嚴重的廢棄物處理問題，是現今施政的一大課題，而由於垃圾焚化相較於其他處理方式更能達到減量化、衛生化、安定化及資源化之目標，故成為未來垃圾處理方式之主流，垃圾焚化廠亦將陸續興建完工。但不可避免地，垃圾焚化廠亦會產生一些負面影響，往往被視為嫌惡性設施之一種，而形成設置上之阻力。 　　本研究之目的主要在藉由居民對焚化廠之認知、評價、接受程度、造成影響之感受，以及居民對焚化廠回饋地方措施之期望及其成效如何等相關課題之探討，以了解焚化廠設置形成阻力之原因所在，此外，並輔以相關文獻、專家意見及相關法規等資訊之整合，嘗試對降低焚化廠嫌惡性之可行方向提出建議，冀能對減輕日後興建焚化廠之阻力的有所助益，並期能確保民眾之生活環境品質。 　　本研究之重要結論與建議如下： 　　一、結論 　　　（一）民眾對於國內興建焚化廠之品質及二次污染控制能力仍缺乏信心，且居民預期焚化廠可能造成之影響通常會較焚化廠實際產生之影響大。 　　　（二）在居民願意接受焚化廠設置於其住家附近之條件中，以風險減輕方案最為居民所重視。 　　　（三）民眾對焚化廠回饋措施之認知程度愈高者，其對焚化廠接受程度愈高。 　　二、建議 　　　（一）在焚化廠風險減輕之策略方面，主管單位除了污染防治工作外，還必須了解公眾對風險的感受及反應，縮短政府與民眾在認知上之差距。 　　　（二）回饋措施（經濟誘因）有助於降低焚化廠之嫌惡性，故主管單位應加強焚化廠回饋措施方面之配置與宣導，以爭取民眾之支持。 　　　（三）適當的資訊回饋，可避免民眾對焚化廠之風險太過高估而增添不必要之憂慮，進而減輕其設置之阻力，故主管單位應適時提供民眾所需之環境資訊。 / The serious solid waste disposal problem is one of the challenges to the government policies. Landfilling is not a suitable solid waste disposal alternative in Taiwan, because of the high population density and the difficulty of acquiring land, At the same time, incinerators can help achieve waste reduction, sanitary disposal, stabilty, and resource recovery. Therefore, incineration will play an increasingly important role in the government's solid waste disposal plans. 　　Although incineration is one of the better approaches to dealing with solid waste disposal, it still has certain negative impacts on the quality of life. Therefore, it has been treated as a NIMBY (Not-In-My-Back-Yard), To some extent, NIMBYs are necessary to the community. The issue to be dealt with, then, becomes"how to find an equitable way to solve this dilemma." 　　This thesis focuses on three incinerators in Neihu, Wenshan, and Shihlin, Taipei. From the results of literature review, field surveys, data collection, questionnaires, and interviews, this study tries to explore the relationships between incinerators and the quality of life. This study also examines the effectiveness of compensation packages of these NIMBYs and people's attitudes toward incinerators. 　　The important findings of this thesis are as follows: 　　1.conclusions 　　　(1).Although most people have positive attitudes toward MSW incinerators, they do not feel confident about the quality of MSW incinerators and the administration's ability to control the second pollution. 　　　(2).People are more concerned with risk reduction strategies, rather than economic incentives. 　　　(3).The degree to which residents accept MSW incinerators will be affected by residents' knowledge about the compensation packages of Neihu incinerator area. 　　2.Policy implications 　　　(1).From the analyses we can see that people are more willing to accept risk reduction solutions rather than economic incentives. Therefore, if the government tries to increase the acceptance of MSW incinerators among residents, it should focus more on risk reduction plans. 　　　(2).Because residents are still lack of confidence about the quality of MSW incinerators and the ability of the administration to control the second pollution, the government should provide more accurate information to the public and guarantee the quality of MSW incinerators and the ability to control the second pollution. 　　　(3).If the government can provide some economic incentives to reduce the equity issues, the residents may be more willing to live closer to LULU facilities. From the analysis , we can see that economic incentives do reduce the NIMBY syndrome to some extents (even though not so much as risk reduction programs). Therefore, in addition to the pollution prevention and risk reduction programs, the government should also reinforce and provide more information about the compensation packages.

