<p>The purpose of this paper is to examine translation norms, strategies and solutions in chapter <em>XIII Westbottom and Lapland</em> in <em>The Further Adventures of Nils</em> (Lagerlöf, 1911). In the foreword to the English translation of the novel, the translator writes that some of the purely geographical matter has been eliminated in the translation, and that cuts have been made where the descriptive matter is only of local interest. This statement raised questions about the intended readerships and the purposes of the original novel and the translation, respectively. Are these the same in the two texts, or are they different? Further questions were raised regarding the initial norm of the translator. Has she aimed for domestication or foreignization in the text?</p><p>In this paper, two domains were chosen as fields of study: proper nouns and the lexical fields of water, heights and flat land. Through an analysis of coupled pairs from the chosen domains, it was concluded that the translator’s initial norm was foreignization, but that there are also many examples of domestication in the text. It was also shown that while the original novel has two clearly stated purposes, namely of being a geography book for Swedish school children as well as a novel with high literary standards, the educational purpose is not as pronounced in the translation. However, the inclusion of a <em>Table of Pronunciation</em> displayed an educational addition to the translation, which is not part of the original novel.</p><p><strong>Keywords</strong><em>:</em> translation, Lagerlöf, English, Swedish, initial norm, domestication, foreignization.</p>

Earthquake-induced slope instability is one of the major sources of earthquake hazards in near fault regions. Simplified tools, such as Newmark&rsquo / s Sliding Block (NSB) Analysis are widely used to represent the stability of a slope under earthquake shaking. The outcome of this analogy is the slope displacement where larger displacement values indicate higher seismic slope instability risk. Recent studies in the literature propose empirical models between the slope displacement and single or multiple ground motion intensity measures such as peak ground acceleration or Arias intensity. These correlations are based on the analysis of large datasets from global ground motion recording database (PEER NGA-W1 Database). Ground motions from earthquakes occurred in Turkey are poorly represented in NGA-W1 database since corrected and processed data from Turkey was not available until recently. The objective of this study is to evaluate the compatibility of available NSB displacement prediction models for the Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Assessment (PSHA) applications in Turkey using a comprehensive dataset of ground motions recorded during earthquakes occurred in Turkey. Then the application of selected NSB displacement prediction model in a vector-valued PSHA framework is demonstrated with the explanations of seismic source characterization, ground motion prediction models and ground motion intensity measure correlation coefficients. The results of the study is presented in terms of hazard curves and a comparison is made with a case history in Asarsuyu Region where seismically induced landslides (Bakacak Landslides) had taken place during 1999 D&uuml / zce Earthquake.

Dans ce travail, nous étudions le raffinement de maillage pour des méthodes d'éléments finis mixtes duales pour deux types de problèmes : le premier concerne le problème de l'élasticité linéaire et le second problème celui de l'élastodynamique.<br /> <br /> Pour ces deux types de problèmes et dans des domaines non réguliers, les méthodes d'éléments finis mixtes analysées jusqu'à présent, sont celles qui concernent des méthodes mixtes "classiques". Ici, nous analysons la formulation mixte duale pour les deux problèmes de l'élasticité linéaire et de l'élastodynamique. <br /> Pour le problème d'élasticité, nous sommes concernés premièrement par une analyse a priori d'erreur en utilisant l'approximation par l'élément fini $BDM_1$ stabilisé. Afin de dériver une estimation a priori optimales d'erreur, nous établissons des règles de raffinement de maillage. <br /> Ensuite, nous faisons une analyse d'erreur à posteriori sur un domaine simplement ou multiplement connexe. En fait nous établissons un estimateur résiduel fiable et efficace. Cet estimateur est alors utilisé dans un algorithme adaptatif pour le raffinement automatique de maillage. Pour le problème de l'élastodynamique, nous faisons une analyse a priori d'erreur en utilisant le même élément fini que pour le problème d'élasticité, en utilisant une formulation mixte duale pour la discrétisation des variables spatiales. <br /> Pour la discrétisation en temps nous étudions les deux schémas de Newmark explicite et implicite. Par des règles de raffinement de maillage appropriées, nous dérivons des estimées d'erreur optimales pour les deux schémas numérique.

