<p><strong></strong>This essay is a case study based on two sources of empirical data, qualitative interviews and responses from a questionnaire, which examines upper secondary school students’ attitudes to history teaching in a museum context. The students’ answers are further analyzed in relation to the concept of historical consciousness. Thus, history teaching in the museum, from a student perspective, and the students’ capacity of expressing a historical consciousness in their answers, constitute the core of this essay. The motive for a case study like this, is the emphasis of historical consciousness in the course syllabus as well as the emphasis of cooperation between different educational institutions in the goverment’s goals of cultural politics. My study shows, that a majority of the students appreciate the museum as a learning context, they define it as an entertaining but also as an informative, involving and including milieu. The study further shows, that the students have difficulties expressing a historical consciousness, but also the complexity of the concept itself and the problems to identify and “measure” it. My conclusion is, that in order to stimulate an interest and understanding for the history subject – and perhaps even a historical consciousness – it is important that history as a school subject, is not confined within the four walls of a classroom, but is learnt and experienced through and within the center of our daily lifes.</p>

This essay is a case study based on two sources of empirical data, qualitative interviews and responses from a questionnaire, which examines upper secondary school students’ attitudes to history teaching in a museum context. The students’ answers are further analyzed in relation to the concept of historical consciousness. Thus, history teaching in the museum, from a student perspective, and the students’ capacity of expressing a historical consciousness in their answers, constitute the core of this essay. The motive for a case study like this, is the emphasis of historical consciousness in the course syllabus as well as the emphasis of cooperation between different educational institutions in the goverment’s goals of cultural politics. My study shows, that a majority of the students appreciate the museum as a learning context, they define it as an entertaining but also as an informative, involving and including milieu. The study further shows, that the students have difficulties expressing a historical consciousness, but also the complexity of the concept itself and the problems to identify and “measure” it. My conclusion is, that in order to stimulate an interest and understanding for the history subject – and perhaps even a historical consciousness – it is important that history as a school subject, is not confined within the four walls of a classroom, but is learnt and experienced through and within the center of our daily lifes.

Submitted by Diana Castro (diana.costa.de.castro@gmail.com) on 2012-07-23T17:39:29Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação_biblioteca_final.pdf: 610580 bytes, checksum: cc0f38433751d89832a52709c622c2cd (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by ÁUREA CORRÊA DA FONSECA CORRÊA DA FONSECA (aurea.fonseca@fgv.br) on 2012-07-24T21:11:16Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação_biblioteca_final.pdf: 610580 bytes, checksum: cc0f38433751d89832a52709c622c2cd (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marcia Bacha (marcia.bacha@fgv.br) on 2012-07-30T14:12:56Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação_biblioteca_final.pdf: 610580 bytes, checksum: cc0f38433751d89832a52709c622c2cd (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2012-07-30T14:14:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação_biblioteca_final.pdf: 610580 bytes, checksum: cc0f38433751d89832a52709c622c2cd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-07-05 / Museums are organizations which are passing trough a moment of crisis and, therefore, museology tries to redefine them, changing to attend a social function by means of democratizing culture. They leave behind the notion of temples and collections of objects to assume a role that modifies the structure of society and the cities, without a theory that addresses this new role. To overcome these contradictions is the new social goal of these organizations and their way of being and acting is the main motivation of this paper which aims to analyze how contemporary museums may constitute a primary locus for liberating praxis through its pedagogical character. We believe that contemporary museums may be 'someone' with whom society can count on their process of emancipation. For this, the role of these organizations should change; favoring democratic rather than economic issues and constitute themselves as a privileged space for emancipation by education. For this reason we make an adaptation of Paulo Freire's pedagogical method for museums, highlighting four main stages: the unveiling of self-knowledge and the reality from the exhibitions and research; critical thinking about the unveiled knowledge; transformation of the object into subject / praxis; exposure of the denounce or announcement of a better world. We believe that this process, strongly grounded in critical thinking and mediated by love (read as a human acting with respect and dialogue) can delimit the museum in its new role as a privileged place where part of the emancipatory process happens. However, contemporary museums may constitute a prime locus for emancipatory praxis through its pedagogical potential. It requires more than applying a method, but means to reformulate completely this organization structure and how it understands itself. / Os museus são organizações que se encontram em crise e a museologia procura redefini-los a partir de sua função social democratizante por meio da cultura. Eles deixam para trás a noção de templos e coleções de objetos para assumirem um papel que modifica a sociedade e a própria estrutura das cidades, sem uma teoria que contemple esse novo papel. Suplantar as contradições existentes é o novo objetivo social dessas organizações e sua forma de ser e agir é a principal motivação deste ensaio que tem como objetivo final analisar como os museus contemporâneos podem se constituir em um local privilegiado para a práxis libertadora por meio de seu caráter pedagógico. Acreditamos que assim os museus contemporâneos podem ser 'alguém' com quem a sociedade pode contar em seu processo emancipatório. Para isso o papel dessas organizações deve se transformar, assumindo um viés democrático em lugar de privilegiar questões econômicas e se constituindo em espaço privilegiado para educação libertadora. Para isso faz-se uma adaptação do método pedagógico de Paulo Freire para os museus, destacando quatro momentos principais: desvelamento do conhecimento de si e da sua realidade pelas exposições e pesquisas; crítica acerca do conhecimento desvelado; transformação do objeto em sujeito / práxis; exposição da denúncia ou do anúncio de um mundo melhor. Acredita-se que esse processo, fortemente embasado na crítica e mediado pelo amor possa delimitar o museu em seu novo papel como espaço privilegiado onde acontece parte do processo emancipatório. No entanto, os museus contemporâneos podem se constituir em um local privilegiado para a práxis libertadora por meio de seu potencial pedagógico se essas organizações mais do que aplicarem um método libertador se reformularem completamente.

