Optical devices based on planar lightwave circuit (PLC) technology have the advantages of small size, high reliability, possibility for large scale production, and potential integration with electronics. These devices are widely employed in optical telecommunications, sensing, data storage, imaging, and signal processing. This thesis focuses on some selected PLC based devices, such as power splitters, demultiplexers, triplexers and polarization beam splitters. First, the basic principle of the waveguides and the simulation methods for PLC devices are discussed. A novel effective index method is introduced to reduce a two-dimensional structure to a one-dimensional one, and can be implemented for arbitrarily shaped waveguides. Numerical methods, such as finite-difference mode solver, beam propagation method, finite-difference time-domain method are introduced to analysis the mode profile of the waveguides, and the propagation properties of light in PLC devices. Multimode interference (MMI) couplers are widely used in many PLCs, such as power splitters, ring lasers, optical switches, and wavelength division multiplexers/demultiplexers. In this work, concepts for improving the self-imaging quality of MMI couplers are analyzed and new designs are proposed. A significant improvement in performance together with compact sizes were obtained with taper sections at the input/output of MMI couplers based on SOI, and deeply etched ridges in MMI couplers based on SiO2. A polarization insensitive dual wavelength demultiplexer based on sandwiched MMI waveguides was presented. Novel devices including triplexers and polarization beam splitters were realized by using photonic crystal (PhC) structures. Two stages of directional couplers based on PhC waveguides are cascaded to form an ultracompact triplexer. The special decoupling property of the PhC waveguide based directional coupler was utilized in the design. A novel polarization beam splitter was realized by combining a MMI coupler and a PhC which works as a polarization sensitive reflector. Finally, fabrication and optical characterization of an ultra-compact directional coupler and PhC structures in InP are presented. In a single etching step, by using the lag-effect in inductively coupled plasma reactive ion etching, a compact directional coupler (55 μm) is demonstrated. Carrier life times in PhC structures etched by chemically assisted ion beam etching were investigated, for emitter and switching applications. / QC 20100909

<p>The main objectives of this thesis were to develop a lowtemperature PECVD process suitable for optoelectronicintegration, and to optimize silica glass composition forUV-induced modifications of a refractive index in PECVDfabricated planar devices. The most important achievement isthe successful development of a low temperature silicadeposition, which for the first time makes it is possible tofabricate good quality low loss integrated components whilekeeping the temperature below 250oC during the entirefabrication process. Two strong absorption peaks thatappear at1.5 mm communication window due to N-H and Si-H bonds have beencompletely eliminated by process optimization. This openspossibilities for monolithic integration with other,temperature sensitive devices, such as semiconductor lasers anddetectors, or polymer-based structures on the common siliconplatform. PECVD technology for low loss amorphous silicon inapplication to SiO2/Si based photonic crystal structures hasbeen also optimized to remove hydrogen incorporated during thedeposition process, responsible for the porosity of thedeposited material and creation of similar to silica absorptionbands.</p><p>Change of the refractive index of germanium doped silicaunder UV irradiation is commonly used for fabrication of UVinduced fiber Bragg gratings. Here we describe our achievementsin fabrication of fiber Bragg gratings and their application todistributed sensor systems. Recently we have built up a laserlab for UV treatment in application to planar technology. Wehave demonstrated the high photosensitivity of PECVD depositedGe-doped glasses (not thermally annealed) even without hydrogenloading, leading to a record transmission suppression of 47dBin a Bragg grating photoinduced in a straight buried channelwaveguide. We have also used a UV induced refractive indexchange to introduce other device modifications or functions,such as phase shift, wavelength trimming and control ofpolarization birefringence.The developed low temperature technology and the UVprocessing form a unique technology platform for development ofnovel integrated functional devices for optical communicationsystems.</p><p>A substantial part of the thesis has been devoted tostudying different plasma deposition parameters and theirinfluence on the optical characteristics of fabricatedwaveguides to find the processing window giving the besttrade-off between the deposition rate,chamber temperatureduring the process, optical losses and presence of absorptionbands within the interesting wavelength range. The optimalconditions identified in this study are low pressure (300-400mTorr), high dilution of silane in nitrous oxide and high totalflow (2000 sccm), low frequency (380 KHz) RF source and high RFpower levels (800-1000 W).</p><p>The thesis provides better understanding of the plasmareactions during the deposition process. RF Power is the keyparameter for increasing the rate of surface processes so as toaccommodate each atomic layer in the lowest energy statepossible. All the process conditions which favor a moreenergetic ion bombardment (i.e. low pressure, low frequency andhigh power) improve the quality of the material, making it moredense and similar to thermal oxide, but after a certain pointthe positive trend with increasing power saturates. As theenergy of the incoming ion increases, a competing effect setsin at the surface: ion induced damage and resputtering.</p><p>Finally, the developed technologies were applied for thefabrication of some test and new concept devices for opticalcommunication systems including multimode interference (MMI)-based couplers/splitters, state-of-the-art arrayed waveguidegrating-based multi/ demultiplexers, the first Bragg gratingassisted MMI-based add-drop multiplexer, as well as moreresearch oriented devices such as a Mach-Zehnder switch basedon silica poling and a Photonic Crystal-based coupler.</p><p><b>Keywords:</b>silica-on-silicon technology, PECVD, plasmadeposition, photonic integrated circuits, planar waveguidedevices, UV Bragg gratings, photosensitivity, arrayed waveguidegratings, multimode interference couplers, add-dropmultiplexers.</p>

