TORRES, Caroline Gonzaga. Nos contornos do Eu: um estudo sobre a religiosidade nas neuroses e psicoses. 2013. 189f. – Dissertação (Mestrado) – Universidade Federal do Ceará, Programa de Pós-graduação em Psicologia, Fortaleza (CE), 2013. / Submitted by Márcia Araújo (marcia_m_bezerra@yahoo.com.br) on 2013-11-27T13:34:21Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2013-DIS-CGTORRES.pdf: 1127121 bytes, checksum: 64fd266d721fb9597a1861751338a489 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Márcia Araújo(marcia_m_bezerra@yahoo.com.br) on 2013-11-27T13:55:40Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2013-DIS-CGTORRES.pdf: 1127121 bytes, checksum: 64fd266d721fb9597a1861751338a489 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-11-27T13:55:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2013-DIS-CGTORRES.pdf: 1127121 bytes, checksum: 64fd266d721fb9597a1861751338a489 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / There is, in this dissertation, the purpose of discussing whether there is, from the point of view of the Ego structure in subjects, elements by which to discern what supports the way neurotics and psychotics demarcate distinct positioning in the face of religious experiences, establishing different relationships with divinity. Therefore, methodologically, to undertake a bibliographical study based on the work of Freud and Lacan, in the first teaching, in their productions concerning religion, constitution of Ego, neurosis and psychosis, beyond a discussion of two Freudian cases: Schreber and the Rats Man. So, take place joints between religion and father complex in psychoanalysis, addressing the elements present in the traumatic origin of monotheistic religions and the way they are updated in the subject, and set up approaches between religious formations, production delusional and fantasy. Makes up a theoretical framework on the mode ego structure, on the neuroses and psychoses, in stressing the concept of narcissism to establish the imaginary and symbolic dimensions that participate in this process as well as for the subsequent theoretical modifications. Finally, it is an investigation regarding the way in which the Ego is constituted in neuroses and psychoses, mechanisms peculiar to each of these structures and the presence of religious speech as well as of divine figures, by analysis of clinical cases. Among the main findings of the research highlight: a) intelligibility in Freudian formulations about religion, placing it sometimes beside the neuroses, sometimes beside the psychoses, giving her a double logic; b) the peculiarities in the constitution of the Ego, this is, fixing the paranoid in the mirror stage and the crossing of the obsessive at Oedipus, as well as their distinct attitudes towards Other and conflicts of these psychic structures instances, result a way in which the experiences of religion and deities appear in symptoms and elementary formations; c) the structural belief notion in neurosis and the dimension of certainty in psychosis allow in the perception of differences in the way these individuals understand the divine figures, which appear consistently associated with paternal figure in psychoanalytic theorizing. / Tem-se, nesta dissertação, o propósito de discutir se há, do ponto de vista da estruturação do Eu nos sujeitos, elementos pelos quais se possa discernir o que respalda a maneira como os neuróticos e psicóticos demarcam um posicionamento distinto frente às experiências de religiosidade, estabelecendo relacionamentos diferentes com a divindade. Para tanto, metodologicamente, empreende-se um estudo bibliográfico fundamentado na obra de Freud e no primeiro ensino de Lacan em suas produções referentes à religião, constituição do Eu, neurose e psicose, além da discussão de dois casos clínicos freudianos: Schreber e o Homem dos Ratos. Sendo assim, realizam-se articulações entre a religião e o complexo paterno em psicanálise, abordando os elementos traumáticos presentes na origem das religiões monoteístas e a maneira pela qual eles se atualizam nos sujeitos, além de estabelecerem-se aproximações entre as formações religiosas, as produções delirantes e a fantasia. Efetua-se um recorte sobre o modo de estruturação do Eu, nas neuroses e nas psicoses, salientando o conceito de narcisismo para o estabelecimento das dimensões imaginárias e simbólicas que participam desse processo, bem como para as modificações teóricas subsequentes. Por fim, faz-se uma investigação sobre o modo pelo qual o Eu se constitui nas neuroses e psicoses, os mecanismos peculiares a cada uma destas estruturas e a presença do discurso religioso, assim como das figuras divinas, através da análise dos casos clínicos. Dentre os principais achados da pesquisa destaca-se: a) a inteligibilidade nas formulações freudianas sobre a religião, situando-a ora ao lado das neuroses, ora ao lado das psicoses, fornecendo a ela uma dupla lógica; b) as peculiaridades na constituição do Eu, isto é, a fixação do paranoico no estádio do espelho e o atravessamento do Édipo no obsessivo, bem como seus posicionamentos distintos frente ao Outro e o conflito das instâncias psíquicas nestas estruturas, implicam na maneira pela qual as experiências de religiosidade e as divindades aparecem nos sintomas e nas formações elementares; c) a noção de crença estrutural na neurose e a dimensão de certeza na psicose permitem a percepção das diferenças no modo como estes indivíduos compreendem as figuras divinas, que aparecerem constantemente associadas à figura paterna nas teorizações psicanalíticas.

Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Humanas / Made available in DSpace on 2012-10-26T11:04:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 304290.pdf: 370662 bytes, checksum: 202d7aa0e22df76940082694d408191e (MD5) / Esta tese de doutoramento, realizada no Programa Interdisciplinar em Ciências Humanas, aborda a complexidade do campo psi, analisando o modo como a psiquiatria clínica e a psicanálise se constituem como saberes situados na fronteira entre as ciências humanas e as ciências biomédicas. O objetivo é analisar as práticas discursivas da psicanálise e da psiquiatria clínica no Brasil, em seus contextos epistemológicos, históricos e institucionais, a partir dos seguintes periódicos: Revista Brasileira de Psicanálise e Revista de Psiquiatria Clínica. Foram escolhidas duas revistas científicas, sendo uma de cada área. Essas revistas são as mais antigas em seu domínio e mantém regularmente suas publicações de modo continuado até os dias atuais (2012), possibilitando uma maior compreensão dos contextos institucionais nos quais surgiram, consolidam-se e se transformam esses saberes no Brasil. Ambas nasceram no período histórico de contestação aos valores estabelecidos no Ocidente, um período que coincide com o da ditadura militar no Brasil. Assim, serão analisadas essas revistas desde a primeira edição, que corresponde ao ano de 1967, no caso da Revista Brasileira de Psicanálise, e ao ano de 1972, no caso da Revista de Psiquiatria Clínica, até as edições publicadas em 2009. O pressuposto inicial sobre os conteúdos da Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria Clínica é que o discurso da clínica psiquiátrica está construído sobre o binômio normal-patológico, portanto, centrado no biológico. A clínica é de observação do paciente, com o objetivo de diagnose, remissão de sintomas e cura, tendo como principal terapêutica a prescrição de medicamentos e de condutas adequadas. O pressuposto inicial sobre os conteúdos da Revista Brasileira de Psicanálise é que o discurso da clínica psicanalítica está centrado no psicológico e construído sobre o binômio consciente-inconsciente. A clínica é focada na relação de transferência e contratransferência, em que o terapeuta integra a terapêutica, que potencialmente proporciona ao paciente o olhar sobre si mesmo, por meio de uma terapia pela palavra. Uma leitura crítica dessas revistas pode nos auxiliar a entender como ocorreu esse processo de obscurecimento de um saber (a psicanálise) e da hegemonia de outro (a psiquiatria), no Brasil, a partir da década de 1980, e apontar os limites e as dificuldades implícitas nessa visão reducionista da subjetividade, que hoje se transformou em majoritária. O trabalho trata de contextualizar os documentos escritos no marco dos processos históricos do país e das mudanças ocorridas nas duas áreas de estudo. Propõe-se a analisar criticamente esses discursos a partir dos aportes teóricos de Michel Foucault e Georges Canguilhem, e da leitura de especialistas atuais nesses autores, para mostrar de que modo os processos de subjetivação e normalização do sofrimento psíquico e dos comportamentos são desenvolvidos pela psiquiatria clínica e a psicanálise no período estudado. A leitura das revistas evidencia que o discurso psiquiátrico construído em torno de uma visão biológica do normal e patológico limitou a complexidade epistêmica inserida no campo psi pela psicanálise. / This PhD dissertation, held at the Interdisciplinary Program in Human Sciences, is about the complexity of the psy field. It examines how clinical psychiatry and psychoanalysis are pieces of knowledge situated at the borderline between human and biomedical sciences. Our main objective is to examine psychoanalytical and clinical psychiatric discursive practices in Brazil, in their epistemological, historical and institutional contexts, through the following journals: Revista Brasileira de Psicanálise (Brazilian Journal of Psychoanalysis) and Revista de Psiquiatria Clínica (Journal of the Clinical Psychiatry). We have chosen two scientific journals, one of each area. These journals are the oldest in their disciplines and maintain a regular frequency of publication as of 2012, and that allows for