The emotional part of a museum experience is being debated and there is research pointing towards the affective part of learning. The purpose of this study is to examine how museum pedagogues reason about the usage of affective learning in their work and to investigate whether they consider affective pedagogy is a part of their work or not. Furthermore how they consider themselves working, or not working, with feelings in their pedagogy. A key factor in this study has been to work interdisciplinary with both museum pedagogy and social science with theoretical perspectives of feelings such as happiness, sadness, anger, disgust and fear, and with theories such as Feelings &amp; materiality and Pedagogy of Feeling. Methodologically a qualitative interview study museum pedagogues have been used together with observation of four Swedish state- and country museums. In this thesis it is shown that the interviewed museum pedagogues indeed have acknowledged the fact that the museum is an affective place, but the interviewed had different way of make use of feelings. They all agree on the fact that feelings can support the learning process, and that all the different feelings have their own effect on learning. Also that the museum pedagogues have some influence on the feeling that the exhibitions are to emit, which could be used in the pedagogues favor if the exhibition consists of hard and problematic feelings. However, in contrast to this it seems that few of the museum pedagogues discuss the affective influence of a upcoming exhibition or program, or evaluate a project in what feeling the visitors experienced during the visit. This is a two years master’s thesis in Archive, Library and Museum studies.

This study focuses on the educational activities carried out in Swedish museums. Activity pedagogy is a concept that concerns learning with a combination of activities. The museums meet a new generation of museum visitors who want to experience and participate in the educational activities. As going from being passive participants to active actors becomes more natural, this could create a problem för the museums. The pedagogical tools that are available today for the museum educators are based on cultural-historical objectess and clothes that have a direct connection to the historical time period the museum manages. The museums act as an arena för knowledge, but it has been stated that there are shortcomings in the educational activities. The basis is the objects that are available in the museums exhibition and the educational offer is based o the exhibitions, but there is an opportunity to discuss and highlight other topics. Tactile spaces and digital tools have begun to become a more natural of the museum's activities, but there are pros and cons to it. The study is based on the educational activities carried out at Old Uppsala Museum and the Nordic Museum. A combination of observation and interview studies, but also current research of museum pedagogy has been the basis for this study. The result is that the tools available in today's museums have a basic idea, but that there is room for development. Offering visitors to participate and make suggestions for improvment is a step in the right direction. Activity pedagogy and object-based tours must be preformed for each visitor group, regardless of age. It has emerged in my study that objects incorporated in the displays increase the quality of the guided tour. This is a two years master's thesis in Museum and Cultural Heritage Studies.