Le développement récent des fibres à large cœur quasi-monomodes a permis une montée en puissance rapide des lasers à fibre. En effet, l'utilisation d'un gros cœur permet de limiter les effets non linéaires indésirables et d'augmenter les seuils de dommage. Afin de poursuivre la montée en puissance, nous avons exploré une voie originale utilisant des fibres amplificatrices dopée Ytterbium à très large cœur, donc multimodes, suivies d'interactions non linéaires de remise en forme. Deux concepts ont été étudiés pour la restitution d'un faisceau limité par la diffraction :<br />- le premier réalise la remise en forme par effet photoréfractif dans un cristal de Rh:BaTiO3. Un schéma original a été proposé et validé expérimentalement. Ce convertisseur de mode transforme tout faisceau laser cohérent, dépolarisé et aberrant en un faisceau polarisé et limité par la diffraction,<br />- le second est issu d'une étude théorique et expérimentale détaillée de la rétrodiffusion Brillouin stimulée (SBS) dans des fibres multimodes. S'il est bien connu que des effets de conjugaison de phase ou de nettoyage de faisceau peuvent être observés par SBS dans les fibres multimodes, leurs conditions d'observation le sont moins. Cette étude permet de définir les conditions dans lesquelles les effets de conjugaison de phase (fibre à saut d'indice courte) ou de nettoyage de faisceau (fibres à gradient d'indice) sont attendus. Le schéma original proposé et validé expérimentalement est une cavité Brillouin auto-alignée contenant une fibre multimode à gradient d'indice. La remise en forme est effectuée par réflexion efficace du faisceau multimode vers le mode fondamental de la fibre à gradient d'indice.

The scope of this work is an in-depth investigation of dielectric mirror microcavities with central organic dye layers, which are preferably modified in at least one lateral dimension. The large quality factor of the planar resonator in conjunction with comparatively stable and spectrally broad emitting molecules allows for a detailed analysis of several aspects of microresonator systems. Their optical properties are analyzed both with transmission and luminescence measurements as well as in the lasing regime. The first part presents the resonant mode properties of planar and laterally structured microcavities. With the help of a high-resolution imaging micro-photoluminescence setup, working either in the spatial (near field) or vectorial (far field) regime, the polarization splitting is studied in a detuned microcavity, containing the dye 4,4'-bis[(N-carbazole)styryl]biphenyl (BSB-Cz) in a matrix of 4,4'-di(N-carbazolyl)- biphenyl (CBP). With the help of a thickness gradient, a relation between the large spectral distance of the cross-polarized states and the mode position within the stop band is investigated. In shadow-mask prepared, laterally restricted devices (5x5 µm2 square boxes), the three-dimensional confinement introduces sets of discrete modes, which experience a similar polarization splitting. The origin in this case is a different phase shift of electromagnetic waves during internal total reflection at a boundary. By using a concentration gradient planar microcavity sample of the dye 4-(dicyanomethylene)-2-methyl-6-(4-(dimethylamino)styryl)-4H-pyran (DCM) in a tris-(8-hydroxyquinoline)aluminum (Alq3) matrix, the influence of the number of emitters on the lasing characteristics is subsequently analyzed. Depending on the pumping conditions, and thus the involvement of the Förster resonant energy transfer, an optimal composition is identified. After a qualitative evaluation of the long-term stability upon various excitation energies, the attention is focussed to the modification of the stimulated emission properties of photonic boxes. The stronger field concentration and altered density of states leads to a significant improvement of the values for the coupling factor fi and the threshold levels. Furthermore, new properties arise, namely simultaneous multimode and off-axis laser emission. With an inhomogeneous excitation of the box, it is possible to selectively excite single modes above the threshold. The work ends with experimental results of metal structures as additional optical element in the organic microcavity layer. Here, the aim is is to understand the passive influence of these possible contact- devices on the lasing performance. For this purpose, the lasing is studied at an interface of an areal thin metal layer, which is incorporated in the organic layer.

