Introdução: A rinossinusite crônica com polipose nasal constitui um subgrupo particular da rinossinusite crônica, caracterizado por uma inflamação da mucosa que leva a um espessamento da mesma e à formação de pólipos, podendo ser especialmente difícil de tratar. A Doxiciclina é um antibiótico bacteriostático, de largo espectro, que também tem uma ação antiinflamatória, e tem se mostrado útil no controle dos sintomas das recidivas desta doença, promovendo inclusive uma diminuição do pólipo. Objetivo: avaliar se o uso de baixas doses de Doxiciclina, por períodos prolongados, pode melhorar o controle clínico da rinossinusite crônica com polipose nasal, de difícil tratamento. Métodos: este é um estudo prospectivo, aberto, realizado em 60 pacientes com rinossinusite crônica de difícil tratamento que se submeteram a cirurgia endoscópica nasal. Os pacientes foram divididos em 2 grupos: 28 pacientes receberam corticóide nasal, lavagem nasal com soro fisiológico, e Doxiciclina (200mg no primeiro dia, seguido por 100mg uma vez ao dia) por 12 semanas, enquanto 30 pacientes receberam apenas corticóide nasal e lavagem nasal com soro fisiológico. O principal resultado avaliado foi a existência de uma melhora, dose efeito, clinicamente significativa do SNOT-20 após o tratamento com a Doxiciclina. Outros resultados avaliados foram os valores do SNOT-20, NOSE e do Lund-Kennedy. Os seguintes parâmetros também foram analisados: asma, rinite, doença respiratória exacerbada pela Aspirina (DREA), níveis séricos de IgG, IgA, IgE, IgM, ANCA e contagem de eosinófilos. Resultados: oy tratamento com a Doxiciclina promoveu uma melhora, dose efeito, clinicamente significativa do SNOT-20. Pacientes que receberam a Doxiciclina também tiveram resultados significativamente melhores do SNOT-20, NOSE e Lund-Kennedy. Houve uma associação negativa entre a melhora clinicamente significativa do SNOT-20 e a presença de asma, DREA e níveis séricos elevados de IgE pré-tratamento. Conclusão: os achados sugerem que a doxiciclina pode ter uma ação benéfica nos pacientes com rinossinusite crônica com polipose nasal, especialmente naqueles pacientes sem asma, DREA ou níveis séricos elevados de IgE prétratamento / Introduction: Chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps is a particular subset of chronic rhinosinusitis characterized by a mucosal inflammation that leads to mucosal thickening and polyp formation, and can be especially difficult to treat. Doxycycline is an oral, available, broad-spectrum bacteriostatic antibiotic which also has anti-inflammatory action, that has been used to treat this disease and has shown a successful control of symptoms even reducing the volume of polyps. Objective: Evaluate if long-term low-dose doxycycline is effective in controlling clinical symptoms of difficult-to-treat chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps. Methods: This was a prospective, open-label study of 60 patients with difficultto- treat chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps who had undergone endoscopic sinus surgery. Patients were divided into two groups: 28 received nasal steroids, saline irrigation, and doxycycline (200 mg on the first day, followed by 100 mg daily) for 12 weeks, while 30 received only nasal steroids and saline irrigation. The main outcome measure was an adequate effect size of doxycycline treatment on clinically meaningful significant improvement of SNOT-20. Other outcome measures were the SNOT-20, NOSE, and Lund-Kennedy scores. The following parameters were also analyzed: asthma, rhinitis, non-steroidal-exacerbated respiratory disease (NERD), and baseline serum IgG, IgA, IgE, IgM, ANCA, and eosinophil count. Results: There was an adequate effect size of doxycycline treatment on clinically meaningful significant improvement of SNOT-20. Patients who received doxycycline also had significantly better outcomes regarding SNOT-20, NOSE, and Lund-Kennedy scores. There was a negative association among a clinically significant improvement of SNOT-20 and presence of asthma, NERD, and elevated serum IgE levels before treatment. Conclusion: These findings suggest that doxycycline may have a beneficial role for chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps patients, especially for those without asthma, NERD or high levels of serum IgE before treatment

