京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(人間・環境学) / 甲第18359号 / 人博第672号 / 新制||人||162(附属図書館) / 25||人博||672(吉田南総合図書館) / 31217 / 京都大学大学院人間・環境学研究科相関環境学専攻 / (主査)教授 市岡 孝朗, 教授 加藤 眞, 教授 松井 正文 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Human and Environmental Studies / Kyoto University / DGAM

Mutualism is an understudied phenomenon across taxa, but is important to the persistence and structure of communities. The role of positive interactions in supporting threatened species is critically important given that freshwater fish are extremely vulnerable due to the combined effects of climate change and habitat degradation. To disentangle complex positive multi-species interactions, I applied both Eltonian and Hutchinsonian niche approaches to the reproductive mutualism of leuciscids known as nest association, a form of alloparental care characterized by an adult of one species guarding the offspring of another. I conducted this study with the leuciscid community of Toms Creek in which Bluehead Chub Nocomis leptocephalus is the primary nest builder and nest associate species include Rosyside Dace Clinostomus funduloides, Rosefin Shiner Lythrurus ardens, Mountain Redbelly Dace Chrosomus oreas, Crescent Shiner Luxilus cerasinus, White Shiner Luxilus albeolus, Central Stoneroller Campostoma anomalum, Creek Chub Semotilus atromaculatus, and Blacknose Dace Rhinycthys atratulus. I applied Hutchinsonian niche theory with respect to hydrology and water temperature to define the reproductive phenology of each species involved in the reproductive mutualism, then used Eltonian niche theory to define the role of each species in parental and alloparental care. My dual niche theory approach elucidates the reproductive requirements of each species and quantifies the contribution of nest associates to alloparental care, which historically have not been included in definitions of nest association. My results show that Blacknose Dace Rhinichthys atratulus and Creek Chub Semotilus atromaculatus are not true nest associates of Bluehead Chub Nocomis leptocephalus based on their reproductive phenology and observed nesting behaviors. In contrast to previous work on nest association, most associate species did contribute to parental care through nest defense and vigilance behaviors, and their specific behaviors were influenced by morphology. By clearly defining the reproductive niches of these species, this study lays the groundwork for future investigation of how various climate scenarios may impact multi-species reproductive mutualisms. / Master of Science / Positive interactions are understudied throughout ecology, but are important to the persistence and structure of communities. The role of positive interactions in supporting threatened species is critically important given that freshwater fish are at high risk of extinction due to the combined effects of climate change and habitat degradation. To understand the complex positive interactions in freshwater fish, I applied both niche theory approaches to a mutualistic reproductive interaction known as nest association, where an adult of one species builds a nest on which it guards the offspring of other species (formally: a type of alloparental care). I conducted this study with the leuciscid (commonly known as minnow) community of Toms Creek in which Bluehead Chub Nocomis leptocephalus is the primary nest builder and nest associate species include Rosyside Dace Clinostomus funduloides, Rosefin Shiner Lythrurus ardens, Mountain Redbelly Dace Chrosomus oreas, Crescent Shiner Luxilus cerasinus, White Shiner Luxilus albeolus, Central Stoneroller Campostoma anomalum, Creek Chub Semotilus atromaculatus, and Blacknose Dace Rhinycthys atratulus. For each species involved in the reproductive mutualism, I defined the seasonal timing of reproduction with respect to hydrology and water temperature, then defined their role in parental and alloparental care. My approach clarifies the reproductive requirements of each species and establishes the contributions of associate species to alloparental care, which historically have not been included in definitions of nest association. My results show that Blacknose Dace Rhinichthys atratulus and Creek Chub Semotilus atromaculatus are not true nest associates of Bluehead Chub Nocomis leptocephalus based on their reproductive requirements and observed nesting behaviors. In contrast to historic descriptions of nest association, most associate species did contribute to parental care through nest defense and vigilance behaviors, and their specific behaviors were influenced by their size and physical adaptations. By clearly defining the reproductive needs and roles of these species, this study lays the groundwork for future investigation of how various climate scenarios may impact positive relationships among species.