Most biological experiments are performed on an ensemble of cells under the assumption that all cells are identical. However, recent evidence from single cells studies reveals that this assumption is incorrect. Individual cells within the same generation may differ dramatically, and these differences have important consequences for the health and function of the entire living body. I have used Scanning Ion Conductance Microscopy (SICM) for imaging and analysis of topographical change of single cell membrane, which is difficult to be revealed by optical microscopes. Morphological change in the fixed and live HeLa cell membrane during endocytosis of conjugated polymer nanoparticles was studied. Results demonstrated SICM is a powerful tool to study the interaction between nanoparticle and cell membrane during internalization of nanoparticles through the membrane. This research can improve our fundamental understanding of cellular behavior and will be helpful for drug delivery applications. Based on conventional SICM, we have developed a novel method to simultaneous map the topography and potential distributions of the single living cells membranes. At the first step, multifunctional nanopipettes (nanopore/nanoelectrode) have been fabricated and characterized. To demonstrate the potential sensing capability and understand the mechanism, I measured the ionic current and local electric potential change during translocation of 40 nm charged gold nanoparticles. Our results reveal the capability of the multifunctional probe for the highly sensitive detection of the ionic current and local electrical potential changes during the translocation of the charged entity through the nanopore. From the potential change, we revealed the dynamic assembly of GNPs before entering the nanopore. The experimental results are also nicely explained by the finite element method based numerical simulation results. At the second step, I have measured the surface potential of living cell membrane at selected locations. Very recently, I have obtained results to show that we can map the extracellular membrane potential distribution of the complicated living cell membrane with sub-micron spatial resolution.This new imaging technique can help biologist to explore the extracellular potential distribution of varieties of cells quantitatively.These studies will have impacts on several biomedical applications such as regenerative repair and cancer treatment.