Submitted by PPG Pediatria e Sa?de da Crian?a (pediatria-pg@pucrs.br) on 2018-07-12T11:24:06Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Disserta??oLu SteffenVers?oFinal.pdf: 1086203 bytes, checksum: 9b8f206613da0e87460cd6110bcec5ac (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Sheila Dias (sheila.dias@pucrs.br) on 2018-07-17T11:24:05Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Disserta??oLu SteffenVers?oFinal.pdf: 1086203 bytes, checksum: 9b8f206613da0e87460cd6110bcec5ac (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-17T11:32:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Disserta??oLu SteffenVers?oFinal.pdf: 1086203 bytes, checksum: 9b8f206613da0e87460cd6110bcec5ac (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-03-22 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior - CAPES / Introduction: Cystic Fibrosis is a disease characterized by recurrent infections and chronic inflammation of the respiratory system that lead to irreversible pulmonary complications. Infections are mainly caused by Staphilococcus aureos(SA) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA). Early diagnosis for identification of colonizing germs is an important challenge. Guidelines suggest the use of swab cultures of the oropharynx or sputum. However, studies on molecular testing, or alternative methods of collection are still unconclusive. The involvement of the upper airway (nasopharynx and paranasal sinuses) has been cited as the primary source of infection. The present study aims to describe and compare the most frequent findings and pathogens in the nasal tract in patients with cystic fibrosis and to correlate findings with markers of severity and progression of lung disease. Methods: This is a retrospective study, which included patients with a diagnosis of Cystic Fibrosis (CF) who are followed up at the Multidisciplinary Outpatient Clinic of the Pediatric Pulmonology Unit of the Hospital S?o Lucas (Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul - PUCRS). Patients who have performed otorhinolaryngological evaluation (ENT) in the last two years (2015-2016) were included. The video naso endoscopy and nasal swab collection were part of the ENT evaluation. Results: 48 patients with CF were included, of which 30 (62.5%) were male. The mean age was 12.15 years ?6.60, and the mean predicted forced expiratory volume in the first second (FEV1%) was 83.36 ?30.04. When evaluating the presence and characteristic of nasal secretion, only 9 patients (18.7%) presented purulent secretion. Twenty-six patients (54.2%) presented grade 1 tonsils and 12 (25%) grade 2 or 3 patients. Nasal swab bacteriology was positive in 26 (54.1%) patients, from which 22 presented Staphylococcus aureos, 2 Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 1 Pseudomonas cepacea and 1 Stenotrophomonas maltophila (SM). In 22 patients (45.8%) the result of the culture was negative. In this study, patients who presented positive colonization by the traditional method (oropharynx / sputum) had a statistically significant chance of being identified also by nasal cavity culture (p<0.001). However, the association was not perfect, and showed a low correlation for the detection of gram negative germs. Nasal polyps were observed in 9 participants. When polyp is used as a marker of disease in nasal endoscopy, a strong association is observed between the presence of polyps and lower Shwachman-Kulczycki clinical score (p <0.001). Conclusions: the results of the culture obtained by collection of the nasal cavity were similar to those found by the standardized collection methods as markers of colonization of the inferior airway. In addition, nasal swabs is characterized as a non-invasive technique and showed to be sensitive to the identification of relevant pathogens in CF, especially SA. In addition, the presence of the polyp in the nasal cavity was shown to be associated with prognostic markers as Shwachman-Kulczycki clinical score. / Introdu??o: a fibrose c?stica ? uma patologia caracterizada por infec??es recorrentes e inflama??o cr?nica do sistema respirat?rio que levam a complica??es pulmonares, por vezes, irrevers?veis. As infec??es s?o causadas, principalmente pelos microorganismos Staphilococcusaureos(SA) e Pseudomonas aeruginosa(PA). O diagn?stico precoce para identifica??o dos germes colonizadores ? ainda um