a better understanding of the institutional contexts where these domains have arisen, reinforced and transformed themselves in Brazil. Both journals emerged in a historical period of challenge to the established values in the West, the same period of military dictatorship in Brazil. Thus, we analyze these journals since their first edition, which corresponds to 1967, in the case of Revista Brasileira de Psicanálise, and to 1972 in the case of Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria Clínica, up to 2009. The initial assumption about the contents of Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria Clínica is that the clinical psychiatry discourse is made upon the binomial normal-pathologic, thus centered on the biological characteristics. In clinical practice, the patient is observed, with the aim to diagnose, to treat the symptoms and to cure, and the main treatment is to prescribe drugs and appropriate behaviors. About the Revista Brasileira de Psicanálise, the initial assumption is that psychoanalytical clinic is centered in the psychological features and constructed upon the binomial conscious-unconscious. The clinic is grounded in transference and countertransference relations, where the therapist integrates the therapeutics. This integration provides to the patient a look at himself, through a therapy by word. A critical view of these journals can help us to understand how the eclipse of a knowledge (psychoanalysis), and another's (psychiatry) rise to hegemony, has occurred, in Brazil, from the 1980s, and to point out the implicit limits and difficulties in this reductionist view - that nowadays is majoritarian - about subjectivity. This research contextualizes the documents that were written during historical processes in our country and changes occurred in the two areas in study. It analyzes critically these discourses from theoretical background of Michel Foucault and Georges Canguilhem, and from current scholars of these authors. The authors help us to show how the process of constituting subjectivity and normalization of the psychic suffering and behaviors are developed by clinical psychiatry and by the psychoanalysis during the studied period. The reading of the journals suggests that the psychiatric discourse, constructed around a biological view of normal and pathological, has limited the epistemic complexity inserted in psy field by psychoanalysis.

Orientadora: Profª Drª Nadja Nara Barbosa Pinheiro / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Paraná, Setor de Ciências Humanas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Psicologia. Defesa: Curitiba, 28/09/2016 / Inclui referências : f. 100-102 / Área de concentração : Psicologia Clínica / Resumo: A partir do trabalho clínico psicanalítico singular transcorrido em diferentes contextos institucionais, entre as inúmeras questões suscitadas acerca da circulação do dinheiro em suas dependências, em termos de presença ou ausência, a presente dissertação privilegiou o estudo da relação entre dinheiro e economia psíquica. Com esse objetivo utilizou-se do caso conhecido como "Homem dos Ratos", descrito no artigo freudiano Observações sobre um caso de neurose obsessiva (1909), como ferramenta para o estudo desta relação. A dissertação começa com uma síntese do caso clínico freudiano, seguida de uma reflexão sobre a questão do dinheiro nele existente. Tal consideração permitiu a demarcação do contexto teórico elaborado por Freud à época do tratamento e evidenciou indícios que o autor percebe a existência de uma relação entre dinheiro e sexualidade. Nesse sentido, o primeiro capítulo contemplou as elaborações teóricas referentes à primeira tópica e primeira teoria pulsional freudiana sublinhando a questão da atemporalidade psíquica que nos permite compreender que as vivências primitivas são passíveis de se (re)atualizarem na vida adulta. Destacando a relevância das fases pré-genitais da organização da sexualidade, uma conexão simbólica entre "dinheiro" e "falo-pênisfezes" foi anunciada. Também, destacou-se que na fase sádico-anal a relação entre as fezes e controle de satisfação de si e dos outros começa a se caracterizar e estabelecer possibilidades de diferenciação