<p>Although long known for their damaging effects to cell components and contribution to aging, cancer, and neurodegeneration, reactive oxygen species (ROS) have recently been found to have beneficial roles, such as mediating intracellular signaling and triggering regenerative inflammatory responses. While excessive ROS causes oxidative stress and cellular damage, an optimum ROS level is crucial for proper cell functioning, growth, and proliferation. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase (Nox) is a major source of cellular ROS that has been linked to neuronal polarity, axonal growth, and nervous system development. However, the precise role of Nox-derived ROS in axonal regeneration after injury has remained unclear. Here, we tested a role for neuronal Nox in neurite regeneration following mechanical transection in cultured neurons. Using a novel hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-sensing dye, <em>p</em>-bispinacolatoboron-5’-phenylpyridylthiazole (BPPT), we found that H2O2 -levels are elevated in regenerating growth cones following injury. Increased Nox2 co-localization with p40phox in the growth cone central domain suggests Nox2 activation after injury. Inhibiting Nox with pharmacological Nox inhibitor, celastrol, or reducing ROS with the chemical antioxidant N-acetyl-L-cysteine, reduced neurite regeneration rate. Higher level of H2O2 had negative effects on neurite outgrowth and regeneration. Growth cones treated with celastrol had reduced F-actin content in the growth cone periphery and T domain. Pharmacological inhibition of Nox also caused reduced activity of Src2, a redox modifiable protein that regulates actin organization and dynamics in the growth cone. Using a zebrafish larval spinal cord injury model, we found that pharmacological inhibition of Nox affects swimming behavior indicating impaired spinal cord regeneration due to the inhibition of Nox. Taken together, these findings indicate that the level of neuronal Nox-derived ROS is critical for neurite regeneration following injury. Identification of Nox downstream effectors in the growth cone is the next goal of this project to better understand the signaling pathway of Nox involved in neurite regeneration.</p>

Characterization of new pharmacological targets is a promising approach in research of neurorepair mechanisms. The G protein-coupled receptor 17 (GPR17) has recently been proposed as an interesting pharmacological target, e.g., in neuroregenerative processes. Using the well-established ex vivo model of organotypic slice co-cultures of the mesocortical dopaminergic system (prefrontal cortex (PFC) and substantia nigra/ventral tegmental area (SN/VTA) complex), the influence of GPR17 ligands on neurite outgrowth from SN/VTA to the PFC was investigated. The growthpromoting effects of Montelukast (MTK; GPR17- and cysteinyl-leukotriene receptor antagonist), the glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) and of two potent, selective GPR17 agonists (PSB-16484 and PSB-16282) were characterized. Treatment with MTK resulted in a significant increase in mean neurite density, comparable with the effects of GDNF. The combination of MTK and GPR17 agonist PSB-16484 significantly inhibited neuronal growth. qPCR studies revealed an MTK-induced elevated mRNA-expression of genes relevant for neuronal growth. Immunofluorescence labelling showed a marked expression of GPR17 on NG2-positive glia. Western blot and RT-qPCR analysis of untreated cultures suggest a time-dependent, injury-induced stimulation of GPR17. In conclusion, MTK was identified as a stimulator of neurite fibre outgrowth, mediating its effects through GPR17, highlighting GPR17 as an interesting therapeutic target in neuronal regeneration.