desafio. Consensos sugerem o uso de culturas de swab da orofaringe ou escarro. No entanto, pesquisa por testes moleculares como op??o, ou formas alternativas de coleta ainda s?o inconclusivos. O comprometimento da via a?rea superior (nasofaringe e seios paranasais) tem sido citada como fonte prim?ria de infec??o. O presente estudo tem por objetivo descrever e comparar as altera??es e os pat?genos mais frequentes no trato nasal em pacientes com fibrose c?stica e correlacionar os achados com marcadores de gravidade e progress?o da doen?a pulmonar. M?todos: este ? um estudo retrospectivo, que incluiu pacientes com diagn?stico de Fibrose C?stica (FC) que s?o acompanhados no Ambulat?rio Multidisciplinar de FC do Servi?o de Pneumologia Pedi?trica do Hospital S?o Lucas da Pontif?cia Universidade Cat?lica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), e que tenham realizado avalia??o otorrinolarigol?gica (ORL) entre os anos de 2015 e 2016. A videonasoendoscopia e a coleta de material da fossa nasal com o uso do swab fizeram parte da avalia??o ORL. Os marcadores de gravidade e progress?o da doen?a foram: ?ndice de massa corporal (IMC), volume expirat?rio for?ado no primeiro segundo(VEF1%) e o escore cl?nico de Shwachman-Kulczycki(S-K). Resultados: foram inclu?dos 48 pacientes com FC, sendo 30 (62,5%) do g?nero masculino. A m?dia de idade foi 12,15 anos ? 6,60, e a m?dia do percentual do valor previsto de volume expirat?rio for?ado no primeiro segundo (VEF1%) foi de 83,36 ? 30,04. Ao avaliar a presen?a e caracter?stica da secre??o nasal, apenas 9 pacientes (18,7%) apresentavam secre??o purulenta. Com rela??o as tonsilas far?ngeas, 26 pacientes (54,2%) apresentavam tonsilas grau 1 e 12 pacientes (25%) grau 2 ou 3. A bacteriologia do swab nasal foi positiva em 26 (54,1%) pacientes, onde 22 apresentavam Staphylococcus aureos, 2 Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 1 Pseudomonas cepacea e 1 Stenotrophomonas maltophila(SM). Em 22 pacientes (45,8%) o resultado da cultura foi negativo. Neste estudo, os pacientes que apresentavam coloniza??o positiva pelo m?todo tradicional (orofaringe/escarro), tinham uma chance estatisticamente significativa de serem identificados tamb?m pela cultura da cavidade nasal (p<0,001). Por?m a associa??o n?o ? perfeita, e demonstrou baixa correla??o para detec??o de germes gram negativos. Foram observados p?lipos nasais em 9 participantes. Quando utilizada a presen?a de p?lipo como marcador de doen?a na endoscopia nasal, observa-se uma forte associa??o entre a presen?a de p?lipos e o redu??o dos valores no escore cl?nico de Shwachman-Kulczycki (p<0,001). Conclus?es: os resultados da cultura obtidos pela coleta da fossa nasal foram semelhantes aos encontrados pelos m?todos de coleta padronizados como marcadores de coloniza??o da via a?rea inferior. Al?m de caracterizar-se como uma t?cnica pouco invasiva, o swab nasal mostra-se sens?vel ? identifica??o de pat?genos relevantes na FC, especialmente SA. Al?m disso, a presen?a do p?lipo na cavidade nasal mostrou ser um dado associado a marcadores de progn?stico medido pelo escore cl?nico de Shwachman-Kulczycki.

In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde Gewebe aus den Nasennebenhöhlen von Patienten mit Nasenpolypen untersucht. Außerdem wurden Zusammenhänge zwischen den Zellpopulationen und den Angaben zu allergischen Erkrankungen und wiederholtem Auftreten der Polypen analysiert. Es fand sich eine interindividuell unterschiedlich starke Infiltration mit eosinophilen Granulozyten. Es konnten keine Unterschiede in der prozentualen Verteilung von eosinophilen Granulozyten im Polypengewebe bei allergischen/ nichtallergischen Patienten oder Patienten mit/ ohne Rezidiv nachgewiesen werden. Die Untersuchungen erfolgten mit dem Laser Scanning Zytometer (LSC), das mit der Standardmethode, der Begutachtung mittels Lichtmikroskop, verglichen wurde. Mit der beschriebenen Methode erfolgte die Untersuchung von Polypengewebe nach einem speziell für diese Anwendung entwickelten Protokoll. Die Ergebnisse korrelierten gut mit den Ergebnissen der Lichtmikroskopie. Aufgrund der Weiterentwicklung des LSC und der ständig wachsenden Anzahl der Nachweismöglichkeiten der an der Polyposis nasi beteiligten Zytokine stellt das LSC eine ideale Methode für die Erforschung der Pathogenese von chronischen Entzündungen der Nasennebenhöhlen dar.

