国立情報学研究所で電子化したコンテンツを使用している。

国立情報学研究所で電子化したコンテンツを使用している。

No description available.

Dissertation (Ph.D.)--Auburn University, 2006. / Abstract. Vita. Includes bibliographic references (p.113-125).

This thesis reviews both psychological and neural research in the fields of self-evaluation, self-views and self-enhancement bias. The research has made associations to grandiosity and need for admiration, which are two of the defining characteristics of narcissistic personality disorder. Neural correlates associated with this research are the medial prefrontal cortex, orbitofrontal cortex, posteromedial cortex and anterior insula. Narcissists have been seen to have a decreased form of emotional empathy even though they rate themselves to have higher emotional empathy than they actually have, which is linked to self-enhancement bias and grandiosity. Alexithymia has not gained much attention in relation to narcissism, but research presented suggests that this might need to change. Neural correlates that are associated with lack of emotional empathy and alexithymia are the anterior insula, frontoparalimbic areas and the medial prefrontal cortex. Narcissistic personality disorder is in the DSM-5 specified to be defined by a grandiose sense of self, a need for admiration, and a lack of empathy in either fantasy or behavior. However according to researchers in the field this only covers a part of the spectrum of narcissism. Deficits in the DSM-5 will he highlighted, as well as suggestions on what to do in order to help clarify the definition in DSM-5 and the concept in general.

How can the same object become split when viewed by different groups of observers? What is the relationship between conflict and consensus, and the ritual and the rational? I interrogate these questions through the case of narcissistic personality disorder (NPD) in Germanophone Europe and North America. I interviewed forty-five practitioners from Germany, Austria, Switzerland, the US and Canada. These conversations were semi-structured and ethnographically inflected. I attempted to take the informant’s perspective earnestly and to read any available works by that author in advance of the interview. To gain a sense of how science differed when not immediately concerned with the treatment of patients, I included an assessment specialist and a social-personality psychologist. Non-expert practitioners, who had not published any books or articles on pathological narcissism, were included to test whether theory is solely alluring to the academician or if it holds sway over the psychotherapist on the street. These respondent pools were matched as closely as possible across the two contexts to facilitate comparison. Approximately six psychotherapeutic schools emerged as important amongst my respondents. After a brief introduction to the different psychotherapies, I begin with the native understandings of NPD or pathological narcissism. These definitions and the wide range of narcissistic patients seen pose the puzzle: How can these definitions be so disparate, and all ostensibly be concerned with NPD as a clinical or scientific object? My concern is less oratorical and more earthy: What precisely do practitioners do? Opening with assessment (Ch. 5), we find some common signs. Diagnostic procedures may employ different technological mixes, but ultimately all follow a single pattern. Chapter 6 addresses empathy and the therapeutic alliance. The notion of a minimal medical model underlying all treatment types I encountered was unearthed despite many methods’ active denial of the ‘medical model.’ The patient-practitioner boundary is, however, far from the final frontier. Conceptualisation helps to guide the ways in which clinicians interact with one another, and ultimately the broader science of psychopathology. Chapter 8 addresses the ways in which different classificatory schemes relate to one another, and how this helps to shape the science of narcissism. What ultimately emerges is a story of (1) the minor differences of narcissism and (2) the narcissism of minor differences. The narcissism (2) can be said to obscure the (1) minor differences. Competition is inherent in the process at multiple levels: between models for both students and patients (attention-space), and through scientific exchange and the effort to gain evidence for one’s theory. I suggest that science serves less to find the best description or explanation for pathological narcissism, and more to legitimate one’s conceptualisation. Evidence of this sort gives a theoretical school means to command more financial and attentional resources. Psychotherapeutic technology is, however, path dependent, limiting the distance between any two methods.