Les métalloproteases matricielles (MMPs) appartiennent à une famille d'endopéptidases dépendantes du zinc, présentent sous forme secrétée ou membranaire (MT-MMP) et qui jouent un rôle fondamental dans la signalisation cellulaire. L'activité des MMPs est régulée par leur inhibiteurs endogènes, les inhibiteurs tissulaires des MMPs (TIMPs). Le système MMP/TIMP régule les interactions cellule-cellule et cellule-matrice extra cellulaire et module la motilité cellulaire par clivage protéolytique des composants de la matrice extra cellulaire aussi bien lors de processus physiologiques que dans des situations pathologiques.Dans un premier temps, nous avons mis en évidence le rôle de TIMP-1 dans la modulation de la croissance neuritique et la morphologie neuronale, via l'inhibition de MMP-2 et non de MMP-9. souches de la muqueuse olfactive (OE-MSCs). Nous montrons dans cette étude que les gélatinases MMP-2 et MMP-9 ainsi que la MMP membranaire MT1-MMP, sont impliquées dans la migration des OE-MSCs. Nous montrons également que les gélatinases sont probablement impliquées dans les propriétés neurotrophiques des OE-MSCs et des cellules engainantes olfactives.L'ensemble de ces résultats apporte de nouveaux éléments fondamentaux, dans la compréhension du rôle du système MMP/TIMP dans les processus post-lésionnels qui ont lieu au sein du système nerveux central. / The matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) belong to a growing family of Zn2+-dependent endopeptidases, secreted or membrane-bound (MT-MMP), which play a fundamental role in the cell signalling. The activity of the MMPs is regulated by their endogenous inhibitors, the tissue inhibitors of MMPs (TIMPs). The MMP / TIMP system regulates the cell-cell and cell-extracellular matrix interactions and modulates the cellular motility through the cleavage of protein components of the extracellular matrix, as well during physiological and pathological conditions.Our results suggest that TIMP-1 is implicated in the modulation of the neurite outgrowth and morphology of cortical neurons through the inhibition at least in part, of MMP-2 and not MMP-9. Afterward, we study of the system MMP / TIMP in the migration of the stem cells of olfactory ectomesenchymal stem cells (OE-MSCs). We show that gelatinases MMP-2 and MMP-9 as well as MT1-MMP, are involved in OE-MSCs migration. We also show that gelatinases are probably involved in neurotrophic properties of the OE-MSCs and olfactory ensheathing cells.Altogether, these results provide new evidences on the role of MMP/TIMP system in central nervous system post-lesional processes.

Objetivos: avaliar as alterações morfofuncionais da retina de pacientes com esclerose múltipla (EM) e espectro da neuromielite óptica (ENMO), com ou sem histórico de neurite óptica (NO), por meio de eletrorretinografia de campo total e multifocal (ERGct / ERGmf) e a tomomografia de coerência óptica (TCO). Avaliar as correlações de tais achados entre si e com o potencial evocado visual (PEV), o campo visual (CV) e a sensibilidade ao contraste (SC). Métodos: Pacientes com EM (n = 30), ENMO (n = 30) e controles (n = 29) foram submetidos a avaliação oftalmológica completa incluindo CV, TCO, ERGct, ERGmf, PEV e medida da SC. Os olhos foram distribuídos em 5 grupos: EM com ou sem história de NO (EM + NO e EM - NO), ENMO com ou sem NO (ENMO + NO e ENMO - NO) e controles. Com a TCO foram medidas as espessuras das camadas de fibras nervosas da retina na região macular (CFNRm), camada de células ganglionares (CCG), camada plexiforme interna (CPI), camada nuclear interna (CNI), camada plexiforme externa (CPE), camada nuclear externa (CNE), complexo camada de fotorreceptores + epitélio pigmentário da retina(CFR+EPR) e da camada de fibras nervosas peripapilar (CFNRp). Dados das ondas a, b e potenciais oscilatórios (POs) do ERGct, medidas de amplitude e latência de N1 e P1 do ERGmf, ondas do PEV e medidas do desvio da normalidade do CV foram analisados. Os grupos foram comparados usando equações estimadas generalizadas. Correlações entre as medidas foram avaliadas. Resultados: Redução da sensibilidade do desvioda normalidade do CV, da SC e aumento da latência das ondas do PEV foram identificadas para ambos os grupos. Nos pacientes ENMO+NO apresentaram redução de amplitude ao PEV em relação aos controles, diferentemente aos demais grupos. As medidas de espessura da CCG e da CPI foram significativamente menores nos grupos de olhos dos pacientes em relação aos controles. A RNFLm foi menor em todos os grupos de olhos de