Introdução: A rinossinusite crônica com polipose nasal constitui um subgrupo particular da rinossinusite crônica, caracterizado por uma inflamação da mucosa que leva a um espessamento da mesma e à formação de pólipos, podendo ser especialmente difícil de tratar. A Doxiciclina é um antibiótico bacteriostático, de largo espectro, que também tem uma ação antiinflamatória, e tem se mostrado útil no controle dos sintomas das recidivas desta doença, promovendo inclusive uma diminuição do pólipo. Objetivo: avaliar se o uso de baixas doses de Doxiciclina, por períodos prolongados, pode melhorar o controle clínico da rinossinusite crônica com polipose nasal, de difícil tratamento. Métodos: este é um estudo prospectivo, aberto, realizado em 60 pacientes com rinossinusite crônica de difícil tratamento que se submeteram a cirurgia endoscópica nasal. Os pacientes foram divididos em 2 grupos: 28 pacientes receberam corticóide nasal, lavagem nasal com soro fisiológico, e Doxiciclina (200mg no primeiro dia, seguido por 100mg uma vez ao dia) por 12 semanas, enquanto 30 pacientes receberam apenas corticóide nasal e lavagem nasal com soro fisiológico. O principal resultado avaliado foi a existência de uma melhora, dose efeito, clinicamente significativa do SNOT-20 após o tratamento com a Doxiciclina. Outros resultados avaliados foram os valores do SNOT-20, NOSE e do Lund-Kennedy. Os seguintes parâmetros também foram analisados: asma, rinite, doença respiratória exacerbada pela Aspirina (DREA), níveis séricos de IgG, IgA, IgE, IgM, ANCA e contagem de eosinófilos. Resultados: oy tratamento com a Doxiciclina promoveu uma melhora, dose efeito, clinicamente significativa do SNOT-20. Pacientes que receberam a Doxiciclina também tiveram resultados significativamente melhores do SNOT-20, NOSE e Lund-Kennedy. Houve uma associação negativa entre a melhora clinicamente significativa do SNOT-20 e a presença de asma, DREA e níveis séricos elevados de IgE pré-tratamento. Conclusão: os achados sugerem que a doxiciclina pode ter uma ação benéfica nos pacientes com rinossinusite crônica com polipose nasal, especialmente naqueles pacientes sem asma, DREA ou níveis séricos elevados de IgE prétratamento / Introduction: Chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps is a particular subset of chronic rhinosinusitis characterized by a mucosal inflammation that leads to mucosal thickening and polyp formation, and can be especially difficult to treat. Doxycycline is an oral, available, broad-spectrum bacteriostatic antibiotic which also has anti-inflammatory action, that has been used to treat this disease and has shown a successful control of symptoms even reducing the volume of polyps. Objective: Evaluate if long-term low-dose doxycycline is effective in controlling clinical symptoms of difficult-to-treat chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps. Methods: This was a prospective, open-label study of 60 patients with difficultto- treat chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps who had undergone endoscopic sinus surgery. Patients were divided into two groups: 28 received nasal steroids, saline irrigation, and doxycycline (200 mg on the first day, followed by 100 mg daily) for 12 weeks, while 30 received only nasal steroids and saline irrigation. The main outcome measure was an adequate effect size of doxycycline treatment on clinically meaningful significant improvement of SNOT-20. Other outcome measures were the SNOT-20, NOSE, and Lund-Kennedy scores. The following parameters were also analyzed: asthma, rhinitis, non-steroidal-exacerbated respiratory disease (NERD), and baseline serum IgG, IgA, IgE, IgM, ANCA, and eosinophil count. Results: There was an adequate effect size of doxycycline treatment on clinically meaningful significant improvement of SNOT-20. Patients who received doxycycline also had significantly better outcomes regarding SNOT-20, NOSE, and Lund-Kennedy scores. There was a negative association among a clinically significant improvement of SNOT-20 and presence of asthma, NERD, and elevated serum IgE levels before treatment. Conclusion: These findings suggest that doxycycline may have a beneficial role for chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps patients, especially for those without asthma, NERD or high levels of serum IgE before treatment

In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde Gewebe aus den Nasennebenhöhlen von Patienten mit Nasenpolypen untersucht. Außerdem wurden Zusammenhänge zwischen den Zellpopulationen und den Angaben zu allergischen Erkrankungen und wiederholtem Auftreten der Polypen analysiert. Es fand sich eine interindividuell unterschiedlich starke Infiltration mit eosinophilen Granulozyten. Es konnten keine Unterschiede in der prozentualen Verteilung von eosinophilen Granulozyten im Polypengewebe bei allergischen/ nichtallergischen Patienten oder Patienten mit/ ohne Rezidiv nachgewiesen werden. Die Untersuchungen erfolgten mit dem Laser Scanning Zytometer (LSC), das mit der Standardmethode, der Begutachtung mittels Lichtmikroskop, verglichen wurde. Mit der beschriebenen Methode erfolgte die Untersuchung von Polypengewebe nach einem speziell für diese Anwendung entwickelten Protokoll. Die Ergebnisse korrelierten gut mit den Ergebnissen der Lichtmikroskopie. Aufgrund der Weiterentwicklung des LSC und der ständig wachsenden Anzahl der Nachweismöglichkeiten der an der Polyposis nasi beteiligten Zytokine stellt das LSC eine ideale Methode für die Erforschung der Pathogenese von chronischen Entzündungen der Nasennebenhöhlen dar.

Objective. This study aimed to determine the predictors of olfactory improvement after endoscopic sinus surgery among patients with chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps. Method. This prospective cohort study included patients admitted to a university hospital between 2006 and 2012. Assessment using odour identification testing, a sinonasal symptom questionnaire, the Rhinosinusitis Disability Index and mucus biomarker levels was performed at various time points. Correlation of variables with identification score differences at six postoperative time points and at baseline was performed, followed by multiple linear regression to determine significant predictors at each of the six post-operative time points. Results. Baseline absence of acute sinusitis, elevated serpin F2 and anterior rhinorrhoea predict early olfactory improvement, whereas baseline allergic rhinitis predicts late olfactory improvement. Baseline odour identification score was the strongest predictor across all time points. Conclusion. Patients with chronic rhinosinusitis and nasal polyps with worse disease or baseline olfactory function may benefit more from endoscopic sinus surgery in terms of olfactory improvement.

