Recent literature has noted that not all youth who experience adverse circumstances (e.g. poverty, exposure to violence, maltreatment) end up displaying expected unfavorable outcomes (e.g. academic failure, depression, drug dependence); in fact, some youth display “resilience,” broadly understood as adaptive functioning in the face of adversity (Luthar, Cicchetti, & Becker, 2000). Overall, research on resilience has offered a new approach to the study of at-risk populations, emphasizing the study of strengths, processes, and mechanisms among individuals and communities that may favor positive adaptation, rather than emphasizing deficits among those experiencing adversity (Schoon, 2012). Although resilience research has come a long way, the importance of cultural processes in resilience only recently has been considered, there is still a dearth of studies among diverse contexts and cultural groups (Betancourt et al., 2011), and there is a lack of prospective analyses examining the stability of resilience over time (O’Dougherty et al., 2015). The present study examined the existence of profiles of adjustment among youth who had experienced some kind of adversity in three contexts: (1) Medellin, Colombia (n = 967); (2) Guatemala (n = 2.470); and (3) Chicago, USA (n=491), as well as protective factors associated with profile classification. Furthermore, the continuity of profiles over time was examined in the Chicago sample. Results showed that for each context, diverse profiles of adjustment emerge in the presence of adversity. For all contexts some youth were classified as either resilient (defined as scoring 1 SD above or below the mean on selected indicators) or as holding steady (scoring above the mean but less than 1 SD). Profiles exhibiting high levels of internalizing symptoms, externalizing problems, or problems across domains also were identified across contexts. Protective factors at the individual (e.g. sex, intelligence, prosocial behavior) and at the contextual (e.g. family cohesion, prosocial peers, positive relationship with teacher) levels proved relevant for profile classification, with some factors being relevant in one context but not in another. Prospective analyses revealed both continuity and discontinuity in profile classification among youth in Chicago, with some youth remaining classified in the same group across time points, whereas others transitioned between groups. These results highlight the importance of studying resilience in context, given that what constitutes a salient protective factor for some youth may not be relevant for others. Moreover, these results show that as youth negotiate developmental tasks within their ecologies, there is potential for both continuity and discontinuity in resilience processes. The results can inform prevention and intervention efforts aiming to work from a strength based approach.

To understand the complexities involved with neighboring in public/private mixed-income communities, I conducted an ethnographic study of a HOPE VI site in a gentrifying neighborhood in New Orleans. Data was collected through 48 interviews, observation, mental maps, and casual encounters with residents living in the predominantly African American redeveloped St. Thomas Housing Development – renamed River Garden. I analyzed residents’ neighboring processes and how they socially constructed space, leading to the identification of several phenomena that shaped neighbor interaction in River Garden. As with previous HOPE VI neighborhood studies, within-group interaction was prevalent while cross-class interaction remained limited. Mechanisms that were intended to facilitate cross-class interaction were neutralized by the exertion of social control. Both limited mobility and neighborhood choice were factors that shaped residents’ perceptions of the neighborhood and motivated residents to either participate in the neighborhood as engaged residents or live as guarded residents dominated by constraints. I delineate the attributes of engaged residents to position neighborhood attachment as an important variable for neighbor interaction. Overall, the evidence illuminates class divisiveness among African American neighbors and demonstrates how the struggle for contested space creates a neighborhood filled with tension.

