abstract: People come together and form communities in cities across the world but the processes behind community formation are not well understood. Some researchers theorize that having populations with similar characteristics is important; others argue that the existence of public spaces for interaction is key. I use archaeological data collected over six seasons of field work and archival data from The Granada Relocation Center (Amache) National Historic Landmark, a World War II (WWII) Japanese American incarceration center in Southeastern Colorado, to demonstrate the role that participation in previous social communities has on the formation of new social networks. The concept of social cohesion acts as a framework for understanding how access to public spaces and participation in different types of social activities creates a sense of neighborhood community among a dislocated population. During WWII Japanese Americans were forcibly removed from their homes on the West Coast to ten incarceration centers, disrupting existing communities and forcing the formation of new ones. Amache is one of ten incarceration centers which housed families and individuals. The site resembled an urban center with public facilities and residential areas that functioned as neighborhoods. Archival and archaeological data indicate that residents developed socially defined neighborhoods. Internees modified each neighborhood through the creation of landscape features and development of social activity which provided a venue for residents to interact and form a sense of community identity. Neighborhood residents clustered based on their affiliation to previous communities both in California and in the temporary detention centers. Clustering in demographically similar neighborhoods facilitated the development of new social interactions and led to the proliferation of landscape features and social events seen in the archaeological and archival record. I identify patterns of neighborhood interaction through an examination of the archaeological record and social network analysis using archival newspapers. Applying archaeological data in partnership with social network data illustrates the range of strategies used by incarcerees to create new communities and problematizes working with a single data source when attempting to identify socially defined neighborhoods. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Anthropology 2020

Turkish metropolises suffer poor infrastructure systems and weak structures due to unplanned urbanization as a result of migration waves from rural to urban. Slum clearance was a necessity to provide safe and quality life in the metropolises. Through the enaction of related laws and establishment of Housing Development Administration of Turkey (TOKİ) a new era started on urban regeneration. Since 90’s Turkey has been implementing several Urban Regeneration Projects (URP) due to fortify and change the urban structure. Some of those URPs are succeeded others are not. This paper elucidates the urbanization and squatter history of Turkey since 60’s in parallel with clarification of terms like urban area, urbanization and urban transformation, in order to understand the background of urban transformation in Turkey. Also, squatter areas and methods that implemented to transform them are defined. Finally, several URPs are demonstrated to discuss pros & cons.

How are the neighborhoods of Aspudden, Telefonplan and Älvsjö perceived by the local population? And what role does transport infrastructure play in the construction of these neighborhoods? With modern-day planning ideals focusing on sustainable mobility and human-centered living environments, this thesis examines the subjective perception of the physical landscape and how neighborhoods are felt and experienced. By conducting qualitative mental mapping interviews, I aim to highlight and comprehend landscapes of everyday life. As this thesis studies what is considered important for the subjectively defined and constructed neighborhoods, and also what elements the neighborhoods consist of in terms of transport infrastructure and how these are perceived, a larger understanding of what qualities an area possess or lacks can be given. In relation to this thesis’ theoretical framework, I argue that mental mapping interviews provide good knowledge on how a neighborhood is constructed, both physically and socially. The created maps are compared to topological landscapes where focus is put on certain highlighted elements put in relation to each other, making neighborhoods flexible. Additionally, the results also point to the importance of transport infrastructure and of how it contributes to a mobile understanding and creation of neighborhoods. Large emphasis is put on the delineating characteristics of large-scale transport infrastructure but equally much on how the neighborhood is constructed through the relationship to other geographical locations. This thesis therefore contributes to the research field by shedding light on subjective understandings of the neighborhood impacts of transport infrastructure.

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In this thesis, I examine how local communities can be encouraged or enhanced in an apartment complex with the help of a local collaboration platform. I examine the relationship that exists within between neighbors in the apartment building in Sweden. Moreover, I focus on presenting relevant theory regarding neighborly relations along with research on creating local communities. I perform a series of interviews with people living in residential building in Sweden and the use of relevant methods for creating me an understanding of how we can use the areas located on the border of private and public space inside the residence. My research will also focus on how windows can be used to encourage local involvement and create a sense of community within the residential building. As part of the thesis, I highlight some relevant projects previously done in terms of neighborhood and community research, too.

