cidades e sua relação intrínseca com o advento do capitalismo em marcha que, no contexto atual, a configuração global faz com que os Estados se tornem concorrentes na disputa por investimentos estrangeiros em seus territórios, para tanto, devem criar uma boa imagem das cidades, em Manaus, haja vista as principais bacias hidrográficas ocupadas por palafitas que em diversos igarapés, tornaram-se palco das ações do governo nos processos de requalificações urbanas e revitalizações ambientais dos igarapés. Tais reformas urbanas convergem com a acepção de Michalet (2002) acerca dos territórios que se polarizam com atratividades voltadas para a integração à “economia global”. Para a execução desse trabalho adotou-se a metodologia da pesquisa qualitativa, abrangendo dados primários e secundários buscando a compreensão do PROSAMIM e a sua relação com as políticas urbanas adotadas pelo BID, ou seja, uma política de ajuste urbano estrutural da cidade de Manaus para permanecer atraente aos processos desencadeados pela globalização. Dentre os resultados apresentados, emergiram novos cenários urbanos e paisagísticos na cidade de Manaus bem como novos contextos propícios aos investimentos imobiliários na capital do Estado do Amazonas.

Submitted by Eliana Barboza (eliana.silva1@mackenzie.br) on 2017-10-30T18:16:12Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Daiana de Lima Mito.pdf: 876028 bytes, checksum: ff5f7cbe30c16f24dcb45650766e415b (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Paola Damato (repositorio@mackenzie.br) on 2017-11-01T15:23:51Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Daiana de Lima Mito.pdf: 876028 bytes, checksum: ff5f7cbe30c16f24dcb45650766e415b (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-11-01T15:23:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Daiana de Lima Mito.pdf: 876028 bytes, checksum: ff5f7cbe30c16f24dcb45650766e415b (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-09-19 / The purpose of this paper is to analyze social security protection, especially for workers on the borders of the countries of Argentina, Brazil and Paraguay, based on the Multilateral Agreement on Social Security of the Common Market of the South. international agreement and MERCOSUR. Under the Multilateral Agreement on Social Security (AMSS), the above-mentioned workers had benefits such as pensions, sickness benefits and death benefits. This agreement coordinates various national legislation on social security without generating rights or rules common to States. Its purpose is to create mechanisms for the recognition of social security contributions arising from the work carried out in any of the States Parties to grant the aforementioned benefits. Thus, each country has its own characteristics, and it is up to each representative to give effectiveness to these norms, so that there is social well-being. To reach the objective of this study, the qualitative approach was chosen and the data were collected in documentary bases through a bibliographical research, organized in four chapters. The first chapter includes the analysis of aspects associated with MERCOSUR and international agreements. Following is a discussion on social security in the context of social security. In the third chapter it deals with social security in the other MERCOSUR countries. The last chapter analyzes the Multilateral Agreement on Social Security of MERCOSUR. / O presente trabalho tem por objetivo analisar a proteção previdenciária especialmente aos trabalhadores que se encontram nas fronteiras dos países da Argentina, do Brasil e do Paraguai, com base no acordo Multilateral de Seguridade Social do Mercado Comum do Sul. Para tanto, será analisado o referido acordo internacional e o MERCOSUL. Com o Acordo Multilateral da Seguridade Social – AMSS, os trabalhadores mencionados passaram a ter benefícios, como aposentadoria, auxílio-doença e pensão por morte. Esse acordo coordena diversas legislações nacionais acerca da seguridade social sem gerar direitos ou regras comuns aos Estados. Seu propósito é a criação de mecanismos para reconhecimento das contribuições previdenciárias advinda do trabalho desenvolvido em qualquer dos Estados partes para concessão dos benefícios citados acima. Assim, cada país tem suas características, cabendo a cada representante dar eficácia a estas normas, para que haja bem-estar social. Para alcance do objetivo deste estudo, optou-se pela abordagem qualitativa e os dados foram coletados em bases documentais por meio de pesquisa bibliográfica, organizada em quatro capítulos. O primeiro capítulo contempla a análise de aspectos associados ao MERCOSUL e aos acordos internacionais. Na sequência discorre-se sobre a previdência social no contexto da seguridade social. No terceiro capítulo trata da previdência social nos demais países do MERCOSUL. No último capítulo analisa-se o Acordo Multilateral de Seguridade Social do MERCOSUL.

Magister Philosophiae - MPhil / The problem that this Research Paper is aiming to examine is whether the Bali Agreement has successfully impacted on the consensus pitfalls and the Doha Round stalemate as shown in the background to the study. / National Bursary and Grants Agency (ANBG)

The purpose of this study is to explore the possibility of multilateral diplomacy, as an instrument, to advance women's rights in the realm of international relations. Multilateral diplomacy has proven to be an effective instrument for managing order and change in the international arena quite effectively. The United Nations, as an international organisation, provides a style of diplomatic interaction that is available for public scrutiny. Sensitive issues, such as the advancement of the status of women, have been prioritised on the global agenda and could be subsequently incorporated into the policies of participating states. The diversity of role players attending an international conference is another positive feature of multilateral diplomacy. By virtue of it's nature, multilateral diplomacy is therefore an effective instrument for focussing globally on the issue of women's rights. The position of women in international political theory is dealt with by theorists from various perspectives. The feminist theorists ensure that social and political debates on the authority, legitimacy, democracy and universal human rights are considered from a woman's perspective. Where women are and where they should be are two questions that are equally important and crucial to dealing with the advancement of women's rights on the global agenda. Global issues, such as war, have had a shift in perspective from security-awareness to humanitarian-awareness. In its partnership with civil society, the United Nations as a diplomatic instrument, has become a voice for women internationally. The patriarchic system of apartheid in South Africa managed to entrench discrimination within its legislation based on both race and gender. A particular focus is the national machinery set up within South Africa to ensure that what was agreed on to at the international conferences makes a difference to the lives of women in South Africa. This paper intends to build on the existing body of knowledge currently available on the status of women in international relations theory. From a diplomatic perspective, it examines how the instrument of multilateral diplomacy has contributed to the advancement of women's rights. / Thesis (MDips)--University of Pretoria, 2003. / Political Sciences / unrestricted