O objetivo deste trabalho é comparar as estruturas de vizinhanças espaciais ou matrizes de pesos espaciais da classe de modelos autorregressivos e de médias móveis espaço-temporais (STARMA). O modelo STARMA é empregado para descrever dados de séries temporais espacialmente localizados, ele é caracterizado pela dependência linear defasada tanto no espaço quanto no tempo. Foram realizadas simulações utilizando vários modelos de covariância espaço-temporal para comparar diferentes estruturas de construção da matriz de pesos espaciais com a finalidade de identificar a melhor matriz. As matrizes espaciais com pesos exponenciais apresentaram os melhores desempenhos de ajuste dos modelos STAR; e mostram uma estabilidade em relação à medida de ajuste. Por fim para ilustração, será ajustado um modelo STARMA para um conjunto de dados mensais do índice FIPEZAP de preço imobiliário de venda para apartamentos de dois dormitórios de seis cidades metropolitanas de São Paulo. / The objective of this work is to compare spatial neighborhoods structures, or the same as spatial weights matrices of the class of space-time autoregressive and moving average models STARMA. The STARMA model is used to describe spatially localized time series datas, it is characterized by the linear dependence lagged both in space and time. Simulations were performed using several space-time covariance models to compare different structures of construction of the weight matrix with the purpose of identifying the best matrix. The spatial matrices with exponential weights presented the best adjustment performances of the STAR models ans showed a stability in relation to the adjustment measure. Finally, for illustration, a STARMA model will be adjusted for a set of monthly data of the FIPEZAP real estate price index for two bedroom apartments in six metropolitan cities of São Paulo.

A presente pesquisa propõe estudar as experiências da urbanização no bairro da Barra Funda durante o período de 1890 a 1920, através da analise do cruzamento de fontes, especialmente autos crime do do Arquivo do Tribunal de Justiça de São Paulo com ofícios e croquis das Obras Particulares do Arquivo Histórico de São Paulo. No momento histórico a que se refere essa pesquisa, São Paulo vivia um processo conflituoso de reestruturação social e espacial, advindo, principalmente, de três grandes mudanças no cenário urbano paulistano: a abolição e a consolidação de um mercado de mão de obra livre; a proclamação da República; e o surto de expansão econômica vivido pela capital paulista. Nesse processo se deu o crescimento da ocupação de regiões antes consideradas fora do perímetro urbano, e a integração destas a cidade. O caso do bairro da Barra Funda, inserido nesse contexto, é exemplar por se tratar de um espaço de ocupação mista: além de ser ocupada por distintas classes sociais, serviu tanto como zona residencial quanto como área de distribuição de mercadorias e industrial. A partir dos elementos trazidos pelos auto crimes, discutiremos as experiências da urbanização vivenciadas por moradores do bairro, como estes entenderam e participaram do processo de ocupação urbana deste território. O foco do estudo é, portanto, como os habitantes do bairro viveram o processo de sua urbanização, e como essa experiência se relacionou com os dispositivos do poder público e dos capitais privados que também interferiam naquele espaço. Dessas experiências da urbanização, podemos refletir como, para além das políticas públicas, os habitantes da cidade se relacionaram de fato com o avanço da urbanização pela cidade / This essay aims to study the experiences of urbanization in the district of Barra Funda during the period comprised between 1890 and 1920, by analyzing the crossing between the files in the justice court of Sao Paulo with private work storaged in the History Archive of Sao Paulo. At the time in history referred to in this research, São Paulo was going through a conflicting process of social and spatial restructuring, coming especially from three large changes to the São Paulo urban setting: the abolishment and consolidation of a free labor market; proclamation of the Republic; and the sudden economic expansion experienced by the São Paulo capital city. During such process, the growth of occupancy in some regions previously considered as out of the urban perimeter took place, as well as their integration to the city. The case of the district of Barra Funda, inserted into such context, is an example for being a mixed occupancy space: in addition to being occupied by different social classes, it served both as residential zone and as area for distribution of goods and industrial area. From the elements brought by the crime records, we shall discuss the urbanization experiences lived by district dwellers, how they understood and took part of the urban occupancy process of such territory. The study is focused in how the habitants of the neighberhood lived the urbanistic process, and how this experience is related to the goverment actions and the private capital, wich also interfered in that space. Out of such urbanization experiences, we shall be able to reflect on how, beyond the public policies, the city inhabitants actually related with the advancement of urbanization through the city

Thesis. 1975. M.C.P.--Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Dept. of Urban Studies and Planning. / Bibliography: leaves 89-90. / by David Meiners. / M.C.P.