Dentre as possíveis causas na falha da transmissão de energia elétrica, o colapso de torres de linhas de transmissão (LTs) é uma problemática amplamente investigada nas últimas décadas, devido principalmente aos inúmeros acidentes registrados nas LTs em todo o mundo. Neste trabalho, o enfoque é dado à análise dinâmica associada à solicitação proveniente da ruptura de cabos, que quando atuante é capaz de desencadear um fenômeno conhecido como efeito cascata. Para a melhor compreensão da resposta das torres metálicas autoportantes e estaiadas submetidas a esse carregamento dinâmico e buscando contribuir para a determinação de critérios de projeto que visem o estabelecimento adequado de rigidez longitudinal às torres de LTs, foram desenvolvidos modelos numéricos no software ANSYS Mechanical/LS-DYNA, considerando a discretização do modelo estrutural no espaço a partir da utilização do Método de Elementos Finitos e a solução do problema dinâmico ao longo do tempo considerando o método de integração direta implícito das equações de movimento, através do método de Newmark. Inicialmente foram desenvolvidas análises estáticas, conforme considerado nos projetos atualmente. Em seguida, foram desenvolvidos dois tipos de análises dinâmicas: uma simplificada com a aplicação da solicitação através de uma função de carregamento ao longo do tempo, e outra simulada através do desligamento de um elemento finito do condutor. Posteriormente, foram realizadas interpretações e comparações desses resultados. O amortecimento estrutural foi considerado segundo a formulação proposta por Rayleigh e a formação da catenária dos cabos segundo as equações teóricas dadas por Irvine e Caughey. Visando não restringir as respostas a apenas um tipo de trecho simulado, foram desenvolvidos nove modelos numéricos com a variação do tipo de torre analisada, a quantidade de torres por trecho, o nível de amortecimento e o tipo de análise. As respostas dinâmicas são apresentadas em termos da solicitação normal nas barras das estruturas, dos cabos condutores e estais, e dos deslocamentos no topo das torres. / Amidst the main causes of electric energy transmission failure, the collapse of transmission towers is a current research topic in the last decades, due mainly to a huge number of accidents occurring in transmission lines worldwide. In this work, a dynamic analysis was performed associated to the loading due to a broken conductor, which gives rise to a phenomenon known as cascade effect. To better understanding the response of lattice selfsupported and guyed towers under this dynamic load, and in an attempt of determination of criteria for establishment of the longitudinal robustness of transmission line towers, numerical models were developed in the software ANSYS Mechanical/LS-DYNA, considering the discretization of the structural model in space using the finite element method; and the solution of the dynamic problem in the time using the direct integration of the equation of motion, through the Newmark’s method. First, static analyses were performed, accordingly to the considerations of design projects carried out nowadays. Afterwards, two kinds of dynamic analyses were executed: a simplified one, with the applications of the loading using a function in the time and another, which was simulated as a deactivation of a conductor’s finite element. After that, these were submitted to interpretation and comparison among their results. The structural damping was considered in accordance with Rayleigh’s formulation and the catenary of the cables following the equations found by Irvine and Caughey (1974). In order to not restrict the response to one kind of simulation, nine numerical models were developed with the variation of: the kind of tower; the number of towers by line section; the damping level and the type of analysis implemented. The dynamic responses are show in terms of: forces in towers bars; conductors and stays; and the displacements in tower tops.