Introdução: O estudo dos fatores clínicos associados ao prognóstico da rinossinusite crônica (rsc), seja associada à polipose nasossinusal (RSCcPN) ou não (RSCsPN), ainda é pouco abordado a longo prazo. Objetivo: Avaliar pacientes submetidos à ESS (cirurgia endoscópica nasal, do inglês endoscopic sinus surgery) para o tratamento de RSC no Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto da Universidade de São Paulo, entre 1996 e 2006, e correlacionar a recidiva em longo prazo com parâmetros como a extensão da doença, atopia, tabagismo, asma, eosinofilia e doença respiratória exacerbada pela aspirina (DREA). Métodos: Duzentos e um pacientes foram seguidos por um período médio de 12 anos. Os dados clínicos foram levantados, assim como exames de endoscopia nasal, Tomografia Computadorizada (TC), exames séricos, prick test e prova de função pulmonar. O tempo de seguimento pós-operatório foi analisado, sendo considerado fator de mau prognóstico a indicação de novo procedimento cirúrgico. Foi realizada comparação entre os fatores pela curva de Kaplan-Meyer, e pós-teste de Log-rank. Resultados e Discussão: Pacientes com RSCcPN tiveram chance de nova cirurgia três vezes maior do que aqueles sem pólipos nasais, no período seguido. Entre os pacientes com RSCsPN, apenas a asma foi um fator de pior prognóstico significativo, levando à chance de cirurgia 5,5 vezes maior do que os não-asmáticos. Já entre os pacientes com RSCcPN, aqueles com recidiva apresentaram maior extensão da doença à TC antes da primeira cirurgia. Foram ainda considerados fatores significativamente de pior prognóstico nos pacientes com RSCcPN: asma (odds ratio [OR] de 3,2); atopia a fungos (OR de 1,9); eosinofilia periférica (considerada como >500/µL, levando a OR de 1,9); e intolerância ao Ácido Acetil Salicílico (AAS) (DREA, apresentando OR de 2,5). Conclusões: Concluiu-se que a presença de pólipos per se é fator de pior prognóstico, aumentando em três vezes a chance de recorrência cirúrgica. Entre os pacientes com RSCsPN, apenas a asma influenciou o prognóstico. Já naqueles com RSCcPN, a asma, eosinofilia periférica, atopia a fungos e DREA aumentaram significativamente a probabilidade de nova intervenção cirúrgica. / Introduction: The analysis of prognostic factors associated with the recurrence of chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS), either with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) or without (CRSsNP), is still poorly discussed in the literature. Objective: To evaluate the patients that underwent endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) due to CRS in Clinics Hospital of Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, between 1996 and 2006, and to correlate the long-term recurrence to clinical factors, such as extensiveness of the disease, atopy, smoking habits, eosinophilia, and Aspirinexacerbated respiratory disease (AERD). Methods: We collected data of 201 patients, who were followed during an average period of 12 years. Clinical data collected were: extensiveness of the disease at endoscopy and at CT scans, prick test, blood exams, and pulmonary function. The follow-up period after surgery was assessed, and the indication of a new surgical procedure was considered as a poor prognostic factor. Comparison between factors was performed by Kaplan-Meyer curve, with Log-rank post-test. Results and discussion: CRSwNP patients were 3 times more likely to need a revisional surgery than CRSsNP during the follow-up period. Only asthma was a significant prognostic factor in patients with CRSsNP, leading to 5.5 times higher chance of recurrence than non-asthmatic patients. Among patients with CRSwNP, patients with recurrence presented, prior to surgery, higher CT scan extension of the disease. Other factors that influenced the prognosis on CRSwNP were: asthma (odds ratio [OR]: 3.2); atopy for fungi (OR: 1.9); peripheral eosinophilia (considered as >500/?L, leading to an OR: 1.9); and ASA intolerance (AERD; OR: 2.5). Conclusions: The presence of polyps were related to poor prognosis per se, leading to a higher chance of surgical recurrence. Among patients with CRSsNP, only asthma influenced the prognosis. Among the patients with CRSwNP, asthma, peripheral eosinophilia, fungi atopy, and AERD significantly increased the likelihood of further surgical intervention.

