In an age of increasing urbanization, rural communities and agricultural lifestyles are quickly disappearing. Many local, pastoral histories have been buried under the new narratives of modern suburban development. Do such places, located along the rural-urban fringe, contain accounts worth memorializing? This thesis is a case study of the Ancaster Meadowlands—a growing neighbourhood within the City of Hamilton, Ontario. It explores the process of suburban growth and uncovers the local history of a landscape. As a narrative, the study traces land-use change over time, displaying the area’s evolution from a site of Neolithic settlement, to an important Loyalist village, and finally to a large suburban neighbourhood with commercial and residential components. Three principal methods are employed: resident interviewing, key informant interviewing, and archival research. Themes elicited in this study include land-use conflict, NIMBYism, real-estate volatility, and the interconnectedness of politicians and developers. Given that there are few case studies of contemporary suburban development, this study provides a rare illustration of the multi-faceted process of expansion around a Canadian city while also supplying a historical account of local importance. / Thesis / Master of Arts (MA)

This study examined the opinions of 552 residents of rural Virginia regarding acceptance of manufactured homes, formerly known as mobile homes, and their occupants. The purpose of this study was to determine to what extent respondents' demographic and socioeconomic characteristics, innovativeness, and perceptions of manufactured home characteristics, its occupants and neighborhood characteristics, predicted the acceptance of manufactured homes. Data were obtained from two mail surveys distributed among eight rural counties. One survey covered single-section manufactured homes (N = 274) and another covered double-section manufactured homes (N = 278). A proposed theoretical model was adapted from M. J. Dear and S. M. Taylor's (1982) model for community attitudes toward mental health care facilities. Hypotheses were tested through multiple regression analyses. The statistical model for the full sample included 13 independent variables. Six variables (perceived manufactured home occupant behavior, proportion of manufactured homes in the county, perceived manufactured home condition, manufactured home type, respondents’ gender, and manufactured home knowledge) emerged as significant predictors of manufactured home acceptance (R² = .3541). Separate regression models for the single- and double-section manufactured home subsamples were evaluated. In the single-section manufactured home subsample, perceived manufactured home occupants’ behavior, proportion of manufactured homes in the county, and perceived manufactured home condition were significant predictors of single-section manufactured home acceptance (R² = .2522). In the double-section manufactured home subsample, perceived manufactured home occupants’ behavior, perceived manufactured home condition, respondent's manufactured home knowledge, and neighborhood physical homogeneity were significant predictors of double-section manufactured home acceptance (R² = .3574). Results suggested respondents' socioeconomic and demographic characteristics were not important in predicting manufactured home acceptance. Instead, acceptance was mostly the result of perceptions about occupants’ behavior, a finding consistent with Dear and Taylor's (1982) study about acceptance of mental health facilities. In general, double-section models were more accepted than single-section models. / Ph. D.

