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Predictors of parent involvement in a Thailand municipal school systemPantukosit, Somjet 01 December 1995 (has links)
Parent involvement in Thailand was indicated as one critical dimension of effective schooling. This research describes the need to redefine the concept of parent involvement to create collaborative models including the home, the school, and the community. To explore this point, this research drew its sample of 1,811 parents from four schools of the Nontaburi Municipal School System in Thailand. An adaptation of Epstein, Coners, and Salinas's (Revised 1993) parent survey was used. Fifty three percent of the parents returned the surveys. Multiple regression analyses were conducted both across the school system and within each school setting. The findings suggest that student's GPA, grade level, and parent's expectations are predictors of parent involvement, whereas student's gender, parent's education, parent's age, parent's marital status, family income, and family composition do not necessarily predict the level of parent involvement. Also, it appears that the findings on how much the parents were involved across the school system and within each school setting indicate that neither the schools nor the teachers gave them sufficient opportunity for involvement. The program in which parents were most interested was how to discipline their children, whereas the programs on school and community development drew least interest. Concerning pattern of parent involvement, "involvement of parent at home" found the most common occurrence. These findings echo the assumption about traditional perceptions of the passive and distant relationship among family, school, and community that must be remedied.
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En likvärdig skola för alla?Andersson, Lina, Croneman, Hanna H January 2006 (has links)
In this essay we discuss how the decentralisation of the Swedish school system affects the concept of “equal opportunity school”. We investigate the development from both a historical and contemporary perspective, in order to identify changes over time. The central question of the essay is how the decentralisation of the school system affects the teacher’s perspective and experiences of the government’s framework about “equal opportunity school”? The analysis is based on four qualitative, semi structured, direct interviews with respondents both active in municipal schools situated in the Malmö council and with more than thirty years of experience in their profession.Our analysis of the interviews show that both respondents experience the overall situation in the schools has deteriorated from an equal opportunity aspect since the decentralisation of the school system. We discuss the individual pupil’s situation from Bourdieu’s concept, habitus and how it affects the pupil’s experiences and behaviour in school and also how the school contributes to shape the pupil’s habitus. Furthermore we argue that the new form of evaluation has affected the quality of the school system and that it has increased the public tension regarding public schools. The final result of the essay is that the Swedish school system does not provide an “equal opportunity school” and that it has become more segregated after the decentralisation process. According to the results of the essay the school system may once again be reformed from a municipal towards a private system. The rift between the municipal schools and the private schools appear to widen and since it hitherto has been harder to evaluate the private schools it is not unlikely that the standard of an “equal opportunity school” disappears in the future and that the school policy framework has to be revised.
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Häggstam, Cecilia January 2007 (has links)
<p>Sammandrag</p><p>Med detta arbete vill jag titta på de största skillnaderna mellan en kommunal-, en Montessori- och en Waldorfskola med inriktning på deras engelskundervisning. Detta för att få inspiration till olika sätt att undervisa elever i problem på, i framförallt engelska. För att kunna se de största skillnaderna och likheterna mellan den kommunala skolan, Montessoriskolan och Waldorfskolan började jag med att studera vad som finns skrivit om dem i litteraturen.</p><p>Efter att ha gjort detta valde jag att ta kontakt med en skola av varje sort. Jag besökte de tre skolorna under två dagar vardera under tre veckors tid. Under de två dagarna satt jag med i klassrummet och tittade på hur undervisningen såg ut. Besöket avslutade jag med att intervjua den lärare vars klassrum jag besökte. Intervjufrågorna jag ställde till lärarna var formulerade utifrån den litteratur jag studerat.</p><p>Jag kom fram till att det inte bara finns skillnader utan även likheter mellan skolorna, framförallt mellan den kommunala skolan och Montessoriskolan. Detta både i litteraturen och i resultatet. En av de största skillnaderna mellan de olika pedagogikerna och skolorna var utöver hur de lägger upp elevernas skoldagar, hur de använder sig av de nationella proven. Den kommunala skolan gör de nationella proven i årskurs fem, medan Montessoriskolan gör femmans nationella prov i både fyran, femman och sexan, och Waldorfskolan inte gör dem över huvud taget mer än i årskurs nio. Både Montessoriskolan och Waldorfskolan anser att de kräver mer av sina elever än vad som görs i de nationella målen. Men alla tre skolorna följer målen, även om Waldorfskolorna har sin egen läroplan.