Submitted by Silvana Teresinha Dornelles Studzinski (sstudzinski) on 2015-07-08T17:30:21Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Flávia Nedeff Langaro.pdf: 401133 bytes, checksum: 5cd89676d688561c47c41afcc64bc524 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-07-08T17:30:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Flávia Nedeff Langaro.pdf: 401133 bytes, checksum: 5cd89676d688561c47c41afcc64bc524 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Nenhuma / Ao longo dos anos, as características narcísicas vêm aumentando, sugerindo que os jovens de hoje são mais narcisistas que os jovens adultos das gerações anteriores. Fato esse que se deve às mudanças na sociedade contemporânea e à interferência da cultura na personalidade. O narcisismo é um constructo psicanalítico e é responsável por proteger o “eu” e regular a autoestima do sujeito. Entre as várias medidas de narcisismo desenvolvidas, o Inventário de Personalidade Narcísica (NPI) tem sido o instrumento mais utilizado em estudos empíricos, avaliando o narcisismo normal, ou seja, não-defensivo e bem resolvido. Desse modo, o presente estudo buscou identificar as características narcísicas de personalidade em 350 jovens adultos universitários, quanto ao sexo, idade e tipo de curso desses jovens, bem como realizar uma análise inicial das propriedades psicométricas do instrumento NPI. Esse estudo assumiu um delineamento quantitativo, do tipo transversal. A análise dos dados foi realizada através de estatística descritiva e inferencial, seguidas do teste t de Student e Anova para identificar diferenças de médias entre grupos, bem como Análise Fatorial Exploratória e Confirmatória do NPI. Como resultado do estudo, a análise das características psicométricas iniciais do instrumento apontou uma solução fatorial de seis fatores, o que atesta a multidimensionalidade do instrumento e a necessidade de se precisar aspectos hierárquicos das dimensões. Ainda, uma análise mais discriminada aponta que, em relação ao sexo dos participantes, os homens apresentaram índices mais elevados no NPI, quando comparados às mulheres. Já, com relação à idade, não houve diferenças significativas nos escores referentes ao narcisismo. Por último, com relação às áreas de conhecimento, os estudantes universitários dos cursos de Ciências Exatas apresentaram escores de narcisismo mais elevados do que estudantes das aéreas de Ciências Humanas e da Saúde. / Over the years, narcissist characteristics have increased, suggesting that young people today are more narcissistic than the young adults of previous generations. The fact is due to changes in contemporary society and to the interference of culture on personality. Narcissism is a psychoanalytic construct and is responsible for protecting the "I" and adjusts the subject's self-esteem. Among the various measures of narcissism developed, the Narcissistic Personality Inventory (NPI) has been the instrument most used in empirical studies, evaluating normal narcissism, ie, non-defensive and well resolved. Thus, this study sought to identify the narcissistic personality characteristics in 350 young adult college students, by gender, age and type of college of these young people, as well as perform an initial analysis of the psychometric properties of the NPI. This study took a quantitative design, transversal. Data analysis was performed using descriptive and inferential statistics, followed by the Student t test and ANOVA to identify mean differences between groups, as well as Exploratory and Confirmatory Factor Analysis of the NPI. As a result of the study, analysis of 14 the initial psychometric characteristics of the instrument showed a factor solution of six factors, which underscores the multidimensionality of the instrument and the need to specify aspects of hierarchical dimensions. Still, a more discriminating analysis shows that in relation to sex of participants, men had higher rates in NPI compared to women. As to the age, there weren´t significant differences in scores related to narcissism. Finally, regarding the areas of knowledge, university students of Exact Sciences courses showed higher narcissism scores than students of Human and Health Sciences.

Die Narzisstische Persönlichkeitsstörung (NPS) wird aufgrund der inkonsistenten Konzeptualisierung stark diskutiert. Ziel der Studie war es, NPS-Patienten zu untersuchen, um mit empirischen Daten die Validität und klinische Relevanz der NPS zu diskutieren. Es wurden zwei epidemiologische Studien durchgeführt. Studie 1 betrachtet die allgemeine psychische Belastung und Komorbidiätsraten, Studie 5 schaut auf die Stabilität und Remissionsrate der Diagnose und der diagnostischen Kriterien. Studie 1 fand eine erhöhte allgemeine psychische Belastung und hohe Komorbiditätsraten für affektive Störungen und Störungen durch Substanzkonsum, Studie 5 fand eine moderate Remissionsrate von 53%. In Studie 2 und 3 wurden selbstbezogene Kognitionen und Emotionen untersucht. Studie 2 erforschte die explizite und implizite Selbstwertschätzung. Es zeigte sich, dass die NPS mit einem niedrigen expliziten aber einem unbeeinträchtigten impliziten Selbstwert einhergeht. Studie 3 betrachtete Schamneigung bei der NPS. NPS-Patienten zeigten eine höhere explizite und implizite Schamneigung. Das indiziert, dass die narzisstische Vulnerabilität (niedriger expliziter Selbstwert, hohe explizite und implizite Schamneigung) bei NPS-Patienten eine Rolle spielt. In Studie 4 wurde die kognitive und emotionale Empathie untersucht. NPS-Patienten zeigten eine niedrigere emotionale Empathie aber eine unbeeinträchtigte kognitive Empathie. Die Ergebnisse passen zur aktuellen Kritik, dass die diagnostischen Kriterien zu eng sind, um die NPS adäquat zu beschreiben. Studien 1–3 geben Hinweise für die narzisstische Vulnerabilität, die nicht in den diagnostischen Kriterien repräsentiert wird, Studie 4 bringt Hinweise für eine ungestörte kognitive Empathie, was konträr zum diagnostischen Kriterium „Empathiemangel“ ist, und Studie 5 stellt die Beschreibung der NPS als stabiles andauerndes Muster in Frage. Implikationen für weitere Forschung und für die klinische Praxis werden diskutiert. / Narcissistic personality disorder (NPD) is discussed due to its inconsistent conceptualization. The aim of this study was to investigate a sample of NPD patients to collect empirical evidence and discuss the validity and clinical relevance of NPD. Two epidemiological studies are included in this thesis. Study 1 focused on the general mental stress of NPD patients and assesses comorbidities, Study 5 looks at the stability and remission rate of the diagnosis and its criteria. Study 1 found that NPD is associated with general mental stress and high comorbidity rates for affective disorders and substance use disorders, Study 5 found that NPD demonstrates a moderate remission rate of about 53%. In Study 2 and 3, self-related cognitions and emotions were examined. Study 2 investigated explicit and implicit self-esteem. It was determined that NPD is associated with a lower explicit self-esteem and an unaffected implicit self-esteem. Study 3 focused on shame-proneness in NPD. Patients with NPD showed significantly higher explicit and implicit shame-proneness. These results indicate that the narcissistic vulnerability characterized by low explicit self-esteem and high explicit and implicit shame-proneness is necessary in inpatients with a NPD. In Study 4 cognitive and emotional empathy were examined. NPD patients displayed impairment in emotional empathy while cognitive empathy was unaffected. In summary, the findings are in line with the critique that the diagnostic criteria are too narrow to describe the entire manifestation of the disorder. Study 1-3 presented evidence for the narcissistic vulnerability that is not represented by the current diagnostic criteria, Study 4 provided evidence for an unaffected cognitive empathy that is contrary to the seventh diagnostic criteria “lack of empathy”, and Study 5 calls the stable pattern of long duration into question. Implications for further research and clinical practice are discussed.