För att minska Sveriges utsläpp ses övergången från fossila bränslen till eldrift som en av lösningarna, vilket förväntas öka det årliga elbehovet från 140 TWh till 330 TWh år 2045. Vindkraften väntas till följd av detta bli den mest utbyggda energikällan de kommande 20 åren. Vindkraften är dock väderberoende och kräver därför pålitlig reglerkraft, där kärnkraft utgör ett alternativ. Både vindkraft och kärnkraft kan således utgöra viktiga komponenter i ett stabilt energisystem. Utbyggnaden och lokaliseringen av ny energiinfrastruktur möter dock lokalt motstånd, vilket gett upphov till begreppet NIMBY (Not In My Backyard). Det är vanligt att lokala politiker tar hänsyn till lokala åsikter och stoppar vindkraftsprojekt med hjälp av kommunens vetorätt. Det krävs därför förståelse för de faktorer som påverkar den lokala vindkraftsopinionen. Denna rapport utforskade genom en enkätstudie och litteraturstudie åsiktsbildning kring en planerad vindkraftsetablering i Orsa kommun. Syftet var att undersöka potentiella samband mellan invånarnas inställning till den planerade etableringen och geografiska avstånd samt specifika orosfaktorer. Dessutom undersöktes eventuella samband mellan befolkningens inställning till lokal vindkraft och lokal kärnkraft. Med hjälp av en kvantitativ forskningsansats och statistiska analyser bearbetades insamlade enkätdata för att bidra till rapportens resultat och slutsatser. Resultatet visade att det lokala motståndet i Orsa ökade ju kortare avstånd respondenterna angav att de hade till vindkraftsetableringen. Däremot kunde det lokala motståndet inte beskrivas av NIMBY. Inställningen kunde i stället kopplas till oro för minskade fastighetsvärden, buller, förändrad landskapsbild, minskat attraktionsvärde för bygden, skador på djur och natur samt återvinning av rotorblad. Undersökningen kunde även påvisa ett samband mellan en negativ inställning till lokal vindkraft och en positiv inställning till lokal kärnkraft, och tvärtom. Framtida forskning bör fokusera på att bekräfta eller avslå myter om vindkraften, för att minska närboendes oro och därmed det lokala motståndet, alternativt genom att identifiera åtgärder som kan minska vindkraftens påverkan på bland annat människor, djur och natur. Det vore även värdefullt med ytterligare forskning som syftar till att bättre förstå de polariserade åsikterna kring vindkraft och kärnkraft och som undersöker om vindkraftsmotståndare upplever att riskerna med vindkraft är större än de med kärnkraft. / The need to electrify the Swedish society in order to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, is creating unprecedented demand for additional fossil free energy infrastructure. Currently the annual power consumption reaches 140 TWh, but estimates suggest that 330 TWh will be required to meet demand by 2045. Wind and nuclear power are both expected to play significant roles in the future energy system. However, the siting and establishment of new energy infrastructure is creating local resistance, often described as NIMBY. The Swedish legislation is unique in granting municipalities the power to veto new power installations. Consequently, local opinions significantly influence whether wind farms are built or not. This creates a need to comprehend the factors that contribute to local resistance.  This thesis examined opinions related to a proposed wind power project in Orsa municipality, using both a survey and a literature review. The aim was to explore potential correlations between local opinions, geographical distances, and perceived negative impacts of the wind power project, as well as correlations between local wind power opinions and attitudes toward local nuclear power. Using a quantitative research approach and statistical analytics, the collected survey data was used to form the result and conclusions of this thesis. The results indicated that local resistance in Orsa increased as residents were situated closer to the proposed wind power site. Interestingly, the resistance could not be attributed to NIMBY-ism. Instead, opinions were linked to concerns about perceived negative impacts on property values, noise, visual changes in the landscape, the district’s attractiveness, impacts on nature and wildlife, and challenges related to the recycling of the rotor blades. Additionally, the survey revealed a correlation between negative opinions toward local wind power and positive attitudes toward local nuclear power, and vice versa. Future research should aim to verify or debunk myths surrounding wind power, to reduce concerns associated with proposed establishments or to find strategies to mitigate the impacts of wind power on nearby communities and natural environments. Furthermore, there is a need for research to explain the polarised opinions that divide support for wind power and nuclear power, as well as to explore if wind power resistors perceive risks associated with nuclear power as less significant.