</p> / <p>Abstract</p><p>In this study I have looked at some of the differences between a municipal-, a Montessori- and a Waldorf school, with focus on their English teaching. This is because I wanted to find ways to teach English to pupils with various types of learning difficulties. To be able to see the main differences and similarities between a municipal school, a Montessori school and a Waldorf school I began with literature studies.</p><p>When I had finished the literature studies I contacted three schools that applied the different pedagogies. I visited the three schools during two days each through a three-week period. During these two days I was in the classroom when the pupils were there and followed the teachers’ teaching. I ended the visits with an interview with the teacher whose classroom I visited.</p><p>I came to the conclusion that there are both differences and similarities between the three schools. The two schools that are most similar are the municipal school and the Montessori school both in the literature and in the result from the observations and interviews. Two of the main differences between the schools are how they plan the school days for the pupils, in which order they have the lessons, and how they use the national tests. The municipal school uses the national test in fifth grade, the Montessori school uses it in the years four, five and six and the Waldorf school only use it in year nine. The Montessori school and Waldorf school believe that they require more from their pupils that the national goals. All the three schools aim at those goals, but the Waldorf schools have their own curriculum.</p>
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A relação entre as variações no compromisso financeiro dos municípios com a educação e o desempenho escolar.Anunciação, Marcos Paulo Pereira da January 2005 (has links)
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Previous issue date: 2005 / O estudo enfoca o financiamento da educação básica nos municípios baianos no período compreendido entre os anos de 1997 e 2001, buscando analisar a relação existente entre as variações no compromisso financeiro dos governos locais com a educação e o desempenho dos alunos das redes municipais nos exames de avaliação em larga escala. Para tanto, foram considerados os dados de dois bancos, armazenados em planilhas eletrônicas do programa estatístico SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences). Tais bancos continham dados sobre variáveis relacionadas às receitas e despesas municipais com a educação básica pública ao longo da década de 1990, bem como dos escores dos alunos do ensino fundamental municipal nos testes de avaliação de desempenho. Após a aplicação dos procedimentos estatísticos utilizando medidas de tendência central, correlação linear de Pearson (r) e comparação de médias entre grupos de municípios pelo método da análise de variância (ANOVA) foram encontrados alguns resultados importantes. Os dados mostraram que há uma ausência de correlações significativas entre as variáveis indicadoras do compromisso financeiro dos municípios com a educação e o desempenho escolar. Por outro lado, os resultados indicam que entre os municípios mais ricos há uma maior variação no compromisso de financiar a educação que entre os mais pobres. / Salvador
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A gestão democrática escolar no sistema municipal de ensino de Tucano/BA: compreensões e interpretações dos sujeitos educativos num contexto patrimonialistaSantos, Ademar Sousa dos January 2010 (has links)
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Previous issue date: 2010 / Este trabalho de pesquisa propôs a investigação sobre quais são as práticas democráticas vivenciadas no Sistema Municipal de Ensino de Tucano/BA, numa busca de compreensão e interpretação do contexto a partir das visões dos sujeitos participantes do ato educativo (equipes gestoras do município e das escolas, membros dos conselhos ligados ao processo educacional e membros das comunidades escolar e local). Nesta perspectiva, foi desenvolvida uma metodologia de abordagem qualitativa, referenciada nos princípios fundamentais da Etnopesquisa Crítica, que apresenta como seus aspectos fundantes as bases acionalistas e semiológicas. Assim, são evidenciados, ao longo do texto, argumentos que possibilitam, nas considerações conclusivas, atestar apenas a existência de intenções democráticas em atitudes isoladas de sujeitos partícipes ou na instituição escola ou no sistema como um todo. Não se percebeu, portanto, no contexto, que se apresenta caracterizado basicamente pelas questões patrimonialistas, uma reestruturação de poder da própria secretaria de educação – apesar dos princípios defendidos no Projeto Político-Pedagógico Municipal: “Nos Coletivos, o Reencontro com a Pedagogia da Esperança” – nem propostas institucionalizadas que efetivem os mecanismos democráticos de participação da comunidade na escola, como: eleição direta para diretores, criação de conselhos escolares, transferência de recursos para execução da proposta pedagógica, que, de certa forma, são possibilidades para o desenvolvimento de práticas autônomas nas dimensões financeira, administrativa e pedagógica. Essas constatações reforçam a necessidade de os sujeitos do ato educacional, bem como a comunidade local, participarem cada vez mais dos espaços possibilitadores de construções democráticas. / Salvador