Os nectários extraflorais (NEFs) são estruturas produtoras de néctar, não relacionadas com a polinização, mas podem estar presentes em partes tanto vegetativas quanto reprodutivas da planta. Essas estruturas atraem uma grande diversidade de artrópodes, principalmente formigas, as quais protegem as plantas do ataque de herbívoros. Em geral, essas interações formiga-planta mediadas por NEFs são positivas, no entanto, em alguns casos podem apresentar efeitos negativos, interferindo diretamente no valor adaptativo da planta. Diante dessa perspectiva, este estudo objetivou avaliar se a atração de formigas para proteção contra o ataque de herbívoros, causa indiretamente um impacto sobre a polinização, influenciando, consequentemente, no sucesso reprodutivo de Palicourea rigida. Esta Rubiaceae é um arbusto muito comum no Cerrado, que apresenta nectários pericarpiais (NPs NEFs localizados em frutos). A principal hipótese do trabalho foi que as formigas beneficiam P. rigida, reduzindo a ação de herbívoros foliares, mas ao mesmo tempo interferem no sucesso reprodutivo da planta, pois inibem a ação dos principais polinizadores. O estudo foi desenvolvido entre novembro de 2016 e fevereiro de 2017 na reserva ecológica do Clube Caça e Pesca Itororó de Uberlândia, no município de Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brasil, área que apresenta como principal fitofisionomia o cerrado sentido restrito. Os resultados corroboraram a hipótese principal, demonstrando que de fato as formigas protegem a planta, reduzindo a ação de herbívoros foliares, mas que dependendo da espécie de formiga podem interferir negativamente na formação de frutos, já que inibem a ação dos principais polinizadores da planta os beija-flores. Nosso estudo revela que Palicourea rigida possui um sistema complexo de interações, envolvendo formiga-planta-polinizador, sendo esse o primeiro estudo a avaliar os custos indiretos de um mutualismo protetivo formiga-planta sobre o valor adaptativo direto (produção de frutos) em plantas polinizadas por aves. / Extrafloral nectaries (EFNs) are glands that produce nectar not related to pollination and may be present in both vegetative and reproductive plant parts. These structures attract a great diversity of arthropods, mainly ants, which protect plants from herbivorous attack. In general, ant-plant interactions mediated by EFNs are positive, however, in some cases they may have negative effects, interfering directly in plants fitness. From this perspective, our study aimed to evaluates whether the attraction of ants by an EFNs bearing plant, effectively protects the vegetable against herbivorous attack, but indirectly has anegative impact on pollination. We used as a model, Palicourea rigida (Rubiaceae), a common shrub in the Cerrado, that presents pericarpial nectaries (PNs - EFNs located in fruits). The main hypothesis of the work was that ants benefits P. rigida, reducing the action of foliar herbivores, but at the same time negatively interfere on its reproductive success by inhibiting the action of the main pollinators. The field work was developed between November 2016 and February 2017, in the ecological cerrado reserve of the Clube Caça e Pesca Itororó de Uberlândia, in Uberlândia city, Minas Gerais, Brazil. The results corroborated our main hypothesis, demonstrating that ants in fact protect the plant reducing the action of foliar herbivores and can, depending on the ant species, negatively interfere in fruit set, since they inhibit the action of the main pollinators - the hummingbirds. These results show that P. rigida has a complex system of interactions, involving ant-plant-pollinator. This is the first study to evaluate the indirect costs of ant-plant mutualism on the fruit set of a plant pollinated by birds.

Submitted by JOSIANE SANTOS DE OLIVEIRA (josianeso) on 2017-06-22T16:58:10Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dinis Ferreira Cortes_.pdf: 2155477 bytes, checksum: ef719ef467e9200dd86721b44b1112af (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-22T16:58:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dinis Ferreira Cortes_.pdf: 2155477 bytes, checksum: ef719ef467e9200dd86721b44b1112af (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-04-24 / Nenhuma / A pesquisa apresentada no presente texto projeta-se dentro do campo de estudos sobre a midiatização da religião. Os objetivos desta investigação são: a) mapear os meios, circuitos, ambientes e dispositivos configurados pela instituição religiosa no processo de construção de seus públicos em processos midiáticos; b) identificar os processos sócio-antropológicos acionados nas interações entre instituição religiosa, lógicas midiáticas, atores e devotos; c) inferir sobre a semiose constituída nas interações entre instituições midiáticas, midiatizadas e atores. Como delimitação do material a ser investigado na pesquisa utilizaremos o ambiente midiático construído pela Associação Filhos do Pai Eterno (AFIPE) e do seu mentor Padre Robson de Oliveira. Este ambiente compreende: os programa Pai Eterno e programa Novena dos Filhos do Pai Eterno transmitidos pela Rede Vida de Televisão; as redes sociais Facebook e Instagram; o site de streaming Youtube; o site oficial da AFIPE; cartas enviadas aos associados; e aplicativos mobile. O método de investigação se apresenta em três argumentos: primeiro, a construção do caso de pesquisa, inferido em processos abdutivos; segundo, a dedução, compreendida como imersão nos empíricos a partir de proposições apresentadas; terceiro, a indução, consolidando inferências epistemológicas a partir das análises empíricas. As inferências epistemológicas são apresentadas