Since the Tax Reform Act of 1986, Low-Income Housing Tax Credit (LIHTC) has been a major source of affordable housing provision for low to middle-income families. Meanwhile, growing concern about potential decrease of property value in neighborhoods has been the main obstacle for most of the affordable housing projects. As a result, LIHTC projects are facing backlash from neighborhoods near the potential affordable housing projects – NIMBYism (Not In My Back Yard). However, during decades, it has been always controversial whether LIHTC is actually affecting neighborhood property value in negative way. This study tests the hypothesis that the LIHTC projects affect negatively on neighborhood single-family home property value in Austin, Texas. Single-family homes within 2000-feet radius from the selected LIHTC projects were analyzed based on the Travis County Appraisal District annual appraisal values between 1993 and 2008. / text

This thesis describes, conceptualizes and analyzes local reactions to the establishment of a refugee center in a small, remote mining community in Malmliden, rural Sweden, in the early 1990s. The purpose of the study was to explore and describe the local and wider contexts in which the reactions took place and to understand reactions in relation to these contexts. The study combined qualitative interviews, participant observation and the analysis of texts from different sources: daily press, historical and policy documents. Twenty-seven persons were included in the interview study (nineteen respondents and eight key infor-mants). Interviews with the nineteen respondents (nine men and ten women) were based on a semi-structured interview manual and were carried out during the winter of 1993 and the spring of 1994. Theo-retical frames and concepts were chosen in an elaborative way that was suitable for the empirical findings that gradually developed. In short, theoretical considerations that focus on social and political processes of inclusion and exclusion, ethnic relations and categorizations and the interplay between the social and the individual frame the analysis. The analysis is more closely informed by perspectives on how the atti-tudes toward the asylum seeker (as an immigrant but also as a welfare-state client), as a representation of “the other”, are socially produced. This study revealed that the inhabitants had dual reactions to the localized refugee center in Malm-liden. The reactions could neither be characterised as positive nor negative. They were summarized as ambivalent and were expressed spatially and socially. The spatial aspects include a number of inhabitants’ positive experiences of the refugee center as something that brought vitality to the slumbering neighbor-hood, while others thought of the refugee center as something disturbing and displaced. The social aspects involved a number of inhabitant’s embrace of the refugee center and the asylum seekers, whereas others distance themselves from the center and the refugees. While some inhabitants were enriched by the con-tact with asylum seekers, others dissociated themselves from the refugees and other inhabitants who were involved with the refugee centre. Some of the reactions were expressed as resistance. These reactions were mostly expressed latently, toward the authorities or local Policy makers and not directly toward the refugees or the refugee center The inhabitants blamed the establishment of the refugee center and those employed there for the poor state of things because they represented symbols of change and uncertainty. Therefore, initially the resistance could not be understood as rooted in emotional antipathy toward refu-gees as a (ethnic) group or as individuals, but rather as resistance against a perceived intrusion into the neighborhood autonomy. However, the strategies of the inhabitants were avoidance of contact with the refugee center and the stigmatization of the refugees. Therefore, the actions of resistance resulted in a racialization of place and ethnic segregation. The dual reactions of the inhabitants were contextual, and in which local as well as national circumstances played a considerable role in shaping the inhabitants’ experiences. At both national and local levels, the attitudes and practices directed toward asylum seekers and refugees were ambivalent. The reasons for the local acceptance of asylum seekers were ambivalent, and in which both actions of solidarity and economic considerations came into play. An external circum-stance influenced expectations and reactions to the refugee center was an ambivalent refugee policy which aimed to integrate the asylum seeker with a normalized habitat but with an institutional framing, which clearly made the asylum seeker into a client. Another external factor was the welfare state position of the asylum seeker, as he or she was positioned in an ambivalent juridical, social and political position. The overall conclusion is that the positions of the asylum seekers in the neighborhood of Malmliden were further stressed as welfare state clients and not as ordinary neighbors. A concluding image is that the contextual ambivalent positioning of the asylum seekers was reflected in the way the inhabitants regarded the asylum seekers as others in the neighborhood community.