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Atlas municipal escolar de Ourinhos em versão digital: uma proposta de geovisualização / Municipal school atlas of Ourinhos/SP in digital version: a proposal for geovisualizationMartins, Tadeu Jussani [UNESP] 03 November 2016 (has links)
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Previous issue date: 2016-11-03 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Esta dissertação propõe apresentar e discutir a elaboração do “Atlas Municipal Escolar de Ourinhos/SP em versão digital”, adotando como metodologia a Geovisualização para o desenvolvimento dos mapas interativos e das páginas digitais que o compõe. Sistematizada em cinco capítulos, apresenta no Capítulo I – Introdução – as considerações iniciais acerca deste trabalho, discorrendo sobre as principais reflexões que motivaram o desenvolvimento da pesquisa, descreve ainda os objetivos (geral e específicos) que ela buscou alcançar, além de sua história, partindo do projeto âncora, discutindo os eixos temáticos e as características gerais que permearam o desenvolvimento das diversas versões do Atlas de Ourinhos/SP, chegando ao projeto desenvolvido no mestrado, no qual se buscou delinear a versão digital do material proposto. No Capítulo II – A Cartografia Digital e os Mapas Interativos – aborda-se por meio de análise teórica o desenvolvimento tecnológico que ocorreu na Cartografia com a implantação dos recursos computacionais, pontua-se referências à Cartografia Multimídia e à Geovisualização, como cenário e paradigma para a pesquisa desenvolvida, respectivamente. Por conseguinte, o Capítulo III – A Cartografia Escolar e o Estudo do Lugar por meio dos Atlas Municipais Escolares – busca compreender a evolução temporal das pesquisas e autores relacionados aos Atlas Municipais Escolares, procurando discutir quando, em que momento e porque os Atlas Municipais Escolares tornaram-se o principal material (para)didático voltado ao estudo do lugar. Já o Capítulo IV – A Elaboração do Atlas Municipal Escolar de Ourinhos/SP em Versão Digital – apresenta o processo de elaboração através da caracterização da estrutura dos projetos em Geovisualização, no qual a arquitetura deste material se baseia, mostrando as características básicas e o layout de suas páginas digitais, a fonte dos dados utilizada e a consequente elaboração dessas páginas, além de apresentar um Estudo de Caso, em que os alunos utilizaram uma página protótipo do material; e quais as modificações que ocorreram a partir deste estudo. Por fim, o Capítulo V – Propostas de Geovisualização nos Mapas Interativos – apresenta as vinte e uma páginas principais e as quatros sequências didáticas resultantes, bem como, as considerações finais e orientações futuras para o desenvolvimento definitivo do Atlas Municipal Escolar de Ourinhos/SP, em versão digital. / This dissertation proposes to present and discuss the elaboration of the "Ourinhos/SP Municipal School Atlas in digital version", adopting as methodology the Geovisualization for the development of interactive maps and the digital pages that compose it. Systematized in five chapters, presented in Chapter I - Introduction - the initial considerations about this research, discussing the main reflections that motivated the development of the research, it also describes the objectives (general and specific) that it sought to achieve, besides its history, starting from the anchor project, discussing the thematic axes and the general characteristics that permeated the development of the several versions of the Atlas of Ourinhos/SP, arriving at the project developed in the master's degree, in which it sought to delineate the digital version of the proposed material. In Chapter II - Digital Cartography and Interactive Maps - through theoretical analysis, it is approached the technological development that occurred in Cartography with the implantation of computational resources, have references to Multimedia Cartography and Geovisualization, as scenario and paradigm for the research developed, respectively. Therefore, Chapter III - School Cartography and the Study of the Place through the Municipal School Atlas - seeks to understand the temporal evolution of the research and authors related to the Municipal School Atlas, trying to discuss when, and at what time and because the Municipal School Atlas Became the main teaching material for the study of the place. Chapter IV - The Elaboration of the Municipal School Atlas of Ourinhos/SP in digital version - presents the process of elaboration through the characterization of the structure of the projects in Geovisualization, in which the architecture of this material is based, showing the basic characteristics and the layout Of its digital pages, the data source used and the consequent elaboration of these pages, besides presenting a Case Study, in which the students used a prototype page of the material; And what modifications have occurred from this study. Finally, Chapter V - Proposals for Geovisualization in Interactive Maps - presents as result the 21 main pages and 4 didactic sequences, as well as the final considerations and future orientations for the definitive development of the Ourinhos/SP Municipal School Atlas, in digital version.