Syftet med det här arbetet är att undersöka den fysiska aktivitetsgraden i några av Malmö stads förorter. Fokus på socioekonomiskt utsatta förorter. Samt att försöka förstå vad som görs för att förbättra aktivitetsgraden bland barn och ungdomar inom dessa områden i Malmö. I uppsatsen användes det Teorier från Antonovsky, Bourdieu och Engström för att klargöra individers olika livsstilar för att genom det få en bättre uppfattning kring förhållandet mellan levnadssituation och aktivitetsgrad. Uppsatsen är kvalitativ och utgjordes i form av intervjuer med frågeställningar som: Vilken uppfattning har unga ledare om den fysiska aktivitetsgraden bland barn i socioekonomisk utsatta områden? Samt vilka åtgärder bör man vidta för att uppmuntra fysisk aktivitet bland dessa unga? Sammanfattningsvis menas det att det finns många påverkande faktorer för ungas nivå av fysisk aktivitet. Socioekonomisk status har inverkan på den fysiska aktiviteten och många gånger kan en låg socioekonomisk status likställas med låg nivå av fysisk aktivitet. I de fall det finns familjemedlemmar och unga mentorer som uppmuntrar till fysisk aktivitet går det däremot att se en större andel unga som är fysiskt aktiva, även i områden som anses ha lägre socioekonomisk status. Målet var att skaffa sig en förståelse för vad som görs idag för att främja fysisk aktivitet bland unga och om de aktiviteter som görs får det genomslag som önskas. Genom utbildning av unga ledare, mentorer och andra aktiviteter som sysselsätter unga i Malmö menas det att man har tagit ett steg i rätt riktigt. Däremot finns det mer att önska avseende ingripanden och initiativ för att i större grad öka ungas fysiska aktivitet. / The purpose of this study is to investigate the physical activity of some of Malmö City's suburbs. As well as trying to understand what is being done to improve the activity rate among children and young people in these areas in Malmö. In the essay, the theories of Antonovsky, Bourdieu and Engström were used to clarify the different lifestyles of individuals in order to gain a better understanding of the relationship between living and activity levels. The essay is qualitative and consisted of interviews with questions such as: What view do young leaders have about the physical activity of children in socio-economically vulnerable areas? And what measures should be taken to encourage physical activity among these young people?In conclusion, it is meant that there are many influencing factors for young people's level of physical activity. Socioeconomic status has an impact on physical activity and many times a low socioeconomic status can be equated with a low level of physical activity. However, if there are family members and young mentors who encourage physical activity, it is possible to see a larger proportion of young people who are physically active, even in areas that are considered to have lower socio-economic status.The goal was to get an understanding of what is being done today to promote physical activity among young people and if the activities that are done are given the desired impact. Through education of young leaders, mentors and other activities that employ young people in Malmö, it is meant that you have taken a step in the right direction. On the other hand, there is more to be desired regarding interventions and initiatives to increase the youth's physical activity to a greater extent.