<p>The subject of this thesis is ethical aspects of risk management. It is argued that a model for risk management needs to be developed that acknowledges several ethical aspects and most crucial among these, the individual’s right not to be unfairly exposed to risks.</p><p><i>Article </i>I takes as its starting point the demand frequently expressed in the risk literature for a consistent risk management. Such consistency is often assumed to be in accordance with some kind of cost-benefit analysis. It is maintained that such a model, here called the Standard Model, does not respect the rights of the individual. Two alternative models are outlined in order to better deal with this ethical weakness, the Model of Inviolable Rights and the Model of Procedural Justice. The arguments in the alternative models evolve around the separateness of individuals, rights and fair risk taking. It is claimed that the latter model, which focuses on a fair procedure, seems most fruitful to develop.</p><p><i>Article II</i> is a discussion of the NIMBY (Not In My Backyard) conflict, which is well known from situations of siting potentially risky facilities. Of special concern is to investigate what the ethical premises are behind the negative characterization of the NIMBY concept. It is argued that, contrary to the assumption that the total benefit should outweigh the individual’s cost, individuals in siting scenarios have rights not to be unfairly exposed to risks.</p><p><i>Article III</i>, which is co-authored with Professor Sven Ove Hansson, presents a three party model as a tool for ethical risk analysis. It is argued that ethical dimensions need to be acknowledged in the analysis of risks and that this is best done through a discussion of three parties that are involved in risk decisions – the risk-exposed, the beneficiary, and the decisionmaker. Seven crucial ethical questions are recognized and discussed regarding the relation between these parties. By using examples from the railway sector it is shown how the questions can be used to identify salient ethical features of risk management problems.</p>

LULU (Locally Unwanted Land Use) and NIMBY (Never In My Back Yard) are often cited as two major hurdles to overcome for successful siting of a noxious facility. Among various types of waste in Korea, food waste has been posing a serious problem for its high rate of moisture and salt component (MOE 2001). This has necessitated siting of large scale composting facilities around the country. Although there has been an increasing number of studies on NIMBY towards siting of noxious facilities, one can hardly find a study on NIMBY attitudes toward a composting facility from an economic perspective. To analyze NIMBY attitude of residents in Cheju City, Korea toward hosting a composting facility, we base our theoretical analysis on the expected utility theory and subsequently use a MNLM (muitinomial logit model) for empirical analysis. This study consists of four major parts: theoretical analysis, data management, MNLM estimations, and interpretation. A theoretical model is constructed by maximizing expected utility: first, a two-choice model, then extending it to a three-choice model to incorporate residents' uncertain attitudes toward a composting facility, providing a theoretical basis for using MNLM model. Our empirical results show with statistical significance that the higher the income, the stronger the NIMBY attitude towards siting a composting facility. Further, it shows that the negative effect of economic benefits on NIMBY attitude is (marginally) stronger than the positive effect of environmental concern, which contrast with what is usually observed in US where the effect of environmental concern dominates over that of economic benefits. Socio-demographic variables included to have the economic variables controlled for are mostly insignificant. Further, from our empirical results is deduced that the residents gave uncertain responses are tilted towards accepting the composting facility.