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PROMASE = análise de uma experiência de avaliação do Sistema Municipal de Ensino de Amparo / PROMASE : analysis of a evaluation experience in the school system of AmparoFerrarotto, Luana 18 August 2018 (has links)
Orientador: Maria Márcia Sigrist Malavasi / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Educação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-18T14:36:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1
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Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: O intuito da presente pesquisa foi acompanhar a experiência de avaliação do PROMASE (Programa Municipal de Avaliação do Sistema de Ensino), implementado na cidade de Amparo em 2006, verificando as práticas adotadas pela Secretaria de Educação a partir desses dados, assim como os impactos ocasionados nas unidades escolares. Trata-se de uma pesquisa qualitativa que, para tanto, utilizou os seguintes procedimentos: levantamento bibliográfico sobre avaliação; entrevista semi-estruturada com a Secretária de Educação; análise dos relatórios do PROMASE; seleção de quatro escolas, observando-as semanalmente; análise do Projeto Político-Pedagógico das Unidades Escolares (U.E.s); entrevista semi-estruturada com as gestoras das U.E.s; questionário e entrevista semi-estruturada com as docentes acompanhadas de cada escola. Evidenciou-se que no primeiro ano de implementação do Programa, o desempenho da rede nas primeiras avaliações mostrou-se baixo, com esse diagnóstico foram realizados investimentos como: produção de material de orientação para as disciplinas de Língua Portuguesa e Matemática; reestruturação curricular; apoio as crianças com defasagem de aprendizagem; qualificação dos docentes. Com a pesquisa, observou-se que: em duas das quatro escolas acompanhadas, a gestão, após a implementação do PROMASE, passou a realizar avaliações internas para acompanhar o rendimento dos alunos; Prova Brasil e SARESP são instrumentos utilizados pelas docentes das quatro escolas na composição de suas provas/atividades; algumas docentes afirmam que passaram a organizar os conteúdos de maneira diferenciada e a utilizar testes nas diversas disciplinas depois que o PROMASE foi instituído. / Abstract: This paper follows the experience of evaluation PROMASE (Municipal Program of School Evaluation), implemented in the city of Amparo in 2006, verifying the impact of the program's data on the practices used by the Education Secretary and its effect on the schools that took part in the program. Being a qualitative research, the following procedures were used: bibliographical survey about evaluation; semi- structured interviews with the Secretary of Education; analysis of the PROMASE's reports; selection of four schools, visited and observed on a weekly basis; analysis of the school's pedagogical project; semi structured interview with the school's managers; questionnaires and semi structured interviews with the teachers of the observed classes. The evaluated school's performance during the first year of the program didn't reach the expected standards, and this diagnostic led to investments such as the production of orienting material for the Mathematics and Portuguese Language classes, reformulation of the school's curriculum, support for the children with learning disabilities and qualification programs for the teachers. The research showed that in two of the four schools, the management, after the PROMASE implementation, started to use internal evaluation to follow the progress of the students; the Prova Brazil (Brazil Test) and SARESP are now used by the teachers in the four schools on their classes and planned activities; some of the teachers affirm that they started to organize their classes in a different way, making use of tests similar to the PROMASE after its implementation. / Mestrado / Ensino e Práticas Culturais / Mestre em Educação
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Jag har ju ingen folksångsutbildning : En intervjustudie av sångpedagogers syn på och hantering av folklig sång i kultur- och musikskola / I Don’t Have Any Training in Folk Singing : A interview study of how vocal teachers view and work with folk singing in muncipal schools of music and the artsEkling, Kerstin January 2012 (has links)