Dentre as possíveis causas na falha da transmissão de energia elétrica, o colapso de torres de linhas de transmissão (LTs) é uma problemática amplamente investigada nas últimas décadas, devido principalmente aos inúmeros acidentes registrados nas LTs em todo o mundo. Neste trabalho, o enfoque é dado à análise dinâmica associada à solicitação proveniente da ruptura de cabos, que quando atuante é capaz de desencadear um fenômeno conhecido como efeito cascata. Para a melhor compreensão da resposta das torres metálicas autoportantes e estaiadas submetidas a esse carregamento dinâmico e buscando contribuir para a determinação de critérios de projeto que visem o estabelecimento adequado de rigidez longitudinal às torres de LTs, foram desenvolvidos modelos numéricos no software ANSYS Mechanical/LS-DYNA, considerando a discretização do modelo estrutural no espaço a partir da utilização do Método de Elementos Finitos e a solução do problema dinâmico ao longo do tempo considerando o método de integração direta implícito das equações de movimento, através do método de Newmark. Inicialmente foram desenvolvidas análises estáticas, conforme considerado nos projetos atualmente. Em seguida, foram desenvolvidos dois tipos de análises dinâmicas: uma simplificada com a aplicação da solicitação através de uma função de carregamento ao longo do tempo, e outra simulada através do desligamento de um elemento finito do condutor. Posteriormente, foram realizadas interpretações e comparações desses resultados. O amortecimento estrutural foi considerado segundo a formulação proposta por Rayleigh e a formação da catenária dos cabos segundo as equações teóricas dadas por Irvine e Caughey. Visando não restringir as respostas a apenas um tipo de trecho simulado, foram desenvolvidos nove modelos numéricos com a variação do tipo de torre analisada, a quantidade de torres por trecho, o nível de amortecimento e o tipo de análise. As respostas dinâmicas são apresentadas em termos da solicitação normal nas barras das estruturas, dos cabos condutores e estais, e dos deslocamentos no topo das torres. / Amidst the main causes of electric energy transmission failure, the collapse of transmission towers is a current research topic in the last decades, due mainly to a huge number of accidents occurring in transmission lines worldwide. In this work, a dynamic analysis was performed associated to the loading due to a broken conductor, which gives rise to a phenomenon known as cascade effect. To better understanding the response of lattice selfsupported and guyed towers under this dynamic load, and in an attempt of determination of criteria for establishment of the longitudinal robustness of transmission line towers, numerical models were developed in the software ANSYS Mechanical/LS-DYNA, considering the discretization of the structural model in space using the finite element method; and the solution of the dynamic problem in the time using the direct integration of the equation of motion, through the Newmark’s method. First, static analyses were performed, accordingly to the considerations of design projects carried out nowadays. Afterwards, two kinds of dynamic analyses were executed: a simplified one, with the applications of the loading using a function in the time and another, which was simulated as a deactivation of a conductor’s finite element. After that, these were submitted to interpretation and comparison among their results. The structural damping was considered in accordance with Rayleigh’s formulation and the catenary of the cables following the equations found by Irvine and Caughey (1974). In order to not restrict the response to one kind of simulation, nine numerical models were developed with the variation of: the kind of tower; the number of towers by line section; the damping level and the type of analysis implemented. The dynamic responses are show in terms of: forces in towers bars; conductors and stays; and the displacements in tower tops.

The purpose of this paper is to examine translation norms, strategies and solutions in chapter XIII Westbottom and Lapland in The Further Adventures of Nils (Lagerlöf, 1911). In the foreword to the English translation of the novel, the translator writes that some of the purely geographical matter has been eliminated in the translation, and that cuts have been made where the descriptive matter is only of local interest. This statement raised questions about the intended readerships and the purposes of the original novel and the translation, respectively. Are these the same in the two texts, or are they different? Further questions were raised regarding the initial norm of the translator. Has she aimed for domestication or foreignization in the text? In this paper, two domains were chosen as fields of study: proper nouns and the lexical fields of water, heights and flat land. Through an analysis of coupled pairs from the chosen domains, it was concluded that the translator’s initial norm was foreignization, but that there are also many examples of domestication in the text. It was also shown that while the original novel has two clearly stated purposes, namely of being a geography book for Swedish school children as well as a novel with high literary standards, the educational purpose is not as pronounced in the translation. However, the inclusion of a Table of Pronunciation displayed an educational addition to the translation, which is not part of the original novel. Keywords: translation, Lagerlöf, English, Swedish, initial norm, domestication, foreignization.