pacientes, exceto o grupo ENMO-NO. Não foi observada diferença significativa entre os grupos de olhos estudados nas comparações referenetes às demais camadas da retina. Comparado aos controles, as amplitudes do POs foram maiores nos olhos de pacientes com ENMO, enquanto as latências de N1 e P1 do ERGmf foram menor nos olhos de pacientes com EM. Essas anormalidades foram fortemente correlacionadas com a espessura da camada retiniana intermediária e externa. Os achados do PEV, assim como do CV e SC, se correlacionaram fortemente com as camadas retinianas. Conclusões: as camadas retinianas internas se mostraram reduzidas à TCO tanto nos olhos de pacientes com EM quanto no naqueles com ENMO, mas os achados POs e ERGmf sugerem também envolvimento das outras camadas retinianas nessas afecções. O PEV apresentou alterações distintas para cada doença. O uso combinado da TCO, do ERG e PEV podem ajudar a entender como as duas condições diferem em relação aos danos retinianos / Objectives: To evaluate the morphofunctional alterations of the retina of patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) and spectrum of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD), with or without a history of optic neuritis (ON), using full field electroretinogram (ERG) and multifocal electroretinography (mf- ERG) and optical coherence tomography (OCT). To evaluate the correlations of such findings among themselves and with visual evoked potential (VEP), visual field (VF) and contrast sensitivity (CS). Methods: Patients with MS (n = 30), NMOSD (n = 30) and healthy controls (n = 29) were submitted to a complete ophthalmologic evaluation including VF, OCT, ERG, mf-ERG, VEP and SC measurement. The eyes were distributed in 5 groups: MS with or without history of ON (MS + ON and MS - ON), NMOSD with or without ON (NMOSD + ON and NMOSD - ON) and controls. With the OCT were measured the thickness of the retinal nerve fiber layers in the macular region (mRNFL), ganglion cell layer (GCL), inner plexiform layer (IPL), inner nuclear layer (INL), outer plexiform layer (OPL), outer nuclear layer (ONL), photoreceptor layer (PHOT) and peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (pRNFL). The data of the a- and b-waves and oscillatory potentials (OPs) of the ERG, amplitude and peak time of N1 and P1 of mf-ERG, waves of the VEP and VF deviation were analyzed. The groups were compared using generalized estimating equations. Correlations between measurements were evaluated. Results: Reduction of the oVF deviation, CS and increased VEP wave\'s peak times were identified for both groups. In the NMOSD + ON patients, an amplitude redeuction was found in the VEP in relation to the controls, unlike the other groups. The thickness of GCL and IPL was significantly lower in patients\' eyes than controls. mRNFL was lower in all patients, but NMOSD-ON. No significant difference was observed for the remaining layers. Compared to controls, the amplitudes of the POs were higher in the NMOSD group, whereas the mf-ERG\'s N1 and P1 peak time was lower in the MS patients. These abnormalities were strongly correlated with the thickness of the intermediate and outer retinal layers. The findings of the VEP, as well as the VF and SC, correlated strongly with the retinal layers. Conclusions: the inner retinal layers were reduced in both the MS and the NMOSD, but the findings OPs and mf-ERG suggest involvement of the other retinal layers. The VEP presented different alterations for each disease. The combination of OCT, ERG and VEP may help to understand how the two conditions differ in relation to retinal damage

Introdução: A doença associada ao anticorpo MOG-IgG tem sido reconhecida como uma entidade clínica distinta de neuromielite óptica (NMO) e esclerose múltipla (EM). As principais apresentações clínicas associadas ao MOG-IgG são neurite óptica (NO), mielite e encefalite. Apesar das crescentes evidências na literatura, o papel da análise longitudinal de MOG-IgG ainda não é conhecido. Os objetivos deste estudo foram 1) descrever os aspectos clínicos, laboratoriais e imagenológicos dos pacientes MOG-IgG positivo; 2) estudar as diferenças clínicas e laboratoriais entre os pacientes MOG-IgG com curso monofásico e recorrente; 3) analisar a existência de fatores preditores de recorrência de surtos; 4) investigar se a persistência de MOG-IgG determina doença recorrente; 5) comparar as características clínicas e laboratoriais de pacientes MOG-IgG com pacientes NMOSD AQP4-IgG positivo e negativo. Casuística e métodos: após avaliação de