Syftet med studien är att undersöka på vilket sätt sångpedagoger i kommunala kultur- och musikskolor upplever att de arbetar med folklig sång, samt hur de ser på ämnet vad gäller sångsätt och material. Till studien har data samlats in genom telefonintervjuer med tretton sångpedagoger, verksamma vid åtta kultur- och musikskolor i geografiskt spridda kommuner i Sverige. Intervjuformen var strukturerad kvalitativ intervju med öppna följdfrågor. Materialet har sedan analyserats utifrån ett sociokulturellt perspektiv. Resultatet visar att endast ett fåtal av informanterna anser att folklig sång förekommer i deras undervisning. De som inte undervisar i folklig sång anger svagt elevintresse och brist på egna kunskaper i folklig sång som skäl. Resultatet visar även att informanterna i varierande grad är intresserade av ämnet och av att kunna erbjuda sina elever genrebred undervisning. Samtliga informanter beskriver vad folklig sång innebär för dem, men ingen säger sig kunna göra en tydlig definition av ämnet. En önskan om fortbildning för att öka genrebredden uttalas av några av informanterna. I studien undersöks även det faktum att kultur- och musikskolan inte enligt några styrdokument är ålagd att undervisa genrebrett samt vad detta kan innebära för pedagogernas utformande av undervisningen. / The purpose of this study is to examine in what way vocal teachers in municipal schools for music and arts estimate their use of folk singing and how they view the topic in terms of vocal technique and material. In the research made for the study, data has been collected through telephone interviews with thirteen vocal teachers, working at eight schools for music and arts in geographically dispersed communities in Sweden. The interview form was a structured qualitative interview with open follow-up questions. The data has then been analysed from a socio-cultural point of view. The results indicate that only a few of the informants believe that folk singing occurs in their teaching. They who do not teach folk singing as a part of their teaching indicate a lack of interest among the students and low knowledge among the informants as reasons. The results also demonstrate that the informants to a certain extent are interested in the subject and to be able to provide a range of genres to the students they teach. All of the informants describe what folk singing means to them, but none claim to be able to define it. Some of the informants express a need for further education to widen the range of genres available to the students. Furthermore, this study investigates the fact that the schools for music and arts in Sweden are not required or obligated by any official documents to teach in all genres, and in what way this may affect how the vocal teachers plan their teaching.
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“A tensão da coletividade” : uma etnografia sobre a construção do planejamento coletivo na educação física do I Ciclo da Rede Municipal de Ensino de Porto Alegre/RSNunes, Luciana de Oliveira January 2015 (has links)
O presente estudo é uma etnografia que visa compreender como os professores de Educação Física constroem o planejamento coletivo do I ciclo da Rede Municipal de Ensino de Porto Alegre. Apoiei-me para tanto no seguinte problema de pesquisa: Como os professores de Educação Física atuam e são posicionados na perspectiva do planejamento coletivo do I ciclo da Rede Municipal de Ensino de Porto Alegre/RS? Como objetivos específicos propus identificar e analisar como é construído o planejamento de ensino na Educação Física do I ciclo de duas escolas da Rede Municipal de Ensino de Porto Alegre, identificar e analisar as dinâmicas de planejamento dos professores do I ciclo de duas escolas da Rede Municipal de Ensino de Porto Alegre, além de identificar e analisar limites e possibilidades de um planejamento coletivo dos professores das duas escolas desta Rede de Ensino. O trabalho de campo foi realizado durante os meses de março a dezembro de 2016, onde pude acompanhar a rotina de três professores de Educação Física do I ciclo, bem como dialogar com as supervisoras pedagógicas, professoras referência das turmas de I ciclo e demais professores deste coletivo docente, além de professores de Educação Física dos outros ciclos. Com base no referencial teórico construído e nas informações coletadas em entrevistas, diálogos e observações registradas em diário de campo, apresento a unidade temática intitulada “Tensão da Coletividade” dividida em duas categorias que tratam do que o professor de Educação Física faz na escola e da coletividade – ou a ausência dela – nas relações de construção do planejamento deste coletivo docente. As interpretações produzidas apontam para um crescente processo de individualização no planejamento de ensino e na construção das ações não só dos professores de Educação Física, como também dos demais professores do I ciclo. Alguns aspectos suscitados nas interpretações se propõem a analisar quais fatores incidem sobre o tensionamento da coletividade nos contextos estudados. Assim, pude identificar que o brincar como elemento norteador das ações desenvolvidas na Educação Física do I ciclo acaba suscitando hierarquias e disputas por legitimidades. As reuniões pedagógicas têm se transformado em espaços meramente formais e burocráticos que acabam levando a relações de colegialidade forçada e artificial, ao invés de espaços substancialmente garantidos para construções coletivas. Além disso, a intensificação do trabalho docente, a colonização do tempo do professor, a proletarização do seu ofício e a decorrente perda de status profissional são elementos