Para identificar, quantificar e correlacionar os eosinófilos, mastócitos, miofibroblastos e células TGF-beta positivas nos pólipos nasais de pacientes com e sem asma foi realizado a imunoistoquímica. A quantidade de eosinófilos, miofibroblastos e células TGF-beta positivas esteve aumentada no pólipo nasal de indivíduos asmáticos. O número de mastócitos não mostrou diferença entre os grupos. O miofibroblasto foi o denominador comum na correlação entre eosinófilos, mastócitos, células TGF-beta positivas e presença de asma / Introduction: Nasal polyposis is a chronic inflammatory disease of the nasal mucosa or paranasal sinuses characterized by the formation of benign polyps. The pathogenesis is not known, although nasal polyps are associated with several systemic diseases, with asthma being the most frequent. The aim of the present study was to identify, quantify, compare and correlate eosinophils, mast cells, myofibroblasts and TGF-ß-positive cells in nasal polyps of patients with and without asthma. Material and Methods: Seventy-eight subjects with nasal polyps undergoing endoscopic sinus surgery were selected. Control specimens were obtained from eight subjects with a normal sinus mucosa. One group consisted of polyps from 56 patients with asthma and the other of polyps from 22 patients without asthma. Immunohistochemistry was performed using monoclonal antibodies against eosinophil cationic protein to stain eosinophils, against tryptase to stain mast cells, against alpha-smooth muscle actin to stain myofibroblasts, and against TGF-ß to stain TGF-ß-positive cells. Results: The number of eosinophils, myofibroblasts and TGF-ß-positive cells was significantly higher in the asthma group than in the nonasthma group, whereas no significant difference in the number of mast cells was observed between the two groups. The number of eosinophils, mast cells, myofibroblasts and TGF-ß-positive cells was significantly higher in nasal polyps than in the control group. Myofibroblasts showed a significant correlation with eosinophils, mast cells, TGF-ß-positive cells, and asthma. Conclusion: Eosinophils, mast cells, myofibroblasts and TGF-ß-positive cells were identified in all nasal polyps, although the number of eosinophils, myofibroblasts and TGF-ß-positive cells was higher in the asthma group. The number of mast cells was similar regardless of the presence or absence of asthma. Myofibroblasts were a common denominator in the correlation between eosinophils, mast cells, TGF-ß-positive cells, and asthma

Para identificar, quantificar e correlacionar os eosinófilos, mastócitos, miofibroblastos e células TGF-beta positivas nos pólipos nasais de pacientes com e sem asma foi realizado a imunoistoquímica. A quantidade de eosinófilos, miofibroblastos e células TGF-beta positivas esteve aumentada no pólipo nasal de indivíduos asmáticos. O número de mastócitos não mostrou diferença entre os grupos. O miofibroblasto foi o denominador comum na correlação entre eosinófilos, mastócitos, células TGF-beta positivas e presença de asma / Introduction: Nasal polyposis is a chronic inflammatory disease of the nasal mucosa or paranasal sinuses characterized by the formation of benign polyps. The pathogenesis is not known, although nasal polyps are associated with several systemic diseases, with asthma being the most frequent. The aim of the present study was to identify, quantify, compare and correlate eosinophils, mast cells, myofibroblasts and TGF-ß-positive cells in nasal polyps of patients with and without asthma. Material and Methods: Seventy-eight subjects with nasal polyps undergoing endoscopic sinus surgery were selected. Control specimens were obtained from eight subjects with a normal sinus mucosa. One group consisted of polyps from 56 patients with asthma and the other of polyps from 22 patients without asthma. Immunohistochemistry was performed using monoclonal antibodies against eosinophil cationic protein to stain eosinophils, against tryptase to stain mast cells, against alpha-smooth muscle actin to stain myofibroblasts, and against