em três dimensões: as bases antropológicas identificadas nas interações; a semiose acionada no circuito-ambiente analisado; e a midiatização e circulação como perspectiva conclusiva para a compreensão do objeto construído. Destacamos, dos resultados, que os processos midiático-interacionais estabelecem uma relação entre os devotos e a Igreja que sugerem um mutualismo, onde dádivas descendentes de promessa de cura através da instituição (Igreja), funcionam articuladas com o reconhecimento midiático proveniente da participação ascendente dos devotos, no ambiente constituído pela AFIPE. Através de processos de usos e apropriações de discursos dos devotos em redes digitais, e-mails, cartas e entrevistas são observadas compreensões inferenciais da presente ordem: narratividades e semióticas discursivas; o meio midiático como configuração de narrativas induzidas; a midiatização como dispositivo de poder; e o processo de trânsito interacional fundamentado na seleção e no controle regulatório tentativo. / The research presented in this text is projected within the field of studies on the mediatization of religion. The objectives of this research are: a) to map the media, circuits, environments and devices configured from the religious institution in the process of building their audiences in mediatic processes; b) identify the socio-anthropological processes triggered in the interactions between religious institution, media logics, actors and devotees; c) to deduce about the semiosis constituted in the interactions between mediated, mediatized institutions and actors. As research delimitation, we will use the environment built from the Associação Filhos do Pai Eterno (AFIPE) and his mentor Father Robson de Oliveira. This environment includes: the Pai Eterno program and Novena dos Filhos do Pai Eterno program transmitted from Rede Vida de Televisão; social networks Facebook and Instagram; the YouTube streaming site; the official website of AFIPE; letters sent to members; and mobile applications. The research method is presented in three arguments: first, the construction of the research case, inferred in abductive processes; Second, the deduction, understood as immersion in the empirical ones from propositions presented; Third, the induction, consolidating epistemological inferences from the empirical analyzes. The epistemological inferences are presented in three dimensions: the anthropological bases identified in the interactions; The semiosis driven in the analyzed circuit-environment; And mediatization and circulation as a conclusive perspective for understanding the constructed object. We highlight from the results that the media-interaction processes establish a relationship between the devotees and the Church that suggest a mutualism, where descended from the promise of healing through the institution (Church), function in articulation with the media recognition from the upward participation of the Devotees, in the environment constituted from AFIPE. Through processes of use and appropriation of the speeches of devotees in digital networks, e-mails, letters and interviews, inferential understandings of the present order are observed: narratives and discursive semiotics; the media as a configuration of induced narratives; mediatization as a power device; and the process of interactional transit based on selection and tentative regulatory control.

Os nectários extraflorais (NEFs) são estruturas produtoras de néctar, não relacionadas com a polinização, mas podem estar presentes em partes tanto vegetativas quanto reprodutivas da planta. Essas estruturas atraem uma grande diversidade de artrópodes, principalmente formigas, as quais protegem as plantas do ataque de herbívoros. Em geral, essas interações formiga-planta mediadas por NEFs são positivas, no entanto, em alguns casos podem apresentar efeitos negativos, interferindo diretamente no valor adaptativo da planta. Diante dessa perspectiva, este estudo objetivou avaliar se a atração de formigas para proteção contra o ataque de herbívoros, causa indiretamente um impacto sobre a polinização, influenciando, consequentemente, no sucesso reprodutivo de Palicourea rigida. Esta Rubiaceae é um arbusto muito comum no Cerrado, que apresenta nectários pericarpiais (NPs NEFs localizados em frutos). A principal hipótese do trabalho foi que as formigas beneficiam P. rigida, reduzindo a ação de herbívoros foliares, mas ao mesmo tempo interferem no sucesso reprodutivo da planta, pois inibem a ação dos principais polinizadores. O estudo foi desenvolvido entre novembro de 2016 e fevereiro de 2017 na reserva ecológica do Clube Caça e Pesca Itororó de Uberlândia, no município de Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brasil, área que apresenta como principal fitofisionomia o cerrado sentido restrito. Os resultados corroboraram a hipótese principal, demonstrando que de fato as formigas protegem a planta, reduzindo a ação de herbívoros foliares, mas que dependendo da espécie de formiga podem interferir negativamente na formação de frutos, já que inibem a ação dos principais polinizadores da planta os beija-flores. Nosso estudo revela que Palicourea rigida possui um sistema complexo de interações, envolvendo formiga-planta-polinizador, sendo esse o primeiro estudo a avaliar os custos indiretos de um mutualismo protetivo formiga-planta sobre o valor adaptativo direto (produção de frutos) em plantas polinizadas por aves. / Extrafloral nectaries (EFNs) are glands that produce nectar not related to pollination and may be present in both vegetative and reproductive plant parts. These structures attract a great diversity of arthropods, mainly ants, which protect