O bairro do Bexiga foi resultado de um processo político e econômico mais amplo pelo qual passava o país desde a segunda metade do século XIX, com o desenvolvimento da economia cafeeira e a inserção do estado de São Paulo no mercado exportador, envolvendo a Abolição da Escravidão, a instauração da República e a readequação das práticas urbanas de acordo com os parâmetros europeus de urbanização e industrialização. Nesse processo, iniciativas orientadas por um zoneamento e especialização de usos e funções explícitos e implícitos na legislação foram adotados com o objetivo de adequar a capital paulista ao novo papel. Assim, parte das moradias e dos segmentos do comércio de gêneros alimentícios, bem como oficinas, depósitos e fábricas e serviços menos nobres deslocaram-se em direção dos bairros vizinhos ao perímetro central. A especialização das funções urbanas implicou não somente no redesenho das zonas de exercício das atividades produtivas, como também das áreas de moradias exclusivas para determinados grupos sociais. Nesse contexto, em função da demanda, surgiram empreendimentos imobiliários de loteamentos destinados a abrigar moradores e atividades produtivas essenciais à cidade em expansão, dando origem a novos bairros, sendo o Bexiga um caso exemplar desse fenômeno. Esta tese se propõe a conhecer e compreender de que maneira o bairro do Bexiga se inseriu no movimento de reespacialização social e das funções urbanas - seu papel na reconfiguração da cidade -, assim como suas conexões com o espaço urbano mais amplo. De outro lado, no decorrer do século XX, alguns estereótipos foram construídos como traços determinantes do bairro, conferindo ao Bexiga um caráter de uniformidade funcional, social, étnica e arquitetônica. Assim, outro objetivo desta tese é desconstruir a visão estereotipada do Bexiga como um bairro homogêneo em todas as suas instâncias, destacando: a diversidade das atividades produtivas ali desenvolvidas, a presença e coexistência de diferentes camadas sociais, a presença de grupos étnicos diversos e as diferentes formas de moradia envolvendo bem mais do que as \"casas operárias\". / The quarter of Bexiga was a result of a wider economic and political process through which the country had undergone since the second half of 19th century, with the development of coffee economy and the insertion of the state of São Paulo in the export market, involving the Abolition of Slavery, the establishment of the Republic and the readaptation of the urban practices according to the European parameters of urbanization and industrialization. In this process, initiatives oriented by a zoning and specialization of use and functions explicit and implicit in the legislation were adopted with the objective of adjusting the São Paulo capital to the new role. Thus, part of the dwellings and the commerce of foodstuff, as well as workshops, store houses, factories and less noble services moved towards the neighborhoods of central areas. The specialization of urban functions resulted not only in the redesign of the productive activities zones, but also of the areas of dwellings exclusive for certain social groups. In this context, according to the demand, real state enterprises of housing development arose, aimed at sheltering dwellers and productive activities essential for the expanding city, giving rise to new quarters, and Bexiga was an exemplary case of this phenomenon. The present thesis aims at knowing and comprehending how the quarter of Bexiga became part of the movement of social and urban functions respatialization - its role in the reconfiguration of the city - , as well as its connections with the wider urban spaces. On the other hand, throughout the 20th century, some stereotypes were built as determining features of the quarter, giving Bexiga a quality of functional, social, ethnic and architectural uniformity. Thus, another objective of this thesis is deconstructing the stereotyped vision of Bexiga as a homogeneous quarter considering all of its aspects, highlighting: the diversity of productive activities developed there, the presence and coexistence of different social strata, the presence of diverse ethnic groups and the different forms of dwellings involving much more than the \"proletarian houses\".