TGF-ß to stain TGF-ß-positive cells. Results: The number of eosinophils, myofibroblasts and TGF-ß-positive cells was significantly higher in the asthma group than in the nonasthma group, whereas no significant difference in the number of mast cells was observed between the two groups. The number of eosinophils, mast cells, myofibroblasts and TGF-ß-positive cells was significantly higher in nasal polyps than in the control group. Myofibroblasts showed a significant correlation with eosinophils, mast cells, TGF-ß-positive cells, and asthma. Conclusion: Eosinophils, mast cells, myofibroblasts and TGF-ß-positive cells were identified in all nasal polyps, although the number of eosinophils, myofibroblasts and TGF-ß-positive cells was higher in the asthma group. The number of mast cells was similar regardless of the presence or absence of asthma. Myofibroblasts were a common denominator in the correlation between eosinophils, mast cells, TGF-ß-positive cells, and asthma

Ο ρινικός πολύποδας (ΡΠ) είναι μια χρόνια φλεγμονώδης νόσος του ρινικού βλεννογόνου, η οποία χαρακτηρίζεται από διήθηση φλεγμονωδών κυττάρων, όπως ηωσινόφιλα, λεμφοκύτταρα και πλασμοκύτταρα, τροποποιήσεις στη διαφοροποίηση του επιθηλίου και ανάπλαση ιστού, που περιλαμβάνει υπερπλασία της βασικής μεμβράνης, συσσώρευση εξωκυττάριου υλικού και οίδημα. Ο παράγοντας αναστολής της μετανάστευσης μακροφάγων (MIF) είναι μία μοναδική κυτταροκίνη με σημαντικό ρόλο στο σηπτικό σόκ και στις χρόνιες φλεγμονώδεις και αυτοάνοσες ασθένειες.Παράγεται από ενεργοποιημένα Τ-κύτταρα, μακροφάγα αλλά και από ποικιλία άλλων κυττάρων. Εκτός των άλλων, έχει βρεθεί ότι επάγει την έκφραση της IL-6 από διάφορα κύτταρα και ανταγωνίζεται την κατασταλτική επίδραση των γλυκοκορτικοειδών στην έκφρασή της. Απαντάται σε αυξημένα επίπεδα στο ρινικό πολύποδα. Ο αυξητικός παράγοντας μετασχηματισμού-β1 (TGF-β1) θεωρείται ένας αντιφλεγμονώδης παράγοντες, ο οποίος ανταγωνίζεται τη δράση της IL-1β και του TNF-α, στην έκφραση της ΜΜΡ-1 και ΜΜΡ-3. Διεγείρει επίσης την έκφραση του ΤΙΜΡ-1, του κολλαγόνου τύπου Ι και της IL-6 και λόγω των δράσεών του αυτών εμπλέκεται ισχυρά στις διαδικασίες ίνωσης. Απαντάται σε σημαντικά επίπεδα στο ρινικό πολύποδα. Η IL-6 είναι μία Th2 πολυλειτουργική κυτταροκίνη η οποία εμπλέκεται σε ποικίλες φλεγμονώδεις καταστάσεις. Διεγείρει την ανάπτυξη των ινοβλαστών, αυξάνει τη σύνθεση και εναπόθεση του κολλαγόνου και μειώνει την αποικοδόμησή του. Απαντάται σε αυξημένα επίπεδα στο ρινικό πολύποδα και θεωρείται σημαντικός παθαγενετικός παράγοντας μέσω της επαγωγής του σχηματισμού των πλασμοκυττάρων και της σύνθεσης συστατικών του στρώματος, και της προαγωγής της σύνθεσης και εναπόθεσης κολλαγόνου και της ανάπλασης ιστού. Σκοπός της παρούσης εργασίας είναι η μελέτη της συμβολής του MIF και του TGF-β1 στη παραγωγή της IL-6 από ινοβλάστες ρινικού πολύποδα, των σηματοδοτικών μονοπατιών που εμπλέκονται, και η διερεύνηση της πιθανής συνεργειακής δράσης τους στην έκφραση της κυτταροκίνης. Τόσο ο TGF-β1 (0,01-1 ng/ml) όσο και ο MIF (1-100 ng/ml) προκάλεσαν διέγερση της έκφραση της IL-6 σε ινοβλάστες ρινικού πολύποδα κατά δοσοεξαρτώμενο τρόπο, η οποία κατεστάλλει σημαντικά από αναστολέις των ΜΑΡ κινασών και της ΡΙ-3 κινάσης. Ο TGF-β1 (1 ng/ml) προκάλεσε επίσης χρονοεξαρτώμενη αύξηση στα επίπεδα της IL-6 γιά χρόνο επώασης μέχρι 2 ώρες, τα οποιά έμεινα σταθερά στη συνέχεια μέχρι τις 72 ώρες επώασης, επαγωγή της παραγωγής ενδοκυτταρικών ενεργών ειδών οξυγόνου (ROS) με μέγιστο σε δύο χρόνους επώασης 20 και 180 λεπτά, και ενεργοποίηση των ERK κινασών από 15-60 λεπτά επώασης, με μέγιστη ενεργοποίηση στα 30 λεπτά, και στη συνέχεια πτώση στα επίπεδα του μάρτυρα. Ενώ ο MIF σε συγκέντρωση 1-100 ng/ml προκάλεσε μικρή μείωση στην έκφραση της φωσφατάσης-1 των ΜΑΡΚ (ΜΚΡ-1), ο TGF-β1 αντίθετα, σε συγκέντρωση 1 ng/ml προκάλεσε αύξηση στην έκφραση της ΜΚΡ-1 σε δύο χρόνους επώασης 0,5 και 24 ώρες. Μετά από επώαση των ινοβλαστών ρινικού πολύποδα παρουσία TGF-β1 (1 ng/ml) και MIF (100 ng/ml) μαζί, δεν παρατηρήθηκε συνεργειακή επίδραση στην έκφραση της IL-6. Ενώ τόσο ο TGF-β1 όσο και ο MIF προκάλεσαν