elegibilidade de 574 sujeitos, foram incluídos 31 pacientes MOG-IgG positivos. Estes pacientes foram divididos em dois grupos segundo o padrão de surto, monofásico ou recorrente. Os pacientes foram acompanhados por dois anos em consulta clínica semestral e coleta anual de amostra de sangue para avaliação de MOG-IgG e AQP4-IgG. Resultados: neurite óptica (NO) foi frequente em ambos os grupos sem diferença significativa. Mielite foi encontrada em maior proporção nos pacientes recorrentes, porém sem significância estatística. NO acarretou maior risco para novos surtos, RC= 3,66 (IC 95 % 1,03- 29,91) (p 0,048). Após um primeiro surto de NO, existe uma probabilidade de 75% de que o segundo surto seja também NO. A mesma análise foi realizada para pacientes com mielite no primeiro surto, com uma probabilidade de 80% de mielite no segundo surto. A mediana de EDSS foi maior no grupo de pacientes recorrentes, sendo a diferença significativa entre o grupo recorrente e monofásico (p 0,013). A doença associada ao MOG-IgG possui bom prognóstico com melhora significante de EDSS e acuidade visual (AV) no desfecho quando comparados aos do evento inicial. O desfecho de AV não se correlacionou diretamente com número de episódios de NO. O tratamento imunossupressor profilático reduziu de forma significativa a ocorrência de surtos (p < 0,001). Na análise longitudinal de sorologias de MOG-IgG, a permanência de MOG-IgG esteve associada à atividade clínica de doença e o tratamento imunossupressor reduziu de forma significativa a taxa de amostras positivas. Altos títulos de MOG-IgG tiveram correlação com maior número de surtos de neurite óptica. As sorologias de pacientes com curso monofásico se tornaram negativas ao longo do seguimento clínico, e pacientes recorrentes em remissão clínica também apresentaram menor proporção de amostras positivas / Introduction: The MOG-IgG-associated disease has been recently recognized as different from multiple sclerosis and neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders. The main phenotypes associated with MOG-IgG are optic neuritis, myelitis and encephalitis. Although there is a growing body of evidence in the literature, the role of longitudinal MOG-IgG analysis is still unknown. The objectives of this study were: 1) to describe clinical and laboratorial aspects of MOG-IgG positive patients; 2) to study the differences between monophasic and relapsing group in clinical and laboratorial aspects; 3) to analyze predictors factors associated with risk of recurrence; 4) to investigate if the persistence of MOG-IgG is associated with risk of relapses; 5) to compare clinical and laboratorial aspects of MOG-IgG patients with NMOSD AQP4-IgG positive and negative patients. Methods: After assessment of eligibility in 574 subjects, 31 patients have been included. These patients have been divided in two groups, according to the course of the disease, if monophasic or relapsing. They have been followed for two years. During this period, annual blood samples have been collected to detect MOG-IgG and AQP4-IgG. Results: optic neuritis (ON) phenotype was frequent in both, monophasic and relapsing group; there were no statistically significant differences between them. Myelitis predominates in the relapsing group, with no significance though. The risk of recurrence is increased by having ON OR 3,66 (CI 95 % 1,03- 29,91) (p 0,048). In a logistic regression analysis, when the patient had ON in the first attack, we found a 75 % probability of having ON in the second attack. When analyzing myelitis, the risk of having a second myelitis as a phenotype was 80%. There were significant differences in EDSS scores between monophasic and relapsing patients (p 0,013). Good outcomes have been found when evaluating EDSS scores and visual acuity at the last visit. Immunossupressor treatment has significantly reduced the number of relapses (p < 0,001). When analyzing longitudinal MOG-IgG samples, relapses have been associated with positive serostatus and the immunosuppressor treatment has significantly reduced the proportion of MOG-IgG positivity. High MOG-IgG titers have been associated with higher proportion of optic neuritis relapses. Monophasic patients became MOG-IgG negative during follow-up, as well as relapsing patients on clinical remission