This study of the establishment of heritage preservation in Sweden during the first half of the 20th century focuses upon Sigurd Curman (1879-1966), art historian, restoration architect and Director of Antiquities. Its purpose is to show how an older, more research-oriented form of heritage work grew to become a more socially-conscious vari­ant of cultural preservation. The period of establishment embraces organizational inquiries, government legisla­tion and institutionalization, and as Director of Antiquities between 1923 and 1946, Curman was a main actor. He had already become a key figure in debates on the official organization of preservation activities in Sweden well before this, whose early career dealt chiefly with the restoration of churches. Curman advocated the accentuation of aspects of cultural history. An opinion had been formed among cultural historians and museum curators against what they perceived as the obsolete manner of pursuing heritage efforts conducted by the Royal Swedish Acad­emy of Letters, History and Antiquities and its secretary, the Director of Antiquities, who was also head of Swe­den's main official museum, the Museum of History. Criticism was aimed at all aspects of official heritage preservation efforts, including legislation, restoration policy, the care of ancient ruins and treatment of finds, as well as the lack of understanding on the behalf of the central authority for local and regional interests. The latter referred to the emotive aspects of heritage preservation, which in contemporary verbiage was summarized by the term "piety". The central authority was accussed of not understanding "popular" heritage preservation outside the context of the museum and of displaying a lack of piety toward "the cultural memory of the Fatherland". These feelings were based primarily on two prerequisites: an established perception of a homogeneous national culture with ancient roots in the past, and an apprehension that it was in the interests of society that the government become responsible for the administration of this material cultural heritage. This ambition can be summarized by the term "preservation of cultural heritage" and its foremost exponent was Sigurd Curman. The dissertation fol­lows Curman from his childhood in a wealthy Stockholm family, to his early career in restoration and as lecturer in architectural history at the College of Art. In 1912, Curman was appointed to the first chair in these fields estab­lished at the College, which he held until 1918 when he became advisor in the cultural history of architecture at the new Royal Swedish Board of Public Building. When appointed Director of Antiquities he began concretizing the official organization of heritage preservation. During the 1910s he participated in a comprehensive, dual inquiry into the organization and legislation of the government's heritage preservation policy. When its final report was presented in 1922 it was tabled, but still acted as the basis for Curman's continued efforts. He created a modem bureaucracy out of the council of the Department of Antiquities and contributed to moving the central authority from the ground floor of the National Museum to its own premises in midtown Stockholm. Curman would also work to improve legislation to protect cultural monuments and developed museum activities by creat­ing a countrywide organization of county antiquarians and regional museums. When Sweden's new antiquities law was passed by parliament in 1942, Curman had not only led the inquiry leading up to it, but had formulated the draft of the legislation himself. By the time of his retirement in 1946 he was a legend in antiquarian circles, the very personification of Swedish cultural heritage preservation. The present dissertation shows how Curman achieved this status, though it also details the efforts of numerous other actors participating in the process and sees Curman as a bureaucrat who realized demands for a renewal of heritage preservation in the country. / digitalisering@umu