The subject of this thesis is ethical aspects of risk management. It is argued that a model for risk management needs to be developed that acknowledges several ethical aspects and most crucial among these, the individual’s right not to be unfairly exposed to risks. Article I takes as its starting point the demand frequently expressed in the risk literature for a consistent risk management. Such consistency is often assumed to be in accordance with some kind of cost-benefit analysis. It is maintained that such a model, here called the Standard Model, does not respect the rights of the individual. Two alternative models are outlined in order to better deal with this ethical weakness, the Model of Inviolable Rights and the Model of Procedural Justice. The arguments in the alternative models evolve around the separateness of individuals, rights and fair risk taking. It is claimed that the latter model, which focuses on a fair procedure, seems most fruitful to develop. Article II is a discussion of the NIMBY (Not In My Backyard) conflict, which is well known from situations of siting potentially risky facilities. Of special concern is to investigate what the ethical premises are behind the negative characterization of the NIMBY concept. It is argued that, contrary to the assumption that the total benefit should outweigh the individual’s cost, individuals in siting scenarios have rights not to be unfairly exposed to risks. Article III, which is co-authored with Professor Sven Ove Hansson, presents a three party model as a tool for ethical risk analysis. It is argued that ethical dimensions need to be acknowledged in the analysis of risks and that this is best done through a discussion of three parties that are involved in risk decisions – the risk-exposed, the beneficiary, and the decisionmaker. Seven crucial ethical questions are recognized and discussed regarding the relation between these parties. By using examples from the railway sector it is shown how the questions can be used to identify salient ethical features of risk management problems. / QC 20101116

Addressing the amount of construction and demolition waste (CDW) is crucial for transitioning into a sustainable and circular economy, and therefore supports reaching climate neutrality in the European Union by the year 2050. One important solution for CDW recovery is placing mass logistic centres (MLCs) near construction projects. MLCs contribute to reducing environmental emissions, improving transport efficiency, and increasing economic benefits. However, when MLCs are built in proximity to residential areas they are often associated with a negative social impact. The present study aims to develop a strategy to improve planning processes and design for MLCs to have a positive impact on local communities. The research is done through case studies of existing MLCs near residential areas, using public surveys and focus group workshops. The data shows that the residents’ main concerns are environmental impacts and safety, noise and pollution levels, disturbances from heavy traffic, and disturbances to places' identity and facilities' aesthetics. The study concludes that the most important aspects of a more considerate MLC design are maintaining open and inclusive communication with the local community during early planning stages as well as during construction and operations, considering and responding to the residents’ concerns, as well as gaining an understanding of the place's identity. As this is a novel topic within the field, more extensive research is required to further investigate both challenges and solutions for local communities related to MLCs being located near their residential areas. / En viktig lösning för återvinning av bygg- och rivningsavfall (CDW) är masslogistikcentraler (MLC) nära byggprojekten. MLC bidrar till att minska miljöutsläpp, förbättra transporteffektiviteten och är även ekonomiskt fördelaktigt. Att ligga nära byggprojekt innebär dock ofta att de kommer ligga nära befintliga bostadsområden, särskilt i samband med förtätning. Denna studie syftar till att utveckla en strategi för förbättrade planeringsprocesser och design för MLC som tar större hänsyn till närboende och näraliggande verksamheter. Studien har utförts genom fallstudier av befintliga MLC nära bostadsområden med hjälp av enkäter och workshops med fokusgrupper för att samla in nödvändiga data. Resultaten visar att invånarnas huvudsakliga oro rör miljöpåverkan och säkerhet, buller- och föroreningsnivåer, störningar från tung trafik, påverkan på platsens identitet samt anläggningens estetiska utformning. Studien drar slutsatsen att de viktigaste aspekterna för att MLC ska utformas mer hänsynsfullt för lokalsamhället är förbättrad planering med tidigt samarbete med närboende; att beakta och svara på invånarnas oro och få en förståelse för platsens identitet; samt att upprätthålla en öppen och inkluderande kommunikation med lokalsamhället under byggandet och driften. Ämnet för studien är i sin linda och mer forskning krävs för att ytterligare undersöka både utmaningar och lösningar för de lokalsamhällen som påverkas av att anläggningarna ligger nära deras bostadsområden.

