Denna uppsats utgår från svensk krishantering av tre nationella kriser; Estoniakatastrofen, Flodvågskatastrofen och Flyktingkrisen . Syftet med arbetet är att ta reda på hur dessa kriser har format statens sätt att hantera kriser. Arbetet ämnar också att försöka skapa en förståelse för vad som händer i nationella organisationer när en kris inträffar. Arbetets har använt kvalitativ metod som går ut på att göra en jämförelse mellan de olika kriserna. I analysen presenteras svaren på frågeställningar, med ett antal olika exempel på policyförändringar som har skett, bl.a. inrättandet av ett krishanteringsorgan och skapandet av en ny myndighet. Analysen presenterar också en bild av varför kriser förändras, eller inte förändras, genom att titta på när s.k. policyfönster öppnas och stängs. Slutsatsen är att krishanteringen ständigt förändras, om än långsamt. Att vänta på att en ny kris ska inträffa för att förändra politiken går inte.

In 2010 the municipality of Norrköping took a decision to implement a social impact bond. This decision was the starting point for a wave of similar decision around the Swedish municipalities. Södertälje took the decision to implement their social impact bond in early 2013. Even though much of the policy was the same as in Norrköping, it didn’t generate the result expected and already in 2018 it was reconstructed and brought back into the daily business. The purpose of this study is to explain the policy decisions taken, both in connection with the introduction of the policy in 2013 and the transformation done in 2018. The analytic framework used to explain these policy changes is based on the Multiple Streams Theory. The study is based on a qualitative research method with information taken from documents and interviews. These are aimed to help us gathering the empirical material needed, which consist of official control documents from the current municipality and interviews with pertinent people who worked within the policy or who have good knowledge of the phenomenon of social impact bonds. Our main conclusions are that the policy decision to implement the social impact bond, did couple the three streams; problem, political and policy, so this decision was done within an open policy window. However, the decision to reconstruct the social impact bond didn’t couple the streams in the same way and because of that a policy window didn't open.

State-funded voluntary pre-K programs have grown steadily over the past decade and now enroll 1.3 million children (Barnett, Carolan, Fitzgerald, J., & Squires, 2012). While the overall trend has been to increase participation in state funded Pre-K, access in most states is targeted to select groups of at-risk 4-year-olds. Unfortunately, targeted programs for disadvantaged children tend to underserve their targeted populations with respect to availability and quality (Gelbach & Pritchett, 2002). In light of this, Pre-K advocates have begun pushing for universal Pre-K. However, only six states offer universal-prekindergarten, and with varying degrees of success. In this environment of modest state funding for Pre-K, the state of Oklahoma has managed to rise to the forefront of the universal Pre-K movement. That a high-quality Pre-K system exists in a conservative state is a very curious case and provides an opportunity for a thorough examination of the political processes. This study seeks not only to explain the development and passage of universal Pre-K in Oklahoma, but to also understand what lessons can be taken from a historical analysis of this issue for contemporary education policy. / text