plants from herbivorous attack. In general, ant-plant interactions mediated by EFNs are positive, however, in some cases they may have negative effects, interfering directly in plants fitness. From this perspective, our study aimed to evaluates whether the attraction of ants by an EFNs bearing plant, effectively protects the vegetable against herbivorous attack, but indirectly has anegative impact on pollination. We used as a model, Palicourea rigida (Rubiaceae), a common shrub in the Cerrado, that presents pericarpial nectaries (PNs - EFNs located in fruits). The main hypothesis of the work was that ants benefits P. rigida, reducing the action of foliar herbivores, but at the same time negatively interfere on its reproductive success by inhibiting the action of the main pollinators. The field work was developed between November 2016 and February 2017, in the ecological cerrado reserve of the Clube Caça e Pesca Itororó de Uberlândia, in Uberlândia city, Minas Gerais, Brazil. The results corroborated our main hypothesis, demonstrating that ants in fact protect the plant reducing the action of foliar herbivores and can, depending on the ant species, negatively interfere in fruit set, since they inhibit the action of the main pollinators - the hummingbirds. These results show that P. rigida has a complex system of interactions, involving ant-plant-pollinator. This is the first study to evaluate the indirect costs of ant-plant mutualism on the fruit set of a plant pollinated by birds.

Le concept de niche a été défini par Hutchinson comme un espace multidimensionnel de variables environnementales où l'espèce survie. Au cours de ce travail, je me suis intéressée à différentes limites conceptuelles et opérationnelles du concept de niche. En m'appuyant sur le cas de l'adaptation à la salinité chez le genre Artemia – branchiopode extrêmophile – nous nous sommes intéressés : (i) aux mécanismes à l'origine du maintien du polymorphisme génétique d'une large population clonale, qui m'a permis de m'interroger sur l'échelle utile à l'application du concept de niche ; (ii) à l'impact de la flore bactérienne sur l'adaptation de l'artémie aux faibles salinités, qui m'a permis d'évaluer plus globalement l'impact que les interactions biotiques peuvent avoir dans le contexte multidimensionnel de la niche ; (iii) aux effets de la plasticité et de la qualité d'habitat sur l'adaptation de l'artémie aux fortes salinités, qui pose des questions opérationnelles sur l'évaluation de l'influence de ces facteurs sur la niche. Le travail détaillé dans ce manuscrit s'appuie sur des méthodologies variées et a apporté des éléments de réponses aux problématiques posées. Tout d'abord, nous avons pu montrer que la diversité génétique d'une large population clonale était structurée par des déterminants environnementaux tels que la salinité ou la température. Ce travail a aussi montré que dans le cas d'une population asexuée, le concept de niche pouvait s'appliquer à un groupe d'individu génétiquement proche et pouvant (selon le mode de reproduction) appartenir à une lignée commune. Ensuite, nous avons montré que la niche de la flore intestinale de l'artémie facilite la digestion des algues, mais contraint leur tolérance aux faibles salinités. Il faut alors envisager que les interactions biotiques peuvent avoir différents effets (parfois même contradictoires) sur les différents axes de la niche de l'espèce focale. Enfin, nous avons apporté des solutions méthodologiques pour évaluer séparément l'impact de la plasticité et de la qualité d'habitat sur l'adaptation des artémies aux fortes salinités. Au final, nous avons apporté des solutions conceptuelles et/ou opérationnelles permettant de solidifier le concept de niche qui est une notion clé en écologie évolutive. / Hutchinson defined the niche concept as the multidimensional space of environmental variables where the specie survives. During this work, I focused on several conceptual and operational limits of this concept. Basing our work on the adaptation to salinity of the genus Artemia – an extremophile branchipod – we studied: (i) mechanisms involved in the polymorphism maintenance in a large clonal population, which asked the question of the scaling in the use of the niche concept; (ii) impact of the gut microbiota on the adaptation to low salinities, which asked the question on the impact of biotic interactions on the niche; (iii) the effects of habitat quality and phenotypic plasticity on the tolerance to high salinities, which asked operational questions on the evaluation of theses factors and there impact on the niche. The work detailed in this manuscript is based on a large variety of methodologies and helped providing elements of answers to solve the problematic. First, we showed that the important diversity found in the large clonal population was structured by environmental variables such as salinity and temperature. Therefore, in the case of a large asexual population, the niche concept can apply to a group of genetically close individual that might share (depending on the reproduction mode) common ancestry. Then, we showed that the niche of the gut microbiota, associated with Artemia for algae digestion, constrained their host tolerance to low salinities. Thus, biotic interactions may have different effects (even conflicting sometimes) on the different axes of their host niche. Finally, we provided some methodological solutions to evaluate separately the impact of plasticity and habitat quality on the adaptation of Artemia to high salinities. In the end, we provided conceptual and/or operational solutions that strengthen the evolutionary ecology key concept of the niche.