本文旨在研究臺北市樟新社區與一壽重殘照顧中心之互動，關於一個都市社區與精神障礙照顧機構之互動情形。分析主要分為兩部分，第一部份回溯一壽重殘照顧中心進入樟新社區之過程與情形，第二部分則分析樟新社區與一壽重殘照顧中心現階段之互動情形與未來建議。此外，本文也特別引用了「鄰避情結」（即「不要在我家後院」，”Not-In-My-Backyard syndrome”，簡稱NIMBY）作為論述基礎，試圖去檢視社區居民對於照顧中心的觀感，找出居民排斥或接納照顧中心之情形與原因等，並以衝突歷程的概念去剖析互動現狀。本研究目的則是希望透過個案研究，探討一個社區如何與精神障礙照顧服務機構互動，以從中找出能使社區居民與照顧服務機構二者共生、互助、融合之社區工作精隨。 本研究採質性研究之個案研究法，運用多重資料來源，並藉由觀察互動及深度訪談法來蒐集資料。其中深度訪談選取參與或了解本研究議題者作為訪談對象，包括規劃或承辦照顧中心進入社區的政府人員、來自照顧中心承辦單位及在照顧中心服務的管理者或工作者、對議題了解或熟悉社區事務的社區居民，藉此先行了解一壽重殘照顧中心進入社區之過程，包括照顧中心設立的過程與決策考量、照顧中心設立時與社區之衝突對立情形，以及政府單位、民間團體、社區居民三方對於衝突對立的認知、處理方式或行動。再者，也深度探究社區與機構過去至今的互動樣貌，包括社區與照顧中心的互動現況、社區居民對照顧中心設立觀感與鄰避情結、社區居民排斥或接納照顧中心之情形與原因，進而找出促進照顧中心融合社區或其他可能作法。 最後，根據本研究，提出相關政策建議如下： 一、檢討我國公有土地政策，以避免社福資源被稀釋； 二、讓障礙者參與決策過程，以落實真正的社區照顧； 三、在各地廣設心理衛生中心，讓障礙者能在原本的社區居住； 四、透過立法保障與教育倡導，以維護障礙者之居住權； 五、組織經營照顧中心志工團，並促進機構與社區的互惠及共生關係； 六、社區或機構相關工作者可採低姿態、柔性、創意方式，長期經營社區關係。 　　 關鍵字：社區、精神障礙、照顧機構、鄰避情結 / This research aims to study the interaction between the Zhangxin Community in Taipei City, an ordinary community in a big city, and the Taipei Yi-Shou Care Center, an institution for the psychiatric disabled. In the first part of the study, the researcher reviews the process of how the Taipei Yi-Shou Care Center moved into the Zhangxin community, whereas the second part analyzes the interaction between them and further provides suggestions for future cooperation. Besides, the researcher specifically adopts the concept of “Not-in-my-backyard syndrome” (NIMBY) as the theoretical background to survey the perceptions of the community residents toward the care center. Moreover, this study identifies the reasoning behind the acceptance or refuse of the move-in of the care center. Finally, this paper analyzes current status of interactions through the lens of conflict process. In summary, the aim of the research is to identify how community residents interact with an institution for the psychiatric disabled; furthermore, this study concludes the essence of community work in helping community residents and health care institution to cohabit, achieve mutual help, and integrate with each other. This research adopts case study method and collects data from multiple sources, such as onsite observation of the interaction and in-depth interview. For the in-depth interview, this study recruited key persons who have participated in and are aware of the issue. Therefore, the interviewees range from the government officials who have planned or taken charge of the move-in, the managers or workers of the care center or higher level of administration, to the Zhangxin community residents who are aware of the issue or general community affair. Accordingly, this paper first strives to investigate the move-in process, from the decision-making processes of the establishment of the Taipei Yi-Shou Care Center and the conflicts between the supporters and critiques during construction, to the perceptions, solutions, and actions toward the problem from the government, non-government organizations, and the residents. Second, the study thoroughly reviews the history of the interaction pattern between the residents and the institution, including the status quo of the interaction, the perception and the NIMBY of the residents toward the care center, and the situation and reasons of acceptance or refuse of the care center. In the end, this paper proposes possible means to help the care center better integrate with the community. This research proposes six suggestions for policy below: 1. Review the policy of public lands to avoid diluting the resources of social welfare. 2. Invite the disabled to participate in policy making to realize essential community care. 3. Set up community mental health centers to render the opportunities for the disabled to live in the original community. 4. Safeguard the right of residence of the disabled through legislation and education. 5. Organize volunteer groups of the care center, and improve the mutual benefit and cohabitation relationship between the institution and the community. 6. Community and institution workers manage long-term relationship with the community through modest attitude and in flexible, creative ways. Key words: community, psychiatric disability, care institution, Not-In-My-Backyard syndrome(NIMBY).