La gentrificación es un proceso urbano que se está presentando en distintas ciudades y barrios populares del mundo. El barrio conocido actualmente como Monumental Callao viene sufriendo cambios desde el año 2015 debido al Proyecto Fugaz, el cual ha traído consigo consecuencias tanto positivas como negativas. Sin embargo, los vecinos de la localidad no tienen conocimiento del término gentrificación, no saben en qué consiste el proceso y no han sido informados previamente por algún medio de la realización del Proyecto Fugaz, lo cual es perjudicial ya que sin la información necesaria no pueden tener una visión clara de lo que está ocurriendo. El objetivo de este proyecto se enfoca en utilizar el diseño de la información para explicarles a los vecinos de la zona de una manera fácil y efectiva las causas y efectos que puede tener este proceso urbanístico. Debido a la naturaleza del tema elegido, esta investigación será de campo y cualitativa, ya que es necesario conocer los avances y el impacto que esta podría tener en el público objeto de estudio. Así mismo, las técnicas a emplear serán observación no estructurada y entrevistas semi-estructuradas, utilizando como instrumentos guías de entrevistas y grabadoras audiovisuales. Finalmente, se propondrá un prototipo de solución el cual responda al problema identificado, este será un brochure que explique fácilmente la definición, causas, etapas y consecuencias de la gentrificación. Se hará un seguimiento en los testeos para medir su evolución y los resultados principales. / Gentrification is an urban process that is being presented in different cities and popular neighborhoods of the world. The neighborhood known today as Monumental Callao has been undergoing changes since 2015 due to Proyecto Fugaz, which has received the same negative consequences. However, the residents of the locality have no knowledge of the term gentrification, we do not know what the process consists of and they have not been informed in the future. Have a clear vision of what is happening. The objective of this project focuses on using information design to explain the neighbors of the area in an easy and effective way the causes and effects that this urban process can have. This information will be based on the subject of the study. Likewise, the techniques are used as interview guides and audiovisual recorders. Finally, a prototype solution is presented in which the problem is answered, it is a booklet that easily explores the definition, causes, stages and consequences of gentrification. Monitoring will be done in the tests to measure their evolution and the main results. / Trabajo de investigación

Since the late 1960s and early 1970s, many American cities experienced the process of gentrification, and there are many studies based on data from this time period. A first purpose of this study was to follow up on the development of gentrification in the 1980s. Northwest Portland, Oregon, is culturally clearly defined as a gentrifying neighborhood and was, therefore, chosen as to empirically assess this process by comparing the 1980 with the 1990 census data. There is some theoretical confusion about the concept of gentrification. There is, however, general consensus on two aspects. The first is a physical renovation of old and run-down inner-city neighborhoods, and the second is a change in the demographic composition of the revitalizing neighborhood from low and middle to upper-middle and high status residents. One aspect of gentrification is largely ignored by empirical studies, but often assumed to flow from physical renovation and compositional change, i.e, an alteration in the fabric of social life in the gentrified area, in patterns of interaction and symbolic attachment. It was a second purpose of this study to explore this issue on the basis of longitudinal survey data collected in the Northwest neighborhood in 1978 and 1993. The census analysis showed that the demographic change in Northwest Portland was surprisingly consistent with Gale's original stage model of gentrification from 1980, but not with predictions for more recent times. The analysis of the survey data showed a lack of overall change in the interactional and symbolic fabric of community life. T-tests for distinct life-cycle stages and socioeconomic status showed a perception of the Northwest neighborhood as a nicer and safer place for all groups. The young were found to form a community consistent with the model of a "community of limited liability." Specifically for older and high income residents it is proposed that the demographic change, which made the neighborhood more status homogeneous, had an important socially integrating impact, consistent with Claude Fischer's notion of "critical mass" creating viable subcultures, since they were found, in opposition to common expectations, to have increased attachment and social contacts in the neighborhood.

Sleep has been recognized as a major determinant of physical and mental health. Emerging studies suggested that social and built environments should be considered as important determinants of sleep health, however causal mechanisms between neighborhood factors and sleep health still remain unclear. The proposed dissertation is a connected set of papers including a systematic review and longitudinal studies investigating associations between neighborhood stressors and sleep health as well as potential causal mechanisms via psychological distress and physical activity. The longitudinal studies employed comprehensive measures of neighborhood characteristics and sleep health along with g-estimation and mediation analysis techniques. Neighborhood social and built environments may contribute to poor sleep health, particularly in low-income and racial/ethnic minority neighborhoods, and psychological distress can be a salient pathway linking these neighborhood characteristics and sleep health. Based on our findings, interventions to improve sleep should target modifiable factors and enhance neighborhood environments. These sorts of strategies have the potential to improve not only sleep health but also other health outcomes.

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