Dentre as possíveis causas na falha da transmissão de energia elétrica, o colapso de torres de linhas de transmissão (LTs) é uma problemática amplamente investigada nas últimas décadas, devido principalmente aos inúmeros acidentes registrados nas LTs em todo o mundo. Neste trabalho, o enfoque é dado à análise dinâmica associada à solicitação proveniente da ruptura de cabos, que quando atuante é capaz de desencadear um fenômeno conhecido como efeito cascata. Para a melhor compreensão da resposta das torres metálicas autoportantes e estaiadas submetidas a esse carregamento dinâmico e buscando contribuir para a determinação de critérios de projeto que visem o estabelecimento adequado de rigidez longitudinal às torres de LTs, foram desenvolvidos modelos numéricos no software ANSYS Mechanical/LS-DYNA, considerando a discretização do modelo estrutural no espaço a partir da utilização do Método de Elementos Finitos e a solução do problema dinâmico ao longo do tempo considerando o método de integração direta implícito das equações de movimento, através do método de Newmark. Inicialmente foram desenvolvidas análises estáticas, conforme considerado nos projetos atualmente. Em seguida, foram desenvolvidos dois tipos de análises dinâmicas: uma simplificada com a aplicação da solicitação através de uma função de carregamento ao longo do tempo, e outra simulada através do desligamento de um elemento finito do condutor. Posteriormente, foram realizadas interpretações e comparações desses resultados. O amortecimento estrutural foi considerado segundo a formulação proposta por Rayleigh e a formação da catenária dos cabos segundo as equações teóricas dadas por Irvine e Caughey. Visando não restringir as respostas a apenas um tipo de trecho simulado, foram desenvolvidos nove modelos numéricos com a variação do tipo de torre analisada, a quantidade de torres por trecho, o nível de amortecimento e o tipo de análise. As respostas dinâmicas são apresentadas em termos da solicitação normal nas barras das estruturas, dos cabos condutores e estais, e dos deslocamentos no topo das torres. / Amidst the main causes of electric energy transmission failure, the collapse of transmission towers is a current research topic in the last decades, due mainly to a huge number of accidents occurring in transmission lines worldwide. In this work, a dynamic analysis was performed associated to the loading due to a broken conductor, which gives rise to a phenomenon known as cascade effect. To better understanding the response of lattice selfsupported and guyed towers under this dynamic load, and in an attempt of determination of criteria for establishment of the longitudinal robustness of transmission line towers, numerical models were developed in the software ANSYS Mechanical/LS-DYNA, considering the discretization of the structural model in space using the finite element method; and the solution of the dynamic problem in the time using the direct integration of the equation of motion, through the Newmark’s method. First, static analyses were performed, accordingly to the considerations of design projects carried out nowadays. Afterwards, two kinds of dynamic analyses were executed: a simplified one, with the applications of the loading using a function in the time and another, which was simulated as a deactivation of a conductor’s finite element. After that, these were submitted to interpretation and comparison among their results. The structural damping was considered in accordance with Rayleigh’s formulation and the catenary of the cables following the equations found by Irvine and Caughey (1974). In order to not restrict the response to one kind of simulation, nine numerical models were developed with the variation of: the kind of tower; the number of towers by line section; the damping level and the type of analysis implemented. The dynamic responses are show in terms of: forces in towers bars; conductors and stays; and the displacements in tower tops.

Inmiddels is Pippi een internationaal onderzoeksobject geworden. De Duitse literatuuronderzoekster Astrid Surmatz heeft een grote bijdrage geleverd met haar proefschrift Pippi Långstrump als Paradigma (2005b). Wat volgens mij nog ontbrak is een grondige analyse van de Nederlandse vertaling, en wat er met de boeken gebeurd is na hun oorspronkelijke vertaling. Het respect voor kinderboeken in vertaling laat nog al eens te wensen over en uitgeverijen nemen soms grote vrijheden. Geldt dat ook voor de Nederlandse uitgaven van Pippi Langkous?Deze scriptie geeft een aanzet tot het antwoord met behulp van een analyse van de vertaalnormen uit de Descriptive Translation Studies van Toury, aangevuld met de vertaalmethoden van Newmark. De conclusie is dat de eerste Nederlandse druk een adequate (Toury) of getrouwe (Newmark) vertaling is, en dat de wijzigingen in de volgende drukken er toe geleid hebben dat de tekst en de illustraties steeds meer zijn gaan afwijken van het Zweedse origineel, en dat er nu van een aanvaardbare (Toury), of idiomatische of zelfs vrije vertaling (Newmark) gesproken moet worden. Dat Nederlanders toch weten hoe Pippi door Astrid Lindgren is neergezet, is onder andere te danken aan de tv-serie, de films en de merchandise met de tekeningen van illustratrice Ingrid Vang Nyman.