<p>The developing nervous system depends largely on extracellular cues to shape its complex network of neurons. Classically, neurotrophins are known to be important mediators in this process. More recently, Bone Morphogenetic Proteins (BMPs), belonging to the Transforming Growth Factor beta (TGFβ) superfamily of secreted cytokines, have been shown to exert a wide range of effects, such as cellular growth, differentiation, survival and apoptosis, both in the developing and adult nervous system. They signal via serine/threonine kinase receptor essentially to the Smad pathway, which carries the signal to the nucleus where the transcription of target genes is regulated.</p><p>This thesis investigates the functions of BMPs in the nervous system, using a set of different models. Firstly, a targeted deletion of GDF10 (BMP3b) in the mouse was established to evaluate the role of this growth/differentiation factor in the hippocampal formation, a brain area known to be involved in memory processing. Other members of the TGFβ superfamily likely compensate for the lack of GDF10, since no detectable alterations in hippocampal function or gene transcription profile have been found. Secondly, a mouse model was set up, with the aim to study impaired BMP-signalling in dopaminergic neurons. The tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) locus was used to drive the expression of dominant negative BMP receptors by means of bicistronic mRNAs. TH is the rate-limiting enzyme in the biosynthesis of catecholamine and the mice described, show a graded decrease of TH-activity resulting in severe to mild dopamine deficiency. The contribution of the dominant negative BMP receptors to the phenotype is however secondary to the apparent TH hypomorphism. The final theme of this thesis is the potentiating effects of BMPs on neurotrophin-induced neurite outgrowth as studied in explanted ganglia from chick embryos and in the rat phaeochromocytoma cell line PC12. A number of pharmacological inhibitors of intracellular signalling kinases were applied to the cultures in order to reveal the contribution of different pathways to the enhanced neurite outgrowth. We made the unexpected finding that inhibition of MEK signalling mimicked the potentiating effects of BMP stimulation in the chick system. The underlying mechanisms for the synergistic effects, however, are still an enigma.</p>

The developing nervous system depends largely on extracellular cues to shape its complex network of neurons. Classically, neurotrophins are known to be important mediators in this process. More recently, Bone Morphogenetic Proteins (BMPs), belonging to the Transforming Growth Factor beta (TGFβ) superfamily of secreted cytokines, have been shown to exert a wide range of effects, such as cellular growth, differentiation, survival and apoptosis, both in the developing and adult nervous system. They signal via serine/threonine kinase receptor essentially to the Smad pathway, which carries the signal to the nucleus where the transcription of target genes is regulated. This thesis investigates the functions of BMPs in the nervous system, using a set of different models. Firstly, a targeted deletion of GDF10 (BMP3b) in the mouse was established to evaluate the role of this growth/differentiation factor in the hippocampal formation, a brain area known to be involved in memory processing. Other members of the TGFβ superfamily likely compensate for the lack of GDF10, since no detectable alterations in hippocampal function or gene transcription profile have been found. Secondly, a mouse model was set up, with the aim to study impaired BMP-signalling in dopaminergic neurons. The tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) locus was used to drive the expression of dominant negative BMP receptors by means of bicistronic mRNAs. TH is the rate-limiting enzyme in the biosynthesis of catecholamine and the mice described, show a graded decrease of TH-activity resulting in severe to mild dopamine deficiency. The contribution of the dominant negative BMP receptors to the phenotype is however secondary to the apparent TH hypomorphism. The final theme of this thesis is the potentiating effects of BMPs on neurotrophin-induced neurite outgrowth as studied in explanted ganglia from chick embryos and in the rat phaeochromocytoma cell line PC12. A number of pharmacological inhibitors of intracellular signalling kinases were applied to the cultures in order to reveal the contribution of different pathways to the enhanced neurite outgrowth. We made the unexpected finding that inhibition of MEK signalling mimicked the potentiating effects of BMP stimulation in the chick system. The underlying mechanisms for the synergistic effects, however, are still an enigma.

No description available.