Contrary to the predictions of numerous theoretical models, variation in partner quality continues to persist in mutualisms, including in the symbiosis between legumes and rhizobia. One potential explanation for the maintenance of this genetic diversity is genotype × genotype interactions, however it is unknown which genetic regions might underlie these interactions. To investigate this question, I performed a quantitative trait loci mapping experiment with two different rhizobium strains to locate potential regions of the genome influencing genotype × genotype interactions between the legume Medicago truncatula and its symbiont Sinorhizobium meliloti. I found no evidence for genotype × genotype or QTL × rhizobium interactions, however some of the QTLs colocalized with genes involved in the symbiosis signaling pathway, suggesting variation in these genes could potentially affect plant performance and fitness traits. These findings have important implications for the evolutionary interactions between legumes and rhizobia, and the genetic architecture of Medicago truncatula.

Contrary to the predictions of numerous theoretical models, variation in partner quality continues to persist in mutualisms, including in the symbiosis between legumes and rhizobia. One potential explanation for the maintenance of this genetic diversity is genotype × genotype interactions, however it is unknown which genetic regions might underlie these interactions. To investigate this question, I performed a quantitative trait loci mapping experiment with two different rhizobium strains to locate potential regions of the genome influencing genotype × genotype interactions between the legume Medicago truncatula and its symbiont Sinorhizobium meliloti. I found no evidence for genotype × genotype or QTL × rhizobium interactions, however some of the QTLs colocalized with genes involved in the symbiosis signaling pathway, suggesting variation in these genes could potentially affect plant performance and fitness traits. These findings have important implications for the evolutionary interactions between legumes and rhizobia, and the genetic architecture of Medicago truncatula.

Plant-pollinator interactions figure as key elements promoting the natural regeneration of terrestrial vegetation, as most plants depend on animals to transfer their gametes between flowers and produce seeds. Bees are the most common pollinators of plants and their interactions with flowers have served as model systems for the study of specialized mutualisms since Darwin's time. While most plants offer nectar as a reward and attract a variety of floral visitors, others produce distinctive types of resources which are sought by particular groups of pollinators. Such associations may involve specialization at the morphological, behavioral, or physiological levels and are especially common in tropical habitats. The interactions between oil-producing flowers of Neotropical Malpighiaceae and oil-collecting bees are an example of a specialized mutualism in which plants offer lipids to attract pollinators that use the resource to build nest cells and feed their offspring. Although several studies have focused on specialized pollination at the species level, their effects on the organization of tropical communities remain largely unexplored. This dissertation aims to help fill this gap through an analysis of the mechanisms of pollinator partitioning in multi-species assemblages of specialists as well as a study of the organization of communities in which they occur. The motivation for pursuing the study of specialized interactions using Neotropical species of Malpighiaceae as a model system is outlined in the first chapter. In Chapter 2, I present an evaluation of the structural properties of a plant-pollinator community from the Cerrado, a seasonal ecosystem that hosts a large diversity of oil flowers. The third chapter analyzes pollinator partitioning and reproductive strategies promoting the coexistence of closely related Malpighiaceae. A possible outcome for the selective pressures imposed by the coexistence of specialists is presented in Chapter 4 by a case study providing evidence for a shift from specialized to generalized pollination in a Neotropical Malpighiaceae species. The last chapter includes reports of active floral oil foraging by males of Tetrapedia and a description of an oil storage structure without precedence among bees and unique to males of this genus suggesting that floral oils may also play a role in bees mating systems. / text