Orientador: Aloisio Ernesto Assan / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e Urbanismo / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-07T16:33:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Volpini_EstevaoXavier_M.pdf: 3994255 bytes, checksum: 682eea9ccb0ec139a6d062e4466cd140 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006 / Resumo: Este estudo tem por objetivo implementar, em programa já existente para a análise de placas laminadas de compósitos, a análise dinâmica de placas laminadas sob ação de carregamento forçado com integração direta pelo algoritmo de Newmark. O programa inicial de elementos finitos, que realiza a análise estática, foi desenvolvido por Tápia (1998), usando o elemento finito de Kosmatka (1994), formulado com a teoria de deformação por cisalhamento de primeira ordem de Reissner-Mindlin. Cassiano (2002) implementou nesse programa o cálculo das freqüências naturais. Neste trabalho foi introduzida a análise dinâmica forçada, através da integração direta no tempo, empregando o método de Newmark. Exemplos comparativos com variações das espessuras das placas, do número de lâminas, das orientações das fibras e das vinculações das bordas, mostram o excelente comportamento do elemento finito aqui empregado / Abstract: : The aim of this study is the dynamic analysis of laminated composite plates under forced transverse vibration with time direct-integration method. The original program, with the static analysis, was developed by Tapia (1998) using the element proposed by Kosmatka (1994), formulated with first-order shear deformation theory of Reissner-Mindlin. Later Cassiano (2002) introduced into this finite element code the evaluation of the natural frequencies. In this thesis the dynamic analysis by means of a direct time integration method, which was formulated by Newmark, was performed. Comparative examples with several plates thicknesses, number of laminates, orientation of the fibers and boundary constraints, show the excellent performance of the finite element used herein / Mestrado / Estruturas / Mestre em Engenharia Civil

Small kinematics assumption in classical engineering has been in the center of consideration in structural analysis for decennaries. In the recent years the interest for sustainable and optimized structures, lightweight structures and new materials has grown rapidly as a consequence of desire to archive economical sustainability. These issues involve non-linear constitutive response of materials and can only be accessed on the basis of geometrically and materially non-linear analysis. Numerical simulations have become a conventional tool in modern engineering and have proven accuracy in computation and are on the verge of superseding time consuming and costly experiments.\newlineConsequently, this work presents a numerical computational framework for modeling of geometrically non-linear large deformation of isotropic and orthotropic materials under static and dynamic loading. The numerical model is applied on isotropic steel in plane strain and orthotropic wood in 3D under static and dynamic loading. In plane strain Total Lagrangian, Updated Lagrangian, Newmark-$\beta$ and Energy Conserving Algorithm time-integration methods are compared and evaluated. In 3D, a Total Lagrangian static approach and a Total Lagrangian based dynamic approach with Newmark-$\beta$ time-integration method is proposed to numerically predict deformation of wood under static and dynamic loading. The numerical model's accuracy is validated through an experiment where a knot-free pine wood board under large deformation is studied. The results indicate accuracy and capability of the numerical model in predicting static and dynamic behaviour of wood under large deformation. Contrastingly, classical engineering solution proves its inaccuracy and incapability of predicting kinematics of the wood board under studied conditions. / Små kinematikantaganden inom klassisk ingenjörsteknik har varit centralt för konstruktionslösningar under decennier. Under de senaste åren har intresset för hållbara och optimerade strukturer, lättviktskonstruktioner och nya material ökat kraftigt till följd av önskan att uppnå ekonomisk hållbarhet. Dessa nya konstruktionslösningar involverar icke-linjär konstitutiv respons hos material och kan endast studeras baserad på geometriskt och materiellt olinjär analys. Numeriska simuleringar har blivit ett konventionellt verktyg inom modern ingenjörsteknik och visat sig ge noggrannhet i beräkning och kan på sikt ersätta tidskrävande och kostsamma experiment.\newlineDetta examensarbete presenterar ett numeriskt beräkningsramverk för modellering av geometrisk olinjäritet med stora deformationer hos isotropa och ortotropa material vid statisk och dynamisk belastning. Den numeriska modellen appliceras på isotropiskt stål i plantöjning och ortotropisk trä i 3D vid statisk och dynamisk belastning. I fallet med plantöjning jämförs och utvärderas den Totala Lagrangianen, Uppdaterade Lagrangianen, Newmark-$\beta$ och Energi Konserverings Algoritm metoderna. I 3D föreslås en statisk Total Lagrangian metod och en dynamisk Total Lagrangian-baserad metod med Newmark-$\beta$ tidsintegreringsmetod för att numeriskt förutse statisk och dynamisk deformation hos trä. Den numeriska modellens noggrannhet valideras genom ett experiment där en kvistfri furuplanka studeras under stora deformationer. Resultaten bekräftar noggrannhet och förmåga hos den numeriska modellen att förutse statiska och dynamiska processer hos trä vid stora deformationer. Däremot, visar klassisk ingenjörslösning brist på förmåga att förutse trä plankans kinematik under studerade förhållanden.