La lésion de nerfs périphériques peut engendrer des déficits moteurs et/ou sensoriels permanents. En dépit des progrès techniques réalisés au cours de ces 25 dernières années, une récupération complète suite à ces lésions n’est pas encore possible aujourd'hui. L’autogreffe nerveuse, toujours considérée comme le standard clinique, est la seule technique capable d’offrir les meilleurs résultats en termes de récupération fonctionnelle. Cependant, la survenue de complications post-opératoires lors d’autogreffes d’un nerf et la quantité limitée de nerfs disponibles conduisent à mettre au point d’autres stratégies alternatives. Dans ce contexte, la mise au point de biomatériaux pour substituts nerveux devient une nécessité clinique. Malgré les efforts de la recherche, ces prothèses ne permettent toujours pas une régénération du nerf à la hauteur de l’autogreffe. Le biomatériau utilisé doit notamment présenter des propriétés physiques et chimiques proches de celui du nerf natif. La soie, aux propriétés mécaniques uniques, représente une bonne alternative pour mettre au point ce type de prothèses. En effet, la protéine de soie déjà utilisée dans le domaine biomédical est biocompatible. Les modifications chimiques de cette protéine améliore et favorise l’adhérence et la croissance cellulaires par l’incorporation de facteurs de croissance ou d’autres molécules d'intérêt. Ce travail de thèse propose de développer un nouveau type de biomatériau à base de soie fonctionnalisée par deux facteurs de croissance : le Nerve Growth Factor (NGF) et le Ciliary NeuroTrophic Factor (CNTF). Étant donné l’architecture complexe qui compose la structure nerveuse, une matrice supportant la repousse des tissus de façon orientée semble primordiale. Nous démontrons, dans un premier temps, le pouvoir de ces nanofibres alignées (produites par electrospinning) à orienter la régénération tissulaire de différents organes par culture d’explants. Les nanofibres de soie alignées, biocompatibles sont bio-activées par ajout de NGF spécifique de la régénération nerveuse. Cette matrice créée présente un gradient de concentration en NGF qui permet d’orienter la repousse axonale en stimulant la croissance axonale dans une seule direction. Afin d’optimiser la croissance de deux populations cellulaires, nous avons incorporé du CNTF pour produire des nanofibres bifonctionnalisées. Ces nanofibres bifonctionnalisées ont conduit à une longueur des neurites 3 fois plus grande à leurs contacts, stimulant la croissance des cellules gliales. Ainsi, nous avons produit des conduits nerveux à base de soie biofonctionnalisée pour implantation chez le rat. Les analyses physico-chimiques et les propriétés mécaniques démontrent le caractère biomimétique de nos tubes de guidage. Les premières études de la locomotion et l’observation de coupes du nerf sciatique de rat, suite à l’implantation de nos conduits donnent des résultats très prometteurs. L’ensemble de ces travaux démontre l’efficacité de nos guides nerveux à base de soie et les présente comme une alternative prometteuse à l’autogreffe nerveuse pratiquée en clinique. / Peripheral nerve injury causes sensory and/or motor functions deficits. Despite technological advances over the past 25 years, a complete recovery from these injuries remains unsatisfactory today. The autograft still considered the "gold standard" in clinical practice. This is the only technique able to offer complete functional recovery. However, the occurrence of postoperative complications in autologous nerve and the limited amount of available nerves lead to develop alternatives strategy.In this context, development of nerve graft substitutes becomes by far a clinical necessity. Despite research efforts, these artificial prostheses design based on biomaterial doesn’t allow nerve regeneration as found in autograft nerve procedures. The biomaterial used must have the physical and chemical properties similar to that of the native nerve. Silk, well known for its unique mechanical properties, proposes a good alternative to develop these prostheses. Indeed, the silk protein is commonly used in the biomedical field and regenerative medicine. This protein biocompatibility may be improved through chemical modifications to promote adhesion and cell growth by the incorporation of growth factors or other molecules of interest. Therefore, this thesis proposes to develop a new type of functionalized silk biomaterial based on two growth factors : Nerve Growth Factor (NGF) and Ciliary NeuroTrophic Factor (CNTF). Given the complex architecture that consists of nerve structure, a matrix which is able to support and manage the outgrowth of tissue becomes essential. We demonstrate the power of these aligned nanofibers (produced by electrospinning) to guide and manage tissue regeneration from different organ explants culture. Aligned silk nanofibers, were biocompatible and bio-activated by adding NGF involved for nerve regeneration. This matrix has been created with a concentration gradient of NGF to guide neuritis outgrowth in only one direction. The presence of this gradient demonstrated a better axonal growth in one direction versus the uniform concentration conditions. Nerve cells consist essentially of two cell populations which are neurons and Schwann cells. To optimize the culture and growth of these two populations, in addition to NGF, we incorporated CNTF to produce bifunctionalized nanofibers. These biofunctionalised nanofibers led to a length 3 times larger on contact with neurites. The glial cells growth, alignment and migration were stimulated by CNTF. Thus, we produced bi-functionalized nerve guidance conduits for rat implantation. The physico-chemical analyzes demonstrate the biomimetic of our guide tubes. Early studies of locomotion and observing histological sections of rat sciatic nerve, following the implementation of our conduits gave very promising results.These studies demonstrate the relevance of our nervous guides’ silk-based developed as an effective alternative to nerve autograft performed in the clinic.

No description available.