De fins do Império aos primeiros anos da República, o Brasil passou por transformações que marcaram definitivamente as suas cidades. Mais do que a substituição de um regime político por outro, tratava-se de um período de transição de uma economia escravocrata para outra capitalista, baseada no trabalho livre, na qual a mão-de-obra imigrante foi fundamental. A cidade de São Paulo, centro de comércio e da indústria nascente, tornou-se foco de atração humana. O fluxo de mão-de-obra imigrante e de ex-escravos para a cidade acarretou grande crescimento populacional e a necessidade de novas moradias, com a consequente ocupação das áreas adjacentes ao centro da cidade. A proposta deste trabalho é estudar o processo de formação do bairro do Bexiga, como um dos espaços ocupados entre as últimas décadas do século XIX e as primeiras do XX, desde a época da antiga chácara de Antonio José Leite Braga, ainda no Império, passando pelo seu desmembramento em lotes comercializáveis, pela venda dos terrenos e construção dos imóveis e, finalmente, pela ocupação destes por diferentes usuários, já na República. Busca-se, assim, analisar os mecanismos de produção de espaços urbanos pela iniciativa privada, os principais atores sociais envolvidos e as estratégias do poder público para disciplinar o parcelamento do solo e a construção de moradias, via legislação urbanística e sanitária. / Since the end of the Empire to the early years of the Republic, Brazil has undergone transformations that have marked definitively its cities. More than the replacement of a political regime on the other, it was also a period of transition from an economy based on slavery to another capitalist, based on free work, where immigrant workmanship was fundamental. The city of São Paulo, which was the centre of commerce and a rising industry, became the focus of human attraction. The flow of immigrant workmanship and ex-slaves into the city resulted in the significant growth of population and the need for new homes, with the consequent occupation of the areas adjacent to the centre of the city. The purpose of this study is to examine the process of formation of Bexigas district as one of the occupied areas between the last decades of the nineteenth century and the beginning of the twentieth, since the time of the ancient farm of Antonio José Leite Braga which is still in the Empire passing to its dismemberment in commercialy viable lots, its sale and the construction of homes and, eventually, its occupation by different people until it became a Republic. The main objective is to analyse the mechanisms of production of urban areas by the private sector, the main social actors involved, as well as the strategies of public power to organize the division of the land and the construction of homes, through urban and sanitary legislation.

Thesis. 1976. M.C.P.--Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Dept. of Urban Studies and Planning. / Microfiche copy available in Archives and Rotch. / Bibliography: leaves 170-174. / by Beverly L. Herbert. / M.C.P.

O objetivo deste trabalho é comparar as estruturas de vizinhanças espaciais ou matrizes de pesos espaciais da classe de modelos autorregressivos e de médias móveis espaço-temporais (STARMA). O modelo STARMA é empregado para descrever dados de séries temporais espacialmente localizados, ele é caracterizado pela dependência linear defasada tanto no espaço quanto no tempo. Foram realizadas simulações utilizando vários modelos de covariância espaço-temporal para comparar diferentes estruturas de construção da matriz de pesos espaciais com a finalidade de identificar a melhor matriz. As matrizes espaciais com pesos exponenciais apresentaram os melhores desempenhos de ajuste dos modelos STAR; e mostram uma estabilidade em relação à medida de ajuste. Por fim para ilustração, será ajustado um modelo STARMA para um conjunto de dados mensais do índice FIPEZAP de preço imobiliário de venda para apartamentos de dois dormitórios de seis cidades metropolitanas de São Paulo. / The objective of this work is to compare spatial neighborhoods structures, or the same as spatial weights matrices of the class of space-time autoregressive and moving average models STARMA. The STARMA model is used to describe spatially localized time series datas, it is characterized by the linear dependence lagged both in space and time. Simulations were performed using several space-time covariance models to compare different structures of construction of the weight matrix with the purpose of identifying the best matrix. The spatial matrices with exponential weights presented the best adjustment performances of the STAR models ans showed a stability in relation to the adjustment measure. Finally, for illustration, a STARMA model will be adjusted for a set of monthly data of the FIPEZAP real estate price index for two bedroom apartments in six metropolitan cities of São Paulo.

Thesis (M.C.P.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Urban Studies and Planning; and, (M. Arch. in Advanced Studies)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Architecture, 1977. / MICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES AND ROTCH. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 156-158). / by Deborah Walne Poodry. / M.Arch.in Advanced Studies / M.C.P.