entre o Eu e seus objetos. Por essa razão, recorreu-se à problematização do estágio de narcisismo, no qual as delimitações entre o Eu e os seus objetos são demarcadas, assim como as instâncias ideais constituídas, a partir do que pôde-se enfatizar o conflito vivenciado pelo paciente entre sustentar o próprio desejo ou submeter-se às expectativas parentais. Com o objetivo de compreender as bases deste conflito recorreu-se a alguns conceitos elaborados por Freud no âmbito da segunda tópica e segunda teoria pulsional. Assim, no segundo capítulo da dissertação, inicialmente, apresentou-se o conceito de compulsão à repetição, a partir do qual problematizouse a situação da dívida do pincenê, o que levou à necessidade de uma compreensão sobre a formação do Super-eu. Com o estudo do Super-eu, a dimensão simbólica fez-se evidente, apontando haver um deslizamento entre os instrumentos passíveis de regular o prazer de si e dos outros nas suas relações afetivas e amorosas: da ineficácia no uso das fezes, passou-se à interdição do uso do pênis (ao considerar que este uso remete ou à sua perda - via castração - ou à realização dos desejos proibidos), culminando na possibilidade do (ab)uso do dinheiro. Ao final do trabalho, uma perspectiva de futuro estudo foi anunciada: a compreensão do dinheiro em sua dimensão fálica. Palavras-chaves: dinheiro, economia psíquica, fezes/pênis/falo, homem dos ratos. / Abstract: From the psychoanalytic clinical work done in different institutional contexts, among many questions raised the presence or absence of money on treatment, this dissertation focused on the study of the relationship between money and psychic economy. For this purpose, we used a Freudian case known as "Rat Man", an article that is called "Notes upon a Case of Obsessional Neurosis" (1909) as a tool for the study of this relationship. The dissertation begins with a summary of the case followed by a reflection on the issue of money in it. This consideration led to the contextualization of the theoretical context of treatment and also showed some evidence that Freud stated that there is a relationship between money and sexuality. In this sense, the first chapter is about the context of the first Freudian topic and the first drive theory which presented characteristics of the psychic apparatus, emphasizing the issue of psychic timelessness that allows us to understand that early experiences are likely to be (re) updated in adulthood. Highlighting the importance of the pre-genital stages of sexuality organization, a symbolic connection between the element "money" with the objects "phallus-penis-feces" was announced. It was also highlighted that in the anal-sadistic phase the relationship between the stool and control of one's satisfaction and others begins to characterize and establish possible differences between the Self and the objects. For this reason, it was resorted to problematize the concept of narcissism, in which the boundaries between the Self and its objects are marked as well as the ideal constituted instances. The conflict experienced by the patient was emphasized as either supporting his own desire or submitting to parental expectations. In order to understand the basis of this conflict, the second chapter attempts to make some considerations about the money issue in the context of the second Freudian topic. To do so, the concept of compulsion to repetition was introduced, from which problematized to pince-nez debt situation. Such elaborations led to the need of understanding the formation of the Super-ego. With the study of the Super-ego, the symbolic dimension became evident, indicating there is a slip of instruments capable of regulating the pleasure of the subject in their emotional and romantic relationships: bringing out the issue of the use of stool, then the prohibition of the use of the penis (considering that this use refers or to its loss - via castration - or the execution of forbidden desires), and resulting from these passages the possibility of (ab)use of money. At the end of this work, a prospect of future study was announced: the understanding of money in its phallic dimension. Keywords: money, psychic economy, stool / penis / phallus, rat man.