que obstaculizam o processo de construção de ações pedagógicas, inclusive do ponto de vista da coletividade. / The current study is an ethnography which aims to understand how physical education teachers build the collective planning of the I Cycle of the Porto Alegre Municipal School Network. To do so, I leaned on the following research problem: How physical education teachers act and are positioned in the perspective of collective planning in the I Cycle of the Porto Alegre/RS Municipal School Network? As specific objectives, I proposed to identify and analyze how the teaching planning of Physical Education in the I cycle of two schools from the Porto Alegre Municipal School Network is built, identify and analyze the planning dynamics from the teachers that belong to the I cycle of two schools from the Porto Alegre Municipal School Network, besides identifying and analyzing limits and possibilities of a collective planning from the teachers of these two schools in this School Network. The field experiment happened between the months of March to December 2016, when I could track the routine of three physical education teachers from the I cycle, as well as dialogue with the pedagogical supervisors, reference teachers from the classes of the I cycle and the other teachers of this teaching group, as well as physical education teachers from other cycles. Based on the theoretical reference built and on the information collected in interviews, dialogues and observations registered in the field diary, I present the thematic unit called “Tension of Collectivity” split between two categories that cover what the physical teacher does in the school and the collectivity - or lack thereof – in the relationships of planning building from this teaching group. The interpretations generated point to a growing process of individualization in the teaching planning and in the building of actions not only from the physical education teachers, but also from other teachers from the I cycle. Some aspects brought up in the interpretations aim to analyze which factors are key to the tension of collectivity in the given contexts. In that way, I was able to identify that playing as an element guiding activities developed in physical education from the I cycle ends up evoking hierarchies and disputes for legitimacies. The pedagogical meetings are becoming spaces merely formal and bureaucratic that end up creating forced and artificial collegiality relationships, instead of spaces substantially granted for collective constructions. Furthermore, the intensification of the teaching work, the colonization of the teacher’s time, the proletarianization of his craft and the subsequent loss of professional status are elements that hinder the process of building pedagogical actions, even from the point of view of collectivity.
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Från idé till verklighet : Uppsala kommunala musikskolaGöranzon, Ingrid January 2013 (has links)
Göranzon, Ingrid: From concept to reality - Uppsala Municipal School of Music. Master thesis, 30 credits. Uppsala: Department of Musicology. 2013. This thesis aims to explain how and why the municipal school of music (kommunala musikskolan) in Uppsala was formed. Municipal schools of music are a Swedish phenomenon that was formed all over Sweden after the Second World War. Each school is individual since they are entirely controlled at a municipal level. Although several factors have been identified as reasons for the creation of municipal schools of music, research in the area is limited. The material forming the basis of the survey is municipal documents from Uppsala city archives. The method that has been chosen to analyze the material is critical ideology analysis. This means that the content of the documents is analyzed in relation to its context, to clarify both the manifest and latent ideologies. The study shows that the formation of a municipal school of music in Uppsala was part of a larger movement, both nationally and locally. Sweden went through great changes during the period after the Second World War, politically, socially and culturally. The development of municipal schools of music was influenced mainly by the ideas about education and culture. The guiding idea was that all citizens should have equal access and opportunity. Technological advances such as radio and gramophone had made high culture more accessible, but it also contributed to the spread of what was considered inferior culture. Studies of the time showed that the solution was to give people the knowledge needed to make the right choice. The municipal school of music in Uppsala was created with the aim of forming a culturally educated public. Key words: municipal school of music (kommunal musikskola), Uppsala, public education (folkbildning), cultural politics (kulturpolitik), critical ideology analysis, post World War II / <p>ISBN UU-MSU-SER-60-E</p>
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