Les recherches en relations industrielles portent rarement sur les politiques publiques du marché du travail. Lorsqu’elles existent, ces recherches s’intéressent généralement à l’efficacité de ces politiques. Or, cette thèse illustre l’importance de comprendre comment se forment les lois et les règlements. Afin de mieux comprendre le processus d’élaboration des politiques publiques, une étude de cas a été réalisée dans le domaine des retraites au Québec et au Canada entre 2003 et 2008. Les retraites ont été ciblées en raison des bouleversements socio-économiques que connaissait le Canada à l’époque, notamment le vieillissement de la population et les fluctuations des rendements des fonds de retraite. Ce sujet a également été retenu car il s’agit d’une compétence partagée entre les paliers gouvernementaux fédéral et provinciaux ainsi que partagée entre le secteur public et privé.Afin d’étudier la question, des théories en relations industrielles et en sciences économiques ont été considérées. C’est toutefois la théorie des courants multiples du politologue américain John Kingdon qui a été retenu comme fondement théorique de cette thèse. Cette théorie, qui postulait que les acteurs voulant influencer les politiques publiques devaient attirer l’attention sur des problèmes, contrôler le débat sur les politiques considérées et se faire des appuis, a été confirmée. La contribution majeure de cette thèse a été d’identifier les différents types d’acteurs impliqués dans le processus d’élaboration de politiques publiques de retraite, les stratégies qu’ils ont employées pour y parvenir et les résultats de leurs efforts. / Research in Industrial Relations rarely focuses on labour market policies. When they do exist, these studies generally focus on the effectiveness of these policies. This thesis illustrates the importance of understanding how these public policies come about. A case study was conducted on pension laws and by-laws in Quebec and Canada between 2003 and 2008 to better understand the process of policymaking. Pensions were targeted because of the dramatic socio-economic changes taking place in Canada at the time, the aging population and changes in pension fund returns for example. This issue was also chosen because it is a responsibility shared between the federal and provincial governments and between the public and private sectors. To study the issue, Industrial Relations and Economics theories were considered. However, John Kingdon’s Multiple Stream theory was chosen as the theoretical basis of this thesis. Kingdon is an American political scientist. His theory, which postulates that political entrepreneurs need to attract attention on problems, control the debate on considered policies and gain support for their views if they want to influence public policy. The results of the case study confirm Kingdon’s theory. The major contribution of this thesis was to identify the different types of actors involved in the pension policymaking process, the strategies these actors have used to achieve their goals and the results of their efforts.

Les recherches en relations industrielles portent rarement sur les politiques publiques du marché du travail. Lorsqu’elles existent, ces recherches s’intéressent généralement à l’efficacité de ces politiques. Or, cette thèse illustre l’importance de comprendre comment se forment les lois et les règlements. Afin de mieux comprendre le processus d’élaboration des politiques publiques, une étude de cas a été réalisée dans le domaine des retraites au Québec et au Canada entre 2003 et 2008. Les retraites ont été ciblées en raison des bouleversements socio-économiques que connaissait le Canada à l’époque, notamment le vieillissement de la population et les fluctuations des rendements des fonds de retraite. Ce sujet a également été retenu car il s’agit d’une compétence partagée entre les paliers gouvernementaux fédéral et provinciaux ainsi que partagée entre le secteur public et privé.Afin d’étudier la question, des théories en relations industrielles et en sciences économiques ont été considérées. C’est toutefois la théorie des courants multiples du politologue américain John Kingdon qui a été retenu comme fondement théorique de cette thèse. Cette théorie, qui postulait que les acteurs voulant influencer les politiques publiques devaient attirer l’attention sur des problèmes, contrôler le débat sur les politiques considérées et se faire des appuis, a été confirmée. La contribution majeure de cette thèse a été d’identifier les différents types d’acteurs impliqués dans le processus d’élaboration de politiques publiques de retraite, les stratégies qu’ils ont employées pour y parvenir et les résultats de leurs efforts. / Research in Industrial Relations rarely focuses on labour market policies. When they do exist, these studies generally focus on the effectiveness of these policies. This thesis illustrates the importance of understanding how these public policies come about. A case study was conducted on pension laws and by-laws in Quebec and Canada between 2003 and 2008 to better understand the process of policymaking. Pensions were targeted because of the dramatic socio-economic changes taking place in Canada at the time, the aging population and changes in pension fund returns for example. This issue was also chosen because it is a responsibility shared between the federal and provincial governments and between the public and private sectors. To study the issue, Industrial Relations and Economics theories were considered. However, John Kingdon’s Multiple Stream theory was chosen as the theoretical basis of this thesis. Kingdon is an American political scientist. His theory, which postulates that political entrepreneurs need to attract attention on problems, control the debate on considered policies and gain support for their views if they want to influence public policy. The results of the case study confirm Kingdon’s theory. The major contribution of this thesis was to identify the different types of actors involved in the pension policymaking process, the strategies these actors have used to achieve their goals and the results of their efforts.