Orientador: Luiz Roberto Monzani / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-23T11:26:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Correa_FernandaSilveira_D.pdf: 2495465 bytes, checksum: 7423e3fb5ea3dc8c5f90bbc94b09592b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: Esta tese é uma interpretação e de certa forma uma reconstrução da história filogenética apresentada por Sigmund Freud em Visão Geral das Neuroses de Transferência (manuscrito enviado por Freud a Ferenczi, que corresponde ao que seria o XII ensaio da série de ensaios metapsicológicos escritos em 1915). Essa história foi construída, por Freud, a partir do conhecimento obtido em suas análises das neuroses de transferência (histeria de angústia, histeria de conversão e neurose obsessiva) e das neuroses narcisistas (demência precoce, paranoia e mania/melancolia). Freud considera que cada patologia tem como fundo uma determinada disposição e esta revela uma característica que fôra, e continua sendo, fundamental à espécie humana. A soma das disposições possibilita, por sua vez, circunscrever as características básicas do ser humano, concebidas por Freud. A primeira parte da história remete aos tempos glaciais, quando surgiram as disposições para as três neuroses de transferência, e corresponde à constituição do impulso (Trieb) sexual humano, quer dizer, afastado da função biológica (como ensina a histeria de angústia), capaz de satisfação na fantasia (como ensina a histeria de conversão) e capaz de sublimação (como ensina a neurose obsessiva). A segunda parte remete ao tempo da horda primitiva e corresponde à constituição dos vínculos sociais, quer dizer, da disposição à submissão (como ensina a demência precoce), da identificação com os iguais (como ensina a paranoia) e do retorno da agressividade contra si (como ensina a melancolia). O recurso à filogênese, isto é, à história da emergência, na espécie, das disposições serve-nos como ponte para a compreensão da metapsicologia, suposta por Freud, do indivíduo na cultura / Abstract: This thesis is an interpretation and, in a certain ways, a reconstruction of the phylogenetic history presented by Sigmund Freud in "Overview of the transference neuroses", (a manuscript sent by Freud to Ferenczi, that relates to what would have been the twelfth essay of the metapsychological essay series written in 1915). This history was written by Freud from the knowledge obtained from the analysis of Transference Neuroses (anxiety hysteria, conversion hysteria and obsessional neurosis) and Narcissistic Neuroses (dementia praecox , paranoia and mania/melancholia). Freud believes that each disease has as its background a certain disposition, that reveals a characteristic that was and is still essential to the human species. The sum of the dispositions allow, in turn, to circumscribe the basic characteristics of the human being conceived by Freud. The first part of the history refers to the Ice Age, when dispositions for the three transference neuroses emerged, and it corresponds to the formation of the sexual human impulse (Trieb) apart from biological function (as the anxiety hysteria teaches), capable of satisfaction in fantasy (as the conversion hysteria teaches), and capable of sublimation (as taught by obsessional neurosis). The second part refers to the age of the primal horde and corresponds to the formation of social bonds, meaning the disposition to submission (as taught by dementia praecox), the identification with the same (as taught by paranoia), and the return of the aggression against the self (as taught by melancholy). The use of phylogeny, wich means, the history of the emergence of dispositions in the species, serves as a bridge for us to understand the metapsychology, supposed by Freud, of the individual in the culture / Doutorado / Filosofia / Doutora em Filosofia

A diagnostic classification of Borderline subgroups was developed for the purpose of reducing the current ambiguities existing in the range of pathologies between the psychoses and neuroses. This classification is a questionnaire of forty items and is intended to be used in treatment settings as a measure of object relations, i.e., of ego development and arrest. The criteria which define the Borderline subgroups were derived from the normative developmental data of Mahler, Pine, and Bergman (1975). In Experiment I, raters used the Mahler criteria as operational definitions of the developmental stages and sorted 180 items taken from Benjamin's structural Analysis Social Behavior (SASB) into the four Mahler substages. Those items which were reliably sorted eight out of nine times into the same Mahler stage or substage were retained as critical items to be administered in Experiment II to three groups of subjects. These groups consisted of nineteen schizophrenic inpatients, eighteen outpatients, and twenty nonpsychiatric volunteers. These subjects rated each item of the SASB questionnaire on a scale of 0 to 100; means for each type of psychiatric group according to sex were submitted to a repeated measures 2 (sex) X 3 (group) X 4 (Mahler substage) Analysis of Variance.