Cette thèse porte sur l'étude et l'intégration en technologie SOI CMOS d'un circuit amplificateur de puissance multimode multibande (MMPA) reconfigurable capable d'adresser les modes 2G/3G/4G sur plusieurs bandes de fréquences. Les modules MMPA actuels (modules hybrides) reposent sur l'utilisation de plusieurs technologies, en particulier la technologie GaAs en ce qui concerne les chaines d'amplification, et représentent une part importante du coût et de l'encombrement d'une tête d'émission radiofréquences. La solution originale proposée dans cette thèse représente une avancée significative en termes d'intégration par rapport à l'état de l'art et les premiers résultats mesurés démontrent la pertinence de l'architecture proposée. Une étude sur l'optimisation du rendement énergétique au niveau de l'étage de puissance en présence de signaux modulés en amplitude et phase de type 3G et 4G est également proposée. Cette étude adresse les potentialités des techniques de modulation de la charge et de l'alimentation et permet de comparer les deux approches.Après une présentation du contexte et de l'état de l'art, une méthodologie de conception originale reposant sur l'étude de différentes classes de fonctionnement est proposée. Cette méthodologie permet en particulier de pré-dimensionner les cellules de puissance reconfigurables ainsi que leurs impédances de source et de charge en fonction des contraintes de puissance et de linéarité dans les différents modes pour avoir le meilleur rendement. Elle permet aussi de choisir les topologies de réseaux d'adaptation accordables pertinentes.Ces études ont conduit à la réalisation de deux démonstrateurs intégrés en technologies SOI CMOS 130 nm. Le premier prototype est un amplificateur multimode et multibande reconfigurable à deux étages capable de fonctionner en mode saturé et en mode linéaire pour des bandes de fréquence situées entre 700MHz et 900MHz. L'architecture proposée est composée d'un étage de puissance reconfigurable constitué de deux cellules de puissance de type LDMOS pouvant être activées ou non en fonction du mode adressé. Différents réseaux d'adaptation accordables à base de capacités commutées utilisant des transistors NMOS à body flottant permettent une optimisation des performances du MMPA en fonction du mode et de la bande de fréquence. Avec ce prototype, des puissances de sortie de 35dBm en mode saturé et 30dBm en mode linéaire ont été mesurées avec des rendements correspondants supérieurs respectivement à 58% et 47%. Par rapport aux simulations initiales, des différences ont été observées puis analysées afin d'en identifier l'origine. Notamment, la surestimation du facteur de qualité des capacités MOM dans les réseaux de capacités commutées et des interconnections sous optimales sont la cause des écarts observés.Le deuxième prototype est un amplificateur de puissance à modulation de charge passive intégrée. Cet amplificateur repose sur une cellule de puissance de type LDMOS associée à un réseau d'adaptation accordable à base de capacités commutées capables de supporter une puissance supérieure à 33dBm. Ce réseau permet de présenter à l'étage de puissance une trajectoire de charge optimale en fonction de la puissance de sortie. Avec ce prototype, une amélioration du rendement supérieure à 55% par rapport à la configuration utilisant une charge constante a été mesurée pour un recul en puissance compris entre 7dB et 11dB. / This work focuses on the study and integration of a reconfigurable multi-mode multi-band power amplifier (MMPA) supporting 2G/3G/4G at several frequency bands in SOI CMOS 130nm technology. Current hybrid MMPA modules take advantage of multiple technologies, in particular GaAs for power devices. This adds to the cost and complexity of radiofrequency front-end modules. The original solution presented in this thesis is a significant step toward the integration of MMPA compared to the state of the art and initial results illustrates the relevance of the proposed architecture. A study on PA efficiency under 3G / 4G modulated signals is also presented by comparing load and supply modulation PA architectures.First, the context and state of the art are presented. A design methodology based on the study of different operating classes is then presented, which allows pre-sizing of power cells and optimal load impedance determination for high efficiency reconfigurable PA design.The proposed PA design methodology led to the implementation of PA demonstrators integrated in SOI CMOS 130nm technology. The first demonstrator is a two stage reconfigurable MMPA operating from 700MHz to 900MHz and supporting saturated and linear modes. The power stage comprises two SOI LDMOS power cells that are activated according to the desired mode. Tunable matching networks based on switched capacitor arrays allow optimization of the MMPA performance according to the mode and band. The measured prototype delivers up to 35dBm of output power in saturated mode with more than 58% efficiency. In linear mode, the measured output power exceeds 30dBm with efficiency higher than 47%. Compared to initial simulations, some differences were observed. In particular, underestimation of losses associated with MOM capacitors and sub-optimal interconnections are the root cause of the observed discrepancies.The second demonstrator is a passive load modulation PA architecture. It includes a SOI LDMOS power cell and a tunable matching network made of high power binary weighted switched capacitor arrays. The tunable matching network allows presenting an optimal load trajectory to the PA in order to maximize its back-off efficiency. Measured efficiency enhancement is higher than 55% compared to a fixed load configuration for 7dB to 11dB power back-offs.