Personality disorders have traditionally been considered refractory to psychological interventions. Two of the most common, and potentially harmful personality disorders are antisocial personality disorder / psychopathy, and narcissism. Although a great deal of conceptual overlap exists between psychopathy and narcissism, the empirical study of these constructs has proceeded largely independently of one another. Further complicating the discrimination of these constructs is the identification of the bi-factorial nature of psychopathy - conceptualised as primary and secondary psychopathy - as well as the identification of two distinct forms of narcissism, overt and covert. The recent resurgence of interest in the sub-clinical manifestations of these two constructs has led to the development of a number of easily administered instruments to measure each of the psychopathy and narcissism constructs, as dimensional traits, within normal populations. This has provided empirically validated and reliable instruments to further explicate these two overlapping constructs. The first of the two studies reported sought to discriminate between psychopathy and narcissism through the recharacterisation of these constructs in terms of the early maladaptive schemas outlined in Young’s early maladaptive schema theory (Young, 1999). Two hundred and ninety one participants completed questionnaires measuring primary and secondary psychopathy, overt and covert narcissism, and early maladaptive schemas. Findings are consistent with the hypothesis that psychopathy and narcissism are discriminable in cognitive-interpersonal terms, as operationalised by early maladaptive schemas. Findings also call into question the earlier observed hierarchical structure of the Young Schema Questionnaire. The current analysis identified a two-factor structure to the schema questionnaire, rather than the previously stated 5-factors. Having demonstrated the usefulness of understanding psychopathy and narcissism in cognitive-interpersonal terms, the second study sought to further clarify the association between psychopathy and narcissism through the reconceptualisation of these constructs in cognitive terms, through the identification of the cognitive distortions operative in each disorder. One hundred and thirty two participants completed a cognitive distortions questionnaire developed by the author, along with the same measures of primary and secondary psychopathy, and overt and covert narcissism, as those administered in study 1. Findings were interpreted as providing support for the notion of psychopathy representing a sub-category of narcissism. Findings also provide further supportive evidence for the validity of the primary / secondary psychopathy, and overt / covert narcissism distinctions. The further clarification of the factor structure of the Young Schema Questionnaire, and the replication of the reliability and construct validity of the measure of cognitive distortions developed for this research are highlighted as areas for future research.

Målet med vår studie var att studera sambandet mellannarcissistiska personlighetsdrag och det nya fenomenetsociala medier och deras samband med självkänsla. Vårhypotes var att det finns ett positivt samband mellannarcissistiska personlighetsdrag och aktivitet på socialamedier. I vår internetbaserade enkätundersökning deltog 190universitetsstudenter. Enkäten mätte deltagarnas aktivitet påsociala medier, självkänsla via Rosenbergs Self Esteem Scaleoch narcissistiska personlighetsdrag via NPI-16. Resultatetvisade att personer med mer narcissistiska personlighetsdragvar mer aktiva på sociala medier genom att publicera flerbilder och oftare statusuppdatera på Facebook. Personer medlägre självkänsla var mer aktiva på Twitter och spenderademer tid på sociala medier. Resultatet speglar tidigareforskning inom ämnet, dock är vår studie den första somgjorts med svenska deltagare. Vår slutsats är att vilken typ avaktivitet man utför på sociala medier är viktig vidundersökning av samband med narcissism. / The purpose of our study was to examine the associationbetween narcissistic personality traits and the newphenomenon social media and their association with selfesteem.Our hypothesis was that there would be a positivecorrelation between narcissistic personality traits and socialmedia use. We conducted an online-survey in a social mediagroup with 190 Swedish university students. The surveymeasured social media use, self-esteem using the RosenbergsSelf Esteem Scale and narcissistic personality traits using theNPI-16. The results showed that people with morenarcissistic personality traits more frequently publishedpictures and more often updated their status on Facebook. Italso showed that people with lower self-esteem were moreactive on Twitter and spent more time on social media. Ourresults with Swedish participants were similar to thoseobtained from earlier studies with participants from othercountries. The conclusion is that what kind of activity oneperforms on social media is important when studying theassociation with narcissistic personality traits.