No description available.

D. Ed. / Trauma can be described as the emotional shock response to a physical or emotional injury that is overwhelming and has a lasting effect on a person. Based on this definition, trauma can be considered an integral part of life in South Africa. The consequences and effects of trauma are severe, both on individual and society levels. Nobody escapes the effects of trauma, but women and children are particularly vulnerable. Unfortunately the vast majority of South Africans have little or no access to mental health services. Some people, however, seem to be resilient in response to trauma and hardship. Although various definitions of resilience can be found in the literature, resilience is defined in this thesis as the ability and characteristics that enable a person to endure, recover from, and be strengthened to grow personally, regardless of exposure to traumatic life events. Women are generally the primary educators of children in the South African society, whether it be their own children, grandchildren or others. If South African women were equipped with skills that could enable them to deal more effectively with trauma, they would – as primary educators – naturally transfer their skills and knowledge to the children in their care. There exists a need for preventative interventions that may equip women to cope effectively with trauma. Certain educational interventions may provide avenues through which this may be achieved. Educational drama is one such avenue through which women of diverse educational, socio-economical, and cultural backgrounds may be reached in a comprehensible, accessible and non-discriminatory way. In this study a number of issues pertaining to the prevalence of resilience in South African women have been explored and described. The purpose of this study was to create an interactive educational play aimed at facilitating mental health in women exposed to traumatic life events.

本論文重新探討自我調節的情緒管理(self regulation of emotion regulation)並提出個人能夠因應自己的實際情緒 (actual affect) 而把其反饋和調節至接近理想的情緒 (ideal affect)上。 / 為了解自我調節的情緒管理所涉及的過程以及其影響，我隨機安排94位香港的女大學生處於緊張(高激發負面/ high arousal negative)或者悶氣(低激發負面/low arousal negative)的情景當中，隨後邀請她們選擇高激發正面(high arousal positive) 或者低激發正面(low arousal positive)的產品，以及試玩她們所選擇的電子遊戲來調節管理之前受影響的情緒。結果顯示：參加者比較偏向選擇低激發正面的產品。同時，參加者完成任何一種電子遊戲也降低了之前所受的負面情緒。曾處於緊張情景的參加者在玩後增加冷靜；而曾處於悶氣情景的參加者在玩後則減少冷靜。是次研究的結果支持上面提出的說法，即是：當人自我調節和管理情緒時，人能夠縮短實際情緒和理想情緒之間的差距從而管理負面的情緒。 / This study reviewed the literature in self regulation of emotion and suggested that individuals would modulate negative actual affect to turn it into positive ideal affect. To examine emotion regulatory mechanisms and outcomes, 94 Hong Kong female Chinese undergraduates were randomly assigned to either nervousness (high arousal negative) or boredom (low arousal negative) conditions. Next, they selected either high arousal positive (HAP) or low arousal positive (LAP) products in decision making tasks. Based on their selection, they then played HAP or LAP video game to perform emotion regulatory tasks. Although participants chose LAP over HAP products, participants decreased induced negative affect after playing the selected video game. Also, participants from the nervousness condition increased low arousal positive affect in calmness and those from boredom condition decreased it. Current findings suggested that individuals minimized the discrepancy between actual and ideal affect to regulate negative emotions. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Ho, Yuen Wan. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2012. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 37-41). / Abstracts also in Chinese. / Acknowledgement --- p.i / Abstract (English) --- p.ii / Abstract (Chinese) --- p.iii / Table of Contents --- p.iv / List of Tables --- p.vi / Chapter Chapter 1 --- : Introduction --- p.1 / Emotion Regulation: A Consensual Process Model --- p.1 / Emotion in Self Regulation and Self Regulation of Emotion --- p.3 / Emotion Regulation: Processes of Interaction between Actual and Ideal Affect --- p.4 / My Present Study --- p.9 / Chapter Chapter 2 --- : Method --- p.13 / Participants --- p.13 / Materials --- p.13 / Affect Induction Tasks --- p.13 / Product Decision Making Tasks --- p.14 / Product Testing Tasks --- p.15 / Measures and Procedures --- p.16 / Chapter Chapter 3 --- : Results --- p.22 / Actual and Ideal Affect before affect induction tasks --- p.22 / Manipulation of Nervousness and Boredom --- p.22 / Individual Product and Activity Preferences in Product Decision Making Tasks --- p.25 / Actual Affect in and after Product Testing Tasks --- p.26 / Chapter Chapter 4 --- : Discussion --- p.31 / References --- p.37 / Appendix --- p.42 / Chapter I --- Consumer Preferences Questionnaire --- p.42 / Chapter II --- Game Evaluation Questionnaire --- p.43 / Chapter III --- Suspicion Questionnaire --- p.44