A complex environment causes strong distortion of the field, inhibiting tasks such as imaging and communications in both the optical and radio-frequency (RF) region. In the optical regime, strong modal dispersion in highly multimode fiber (MMF) results in a scrambled output field in both space (intensity speckles) and time (spectral and temporal speckles). Taking advantage of the pulse shaping technique, spatial and temporal focusing has been achieved in this thesis, offering potential opportunities for nonlinear microscopy and imaging or space-division multiplexed optical communication through MMF. In the RF regime, multipath effect in wireless RF channel gives multiple echoes with random delay and amplitude attenuation at the receiver end. Static channel sounding and compensation with ultra-broadband spread spectrum technique resolves the issue by generating a peaking signal at the receiver, significantly improving the signal-to-noise/interference performance. However, the limited communication speed in the static approach makes it challenging for sounding and compensation in a dynamic channel. Here, we achieve real-time channel sounding and compensation for dynamic wireless multipath channel with 40 micro-seconds refresh rate by using a fast processing field programmable gate array (FPGA) unit, providing potential opportunities for mobile communications in indoor, urban, and other complex environments. Furthermore, by combining broadband photonics and RF radar technologies, a high depth and transverse resolution wide bandwidth (15 GHz) W-band (75 - 110 GHz) photonic monopulse-like radar system for remote target sensing is demonstrated, offering prospects for millimeter wave 3-D sensing and imaging.

This thesis deals with the possibilities of energy transmission by optical fiber for the purpose of powering of electronic systems. It comprises issues of electrical energy conversion to optical energy, coupling the power into the optical fiber, coupling between fiber and opto-electric transducer, conversion of optical energy to electrical energy, and transformation on required voltage levels. The principles of such Power-Over-Fiber are discussed in the first part of the work. Various technologies for the implementation of key system parts and their effectivity are discussed. In the next part, several Power-Over-Fiber commercial devices are compared. Subsequently, systems for Power-Over-Fiber experimental implementations are proposed. They are based on the utilization of semiconductor laser, multimode fiber, photovoltaic cell and related electronic circuits. The final part of the thesis deals with the construction of experimental systems and measurement of parameters of transmitted power and efficiency.

Les applications de détection infrarouge active sont nombreuses dans le domaine de la défense et la sécurité. Cependant ces systèmes sont actuellement peu utilisés en pratique à cause de leur portée limitée. Un moyen d’augmenter cette portée est d’améliorer la sensibilité des détecteurs infrarouges qui possèdent des bruits bien plus élevés que leurs équivalents dans le visible. L’idée principale de cette thèse est d’utiliser l’optique non linéaire pour effectuer une conversion de fréquence du signal infrarouge à détecter vers de plus basses longueurs d’ondes et ainsi bénéficier des performances des détecteurs fonctionnants à ces longueurs d’ondes. Les développements récents en cristaux donnent un intérêt nouveau à ces techniques pour certains cas applicatifs identifiés au cours de cette thèse. L’étude détaillée de la conversion multimode à la fois temporelle et spatiale, a permis de proposer une méthode simple et originale pour dépasser l’état de l’art en terme de nombre d’éléments résolus convertis. Pour quantifier précisément les avantages de ces conversions, une étude théorique et numérique de la conversion multimode a été menée et deux séries d’expériences ont été conduites. La première concerne la détection ponctuelle de signaux moyen-infrarouge pour des applications de spectroscopie par conversion dans un cristal d’OP-GaAs. La deuxième concerne la détection de cibles par imagerie active dans le proche infrarouge par conversion dans un cristal de PPLN vers une caméra CMOS. Les performances en sensibilité obtenues sont dans les deux expériences meilleures d’un ordre de grandeur que les détections directes avec les détecteurs habituellement utilisés. / There is a wide range of applications in active infrared detection technologies in defense and security. However, the limited range available by these systems limits their developments. Increasing sensors sensitivity is a key milestone to improve this range. Indeed, noise in infrared detectors is much higher than for visible detectors due to some physical and technological issues. The key idea of this manuscript is to use nonlinear optical technologies to convert the infrared signal to detect into the visible spectrum and use all the benefits of silicon based sensors. Recent advances in optical crystals and in pump laser regimes bring renewed interest to upconversion detection for some specific application cases identified in this thesis. A novel and easy method to improve the number of converted modes has been proposed after a careful study of multimode conversion both temporally and spatially. In order to give figures on detection improvement using upconversion, we conducted a theoretical and numerical study of the multimode conversion as well as two sets of experiments. The first one, using conversion in an OP-GaAs crystal and a monodetector addresses mid-infrared spectroscopy applications. The second one addresses active imaging applications for target recognition and identification in the near-infrared. By using a PPLN crystal, the near-infrared image is detected on a low noise CMOS camera. A key milestone of this work is the sensitivity improvement of such a detection. Sensitivities obtained in each experiment are one order of magnitude better than with direct detection using common infrared sensors.

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