Το σύγχρονο μουσείο επιχειρεί ένα άνοιγμα στην κοινωνία με εκθέσεις, σεμινάρια, διάφορες εκδηλώσεις κλπ. Η μορφωτική αποστολή του μουσείου για την κοινωνία εκφράζεται μέσω των εκπαιδευτικών προγραμμάτων. Στην παρούσα έρευνα μελετάται ο λόγος των γραπτών κειμένων των εκπαιδευτικών προγραμμάτων έντεκα ιστορικών και λαογραφικών μουσείων της Αθήνας, που εκπονήθηκαν κατά τη σχολική χρονιά (2009-2010), ως προς την ιδεολογική κατεύθυνση. Επιχειρούμε να διαπιστώσουμε αν τα μουσεία εξακολουθούν, μέσω των εκπαιδευτικών τους προγραμμάτων, να επιτελούν ιδεολογικές λειτουργίες που συμβάλλουν στη δημιουργία εθνικής ταυτότητας, στην εγχάραξη εθνικής συνείδησης και στον προσδιορισμό και την οριοθέτηση της εθνικής μνήμης. Η αρχική μας υπόθεση ότι το μουσείο δεν είναι ένας αξιολογικά ουδέτερος χώρος, αλλά αντανακλά τις αντιλήψεις και τα χαρακτηριστικά γνωρίσματα της κοινωνίας μέσα στην οποία λειτουργεί, επιβεβαιώθηκε με την μεθοδολογική προσέγγιση της ανάλυσης περιεχομένου. Το θεωρητικό υπόβαθρο για την ερμηνεία των αποτελεσμάτων της έρευνας έδωσε η νεομαρξιστική θεωρία του Αλτουσέρ, σύμφωνα με την οποία τα μουσεία είναι μέρος του ιδεολογικού μηχανισμού του κράτους. / The modern museum attempts an opening to the society with exhibitions, seminars, several festivals displays e.t.c. The educational mission of the museum for the society is expressed through the educational programs. The literary value of the written texts of the educational programs of eleven historical and folklore museums of Athens, is studied in the current research, that was worked out during the school season (2009-2010), as far as the ideological direction is concerned. We attempt to ascertain if the museums, through their educational programs, continue to fulfill the ideological functions that contribute to the creation of a national identity, to the deep impression of a national consciousness and to the definition and foundation of a national memory. Our initial supposition that the museum is not of neutral value place, but reflects the conceptions and the special features of the society in which it functions, was confirmed by the methological process of analyzing the contents. The theoretical base for the interprentance of the results of this research was given by the Altousher’s neomarxist theory. According to this theory the museums are part of the ideological mechanism of the state.

The aim of this study is to examine the temporary museum exhibit World of the Vikings (Welt der Wikinger), created by Sweden’s Statens Historia Museum (SHM), through the lenses of  gender and pedagogical analysis. The exhibit which was planned to be showcased in the German city of Kiel in time for the sailing Olympics in 1972 and had several goals in mind. The primary goals were to showcase models of Viking ships and achievements of their ship art (to coincide with the sailing Olympics), provide an overview of the Viking Age and showcasing all its different aspects as opposed to just the infamous warrior. Using a gender theory and the overarching analyst method ‘The Feminist Museum Hack’, primarily utilizing a discourse analysis and a visual method (as well as comparative reading, a quantitative method and content analysis, depending on which objects were analysed), this study examines archival material of the exhibit in order to unveil both gender and pedagogical aspects. The material used, consisting of protocols, memos, exhibition texts, booth overviews (consisting of photographs), catalogues and letter correspondents, provide an extensive look into the exhibit, its purposes as well as the overall structure. The main findings of this study are that the exhibit had a clear pedagogical goal in mind, as its content was divided into different parts and chapters to detail various parts of the Viking Age, including their everyday life. Several artifacts collected from various museums were showcased, and the exhibition texts were designed to both educate its visitors and inspire to seek further knowledge. Nuancing gender roles was not part of its purpose, which is confirmed by a gender analysis of the exhibit. A significant portion of the Nordic people mentioned were men while only a few women were mentioned, but  most of the featured men and women were also from a higher hierarchical standing. In terms of expression of gender and gender roles, men were the primary focus in describing and showcasing everyday Nordic life, whereas the women remained passive and secondary. Through the exhibit material, it is clear the roles and chores performed by men were deemed of a higher importance.