Les bonobos (Pan paniscus) sont menacés d’extinction. Ils sont les plus grands primates et les seuls grands singes de la rive sud du bassin du Congo. Ils sont nos plus proches parents avec les chimpanzés et sont étudiés dans l’urgence par les anthropologues pour comprendre nos origines Hominidé. Mais qu’en est-il de leur rôle fonctionnel dans la forêt ? Leur disparition aurait-elle des conséquences graves sur l’écologie forestière ? Telles sont les questions de ce projet inédit, dont les réponses sont apportées par plusieurs années d’observations d’un groupe en liberté habitué au site de recherche LuiKotale (RD Congo). Dans cette forêt tropicale humide, la très grande majorité des plantes a besoin des animaux pour se reproduire et disperser leurs graines. Les bonobos sont les plus grands frugivores après les éléphants. Au cours de sa vie, chaque bonobo ingèrera et dispersera 9 tonnes de graines, de plus de 91 espèces de lianes, herbes, arbres et arbustes. Ces graines voyageront 24 heures dans le tube digestif des bonobos, qui les transporteront sur plusieurs kilomètres (≈1.3km; max : 4.5 km), loin de leur plante mère, où ils seront déposées intactes dans leurs fèces. Ces graines dispersées restent viables, germent mieux et plus rapidement que les graines non passées par le tube digestif d’un bonobo. La diplochorie, impliquant les bousiers (Scarabaeidae), favorise leur survie post dispersion. Certaines plantes comme les Dialium pourraient même être dépendants du bonobo pour activer la germination de leurs graines en dormance tégumentaire. Les premiers paramètres de l’efficacité des bonobos comme disperseurs de graines sont présents. Leurs comportements pourraient affecter la structure des populations végétales. La majorité de ces plantes zoochores ne peuvent recruter sans dispersion et la structure spatiale homogène des arbres laisse penser à un lien direct avec leur agent de dispersion. Peu d’espèces remplaceraient les bonobos en terme de leur rôle fonctionnel, tout comme les bonobos ne remplacent pas les éléphants. Il y a peu de redondance fonctionnelle entre les mammifères frugivores très différents du Congo, qui doivent faire face aux pressions de chasse des hommes et disparaissent localement. La défaunation des forêts, résultant dans le syndrome des forêts vides, est un problème grave de biologie de la conservation illustré ici. La disparition des bonobos qui dispersent les graines de 65% des arbres de leur forêt, ou encore 11.6 millions de graines au cours de la vie d’un bonobo, est liée à la conservation des forêts tropicales humides du Congo / Bonobos (Pan paniscus) are threatened with extinction. They are the largest primates, and the only apes (except human), of the southern bank of the Congo Basin. Along with chimpanzees, they are our closest living relatives and are studied by anthropologists to include/understand our hominid origins; but what about their functional role in the forest? Would their disappearance have serious consequences for forest ecology? Answering this question is the aim of this new project, with several years of observations of a free-ranging habituated group of bonobos on the LuiKotale research station (DR Congo). In this tropical rainforest, the very great majority of plants need animals to reproduce and disperse their seeds. Bonobos are the largest frugivorous animals in this region, after elephants. During its life, each bonobo will ingest and disperse nine tons of seeds, from more than 91 species of lianas, grass, trees and shrubs. These seeds will travel 24 hours in the bonobo digestive tract, which will transfer them over several kilometers (mean 1.3 km; max: 4.5 km), far from their parents, where they will be deposited intact in their feces. These dispersed seeds remain viable, germinate better and more quickly than unpassed seeds. For those seeds, diplochory with dung-beetles (Scarabaeidae) imrpoves post-dispersal survival. Certain plants such as Dialium may even be dependent on bonobos to activate the germination of their seeds, characterized by tegumentary dormancy. The first parameters of the effectiveness of seed dispersal by bonobos are present. Behavior of the bonobo could affect the population structure of plants whose seeds they disperse. The majority of these zoochorous plants cannot recruit without dispersal and the homogeneous spatial structure of the trees suggests a direct link with their dispersal agent. Few species could replace bonobos in terms of seed dispersal services, just as bonobos could not replace elephants. There is little functional redundancy between frugivorous mammals of the Congo, which face severe human hunting pressures and local exctinction. The defaunation of the forests, leading to the empty forest syndrome, is critical in conservation biology, as will be illustrated here. The disappearance of the bonobos, which disperse seeds of 65% of the tree species in these forests, or 11.6 million individual seeds during the life of each bonobo, will have consequences for the conservation of the Congo rainforest