διέγερση στην έκφραση της IL-6 από ινοβλάστες πνεύμονα, δεν παρατηρήθηκε και πάλι συνεργειακή επίδρασή τους στην έκφραση της κυτταροκίνης αυτής. Συμπερασματικά, φαίνεται ότι ο MIF, ενώ ανταγωνίζεται την κατασταλτική επίδραση των γλυκοκορτικοειδών στην έκφραση της IL-6 μέσω της ρύθμισης των επιπέδων της ΜΚΡ-1, δεν έχει την ίδια επίδραση στην έκφραση της IL-6 από τον TGF-β1, μέσω ρύθμισης της έκφρασης της φωσφατάσης αυτής. Από την άλλη μεριά η επαγωγή της έκφρασης της ΜΚΡ-1 από τον TGF-β1 φαίνεται να μην επηρεάζει την παραγωγή της IL-6 για μικρούς χρόνους επώασης, μέχρι 2 ώρες, πιθανόν λόγω της ανασταλτικής επίδρασης των ROS, που επάγονται από τον TGF-β1, στη δράση της ΜΚΡ-1, ενώ την επηρεάζει για μεγάλους χρόνους επώασης , εξ ού και τα σταθερά επίπεδα της IL-6 μέχρι και 72 ώρες επώασης. / Nasal polyp (NP) is a chronic inflammatory condition of nasal mucosa, characterized by infiltration of inflammatory cells such as eosinophils, lymphocytes and plasma cells, alterations in epithelial differentiation and tissue reconstruction, involving hyperplasia of basal membrane, accumulation of extracellular material and edema. Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is a unique cytokine, the role of which in chronic inflammatory and autoimmune diseases and septic shock pathogenesis is very important. MIF is produced by activated T-lymphocytes, macrophages and a plethora of other cells. MIF appears to antagonize the suppressive effect of glucocorticoids as well as induce the expression of IL-6 in multiple cells. High levels of MIF are detected in nasal polyps. Transforming growth factor- β1 (TGF-β1) is an anti-inflammatory factor antagonizing the positive effect of IL-1β and TNF-α on the expression of MMP-1 and MMP-3, TGF-β1 also stimulates the expression of TIMP-1, collagen type I and IL-6; because of these effects, TGF-β1 is involved in the process of fibrosis. TGF-β1 levels in nasal polyps are significantly elevated. IL-6 is a cytokine participating in Th2 response and consequently is involved in a subset of inflammatory reactions. IL-6 stimulates the growth of fibroblasts, increases the production and deposition of collagen and it decreases its degradation. IL-6 is found in nasal polyps at elevated levels and it is thought to be an important pathogenic factor acting mainly in tissue reconstruction, stimulation of plasma cell differentiation, production of stromal material, promotion of collagen synthesis and deposition. The purpose of this paper is to study the effect of MIF and TGF-β1 in IL-6 production by fibroblasts isolated from nasal polyps, dissect the signaling pathways involved, and investigate their synergistic effect on the production of IL-6. Both TGF-β1 (0, 01-1 ng/ml) and MIF (1-100 ng/ml) induced IL-6 expression in nasal polyp fibroblasts in a dose-dependent manner. This effect was significantly suppressed by inhibitors of MAP and PI-3 kinase pathways. TGF-β1 (1 ng/ml) also induced IL-6 expression within 2 hours of administration. Elevated IL-6 levels remained unchanged for 72h further. TGF-β1 also promoted the production of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), which peaked in 20 and 180 minutes and the activation of ERK kinase, peaked in 30 minutes. While MIF, at a concentration of 1-100 ng/ml, caused a slight decrease in the expression of phospatase-1 of MAPK (MKP-1), TGF-β1, at a concentration of 1 ng/ml, increased the expression of MKP-1. No synergistic effect on IL-6 expression was detected after incubating nasal polyp and lung fibroblasts together with TGF-β1 (1 ng/ml) and MIF (100 ng/ml). In conclusion, while MIF antagonizes the suppressive effect of glucocorticoids on the expression of IL-6 by regulating the levels of MKP-1, it fails to antagonize the TGF-β1 inducing effect on IL-6 via MKP-1. The induction of MKP-1expression by TGF-β1 is not affecting the production of IL-6 after short incubation periods; this effect can be explained by the inhibitory effect of TGF-β1 induced ROS on MKP-1. After prolong incubation with TGF-β1 (up to 72 hours), IL-6 levels remain elevated.