The creation of a new Holocaust museum in Sweden has sparked discussion regarding placement, how to make it accessible, and how to make that accessibility equal between the physical and virtual. The National Historical Museums of Sweden was given the task to open the Swedish Holocaust Museum in Stockholm 10 month after they were appointed the task (Regeringskansliet 2021b). This and receiving less than half of the funds requested for the project lead to the museum not being able to open with a physical space but will be a purely digital space on the official website when opened (ibid.; Hörmark 2022). The museum will then gradually gain a physical space (Annika 2022). Academic research on a new Holocaust museum and their implementations of virtual and digital tools has not been found, therefore this thesis aims to fill that gap with the aid of the previous research. The thesis examines the current available material for the not yet opened Swedish Holocaust Museum through qualitative methods. The pre-process entailed gathering available reports and public discussions, getting into contact with the staff at the National Historical Museums of Sweden and limiting the scope of the thesis. Interviews were conducted with three employees and observations were conducted on two testimony AI by Dimensions in Testimony. The post-process was transcribing, analysing, and categorizing the material under different themes. Throughout the process, academic research has continuously been read and implemented.   The analysis was conducted on the importance of the location of the museum and the public discourse on whether the museum ought to be located in Malmö or Stockholm. It also analyses the expected contents of the website, being the testimony AI and the interactive timeline through a pedagogical perspective. The website will only include the Dimensions in Testimony AI as well as five items and their description when it launches. Finally, the expected website contents were analysed through the potential of being a virtual museum.  The thesis found that the importance of the location might have been mediated by putting emphasis on accessibility through the website. Both the testimony AI and the timeline are pedagogically rich but comes with some technical difficulties. The website has great potential in becoming a virtual museum and should be viewed as such. The thesis also found that interactions between the physical and virtual space might increase the perceived authenticity of the virtual museum and generate more interest.

La pédagogie muséale est une discipline portant sur l’introduction de l’art et du musée dans le système éducatif et sur l’utilisation particulière des ressources muséales lors des visites au musée par les enfants. L’expérience russe est à cet égard particulière et mérite une étude approfondie que propose cette thèse. En nous concentrant sur l’étude du Musée russe, musée pionnier et chantre de la pédagogie muséale, nous comprenons que le musée est en Russie une institution extrêmement dynamique et porteuse d’innovations originales. Ces avancées sont le fruit d’une forte tradition ancrée dans le monde muséal russe depuis la période soviétique, durant laquelle le musée était un lieu d’éducation majeur. Aujourd’hui, la pédagogie muséale russe a évolué et n’est plus teintée de propagande. Le Musée russe, un des plus grands musées de Russie, a théorisé et développé la pédagogie muséale à un niveau jusqu’à présent inégalé dans le monde. Le Musée russe travaille depuis plus de vingt ans à offrir à l’éducation russe une humanisation de l’enseignement au moyen de l’art. Son programme éducatif « Bonjour musée ! » appliqué dans les écoles, de la maternelle au lycée, donne aux enfants, par l’étude de l’art russe et mondial, les bases culturelles indispensables à une harmonieuse compréhension du monde environnant, alliée à l’éveil du sentiment national, un thème cher aux Russes. L’analyse de l’expérience du Musée russe dans le domaine de la pédagogie muséale vise à montrer d’une part l’impact bénéfique de l’art sur l’épanouissement de l’enfant et d’autre part les multiples applications de l’art pour l’enseignement, par le développement de l’interdisciplinarité : enseignement des mathématiques, chimie, physique et langues étrangères par le biais de l’art. / The museum pedagogy is a discipline on the introduction of art and museum resources in the education system. The Russian experience in this regard is particularliar and deserves further study as it is proposed in this thesis. By focusing on the study of the Russian Museum, museum pioneer of museum pedagogy, we find evidence that the museum is an institution in Russia extremely dynamic with original innovations. These advances are the result of a strong tradition rooted in the museum world since the Soviet period that the museum is a major place for education. Today, the Russian museum education has evolved and is no longer linked with propaganda. The Russian Museum, one of the largest museums in Russia, has theorized and developed museum pedagogy at a level far unequaled in the world. The Russian Museum has over twenty years offered the Russian education humanization of education through art. Its educational program "Hello museum! "applied in schools, from childrengarden to high school, gives children, trough the study of Russian and world art, cultural foundations necessary for a harmonious understanding of the surrounding world, coupled with the awakening of national consciousness, a beloved theme for Russians. The analysis of the experience of the Russian Museum in the field of museum pedagogy is to show, first the positive impact of art on the development of the child and secondly the multiple applications of art education for the development of interdisciplinarity: teaching of mathematics, chemistry, physics and foreign languages through the medium of art.