Hepatitis C (HCV) infection is associated with high rates of mortality and morbidity. Interferon alpha based treatment for HCV offers a good rate of viral clearance, however the associated neuropsychiatric side effects increase the risk of treatment interruption and disease progression. The HIV/HCV coinfection is of particular interest due to association with higher rates of HCV treatment side effects and earlier treatment discontinuation when compared with HCV mono-infection. Therefore, the aim of the thesis was to further explore the effect of coinfection on mood and cognition and how HCV interferon based treatment influences neuropsychiatric side effects in mono and co-infected samples. Firstly a meta-analysis was performed to explore cognitive impairment and depression in HIV HCV co-infection. The results suggested that there was consistent literature indicating that the coinfected group were more cognitively impaired and more likely to be depressed than the HCV and HIV monoinfected groups. Secondly empirical studies were conducted to analyse the profile of depression during interferon-based treatment, and explore potential risk factors, such as gender and immune profile. Co-infected patients appeared less vulnerable to the emergence of depressive symptoms during HCV treatment than HCV mono-infected patients. Additionally, neither female gender nor immune response were associated with increased vulnerability to depression. Finally, a longitudinal study investigating cognitive performance during interferon-based treatment was conducted. A significant effect of treatment on information processing speed level of executive function was observed. Overall the research reported in this thesis further clarifies the nature of interferon induced depression and cognitive effects differences between mono and coinfected groups. Having identified a neurovegetative symptom profile and speed of processing impairment of executive function during HCV treatment, the discussion considers the potential of targeted interventions via psychotropic medication and cognitive interventions to minimise the impact of these treatment effects and optimise outcomes in this clinical group.

Attentional bias effects for threat and emotional words were investigated, using both the emotional Stroop and emotional lexical decision paradigms. Twenty-eight controls and twenty-eight survivors of sexual assault participated in this study, which comprised three key comparisons. First, key predictions of the threat and emotionality hypotheses were compared, in particular specific and general threat effects, and positive and negative emotionality effects. Second, two separate group comparisons were conducted, specifically controls versus survivors of sexual assault overall, and a matched subset of controls versus PTSD positive survivors of sexual assault versus PTSD negative survivors of sexual assault. Third, performance on the emotional Stroop task and emotional lexical decision task paradigms were compared directly. Slowed colour naming responses (i.e. interference) were observed for both threat effects and emotionality effects in the emotional Stroop task. For the emotional lexical decision task, slowed lexical decisions (i.e. interference) were observed for threat effects, whereas speeded lexical decisions (i.e. facilitation) were observed for emotionality effects. The findings of the current study indicate that threat and emotionality effects may co-exist in both control and survivor populations. The relationship between the presence or absence of PTSD symptoms and threat and emotionality effects requires further investigation with larger sample sizes. There may be a relationship between the presence of PTSD symptoms and specific threat effects, however the findings of the current study for general threat information were inconclusive. No relationship was evident between the presence of absence of PTSD symptoms and positive or negative emotionality effects. The current findings suggest that the emotional Stroop task may be better suited to quantifying threat effects but not emotionality effects, whereas the emotional lexical decision task appears to be able to quantify both threat and emotionality effects.