Taiwan Power Company has been facing the crises of demonstration whenever they plan to build a new transformer station. The process of dealing with this problem is tough and usually takes a long while. This study is to discuss some cases and communicative strategies that Taiwan Power Company has used to deal with the demonstration which the public protest against transformer stations. Through the process of solving the problem, they have learned to use public relation to approach the public, solve crises, overcome the difficulties, and eventually build their transformer stations to keep providing the public quality electricity. Based on the previous documentation and researches, this study covers the topics such as ¡§not in my back yard (NIMBY)¡¨ to ¡§yes in my back yard ¡§(YIMBY)¡¨, how to build public relations and business image, the communication tools of handling crisis, and a case in Japan detailed how the power company handled and communicated with the public when building a transformer station. We are hoping that we can set up an example of crisis handling for Taiwan Power Company in the future through above topics. The study method and subjects are based on the management activity by phases and aimed at the communication method of public relation and business image. To make this study more detailed and thorough, the selected cases are from where the author works at which include the cases in Xiaying, Tainan, Jiaxian, Kaohsiung, Neiwei, Kaohsiung and Longzi Kaohsiung. In addition, we include some of the related issues from similar cases in Dafon, Taipei, Qielao Chunghua, Nongyi, Pingtung in this study. We studied the whole process starting from the public demonstration to how the Power Company handled the protest and made the public¡¦s worries go away, then made the public from ¡§NIMBY¡¨ to ¡§YIMBY¡¨ and eventually built the transformer stations without obstacles. In the end of this study, we discuss about what Taiwan Power Company has learned from the successful cases through the process of handling crises from public¡¦s demonstration such as ¡§turning enemies into friends and creating win-win situation¡¨. It fits the key concepts of Taiwan Power Company which are ¡§sincerity, care, creativity, service¡¨, ¡§overcoming the difficulty, sincerely communicating, resolving crisis¡¨, and ¡§Taiwan Power Company team was able to bring their wisdoms and efforts into the matter¡¨. In the future, Taiwan Power Company should try to apply the idea of environment protection and energy saving into the community when they plan to build a transformer station so that they can gain people¡¦s approval without encountering protests. For example, the Power Company made a green space open to the community when they built Dafon Taipei transformer station; Chi-chuan Li built a gazebo with the indemnity from Power Company when they built the transformer station in Qie-Lao Chung-hua. Taiwan Power Company also built an energy saving transformer station in Nongyi. These are very successful cases that Taiwan Power Company made the crises of protests go away.

驅逐黑暗、迎來光明，是變電所最重要的任務，但它往往被歸類為鄰避設施，不為使用者所接受。變電所引發的風險疑慮，無論是環境、健康等，儘管尚無法以科學實證其因果關係，卻深深烙印人心；加上不甚透明且缺乏參與機制的規劃方式，致使變電所選址過程抗爭不斷。 現代社會可說是充滿風險的社會，也就是德國學者貝克所謂的「風險社會」。風險不分階級、貧富，充斥在我們身旁，引發無聲且無形的恐懼。高科技雖然帶來生活便利，但也帶來前所未有的新風險—科技風險。既然風險是現代社會非常重要且切身的課題，如何以風險的視角來解構變電所選址過程，便成為本文的論述主軸。 現行變電所用地之規劃方式，主要是依據都市計畫(土地使用管制)及電力負載預測結果來選擇變電所設置地點；變電所用地的使用項目與內容，則取決於是否辦理多目標使用。然而，土地使用管制之僵固性及電力負載預測結果的不確定性卻造成變電所選址過程必須面臨規劃方式、民眾抗爭、風險分配等三方面困境，使得變電所選址困難重重。 規劃部門、電力公司與民眾能否「共同面對」變電所選址在規劃方式、民眾抗爭、風險分配等三方面的困境，尋求變電所土地使用管制內容再定位並融合民眾參與機制（儘管民眾參與並非萬能），使變電所選址過程掙脫規劃方式的枷鎖，將是降低變電所選址抗爭且形成風險分配共識的必要方向，也才是風險社會中變電所選址的最佳出路。 / The primary function of a substation is to expel the darkness and usher in light. However, it is usually classified as NIMBY facilities and not welcomed by public. People are constantly worried and even feared by nearby substations, although there is neither scientific evidence to prove that substations are harmful nor directly caused any disease. Moreover, substation siting procedure is less transparent and lack of participatory mechanisms during the planning stage, resulting in protests against substation during the siting process. Modern society is full of risks as described by German sociologist Dr. Ulrich Beck in “Risk society.” Risks are around us all the times, regardless of class or wealth. It creates silent and invisible fears. Modern high-tech life style provides convenience but technology also brings unprecedented new risks - technological risks. Since technological risk is an important issue and it can affect anyone in modern society, this article will discuss the risks involved by deconstructing the substation siting procedure. The existing substation siting models are based on the designation of urban plan and the results of power load forecast; the land-use projects of substation are depended on the content of multi-objective land-use. The rigidity of zoning and the uncertainty of power load forecast results plight in substation siting procedure at three situations: approach to planning, public protests and risk allocation, also makes substation siting much difficult. Although public participation is not the magic bullet, substation siting zoning restriction can be unlocked by combining public participation with land use re-position. The best approach to prevent protest against substation siting process and reach consensus in risk distribution is to have planning departments, power companies and the community seeking solution together.

[pt] A pesquisa Natureza, Mixofobias e Contenção Territorial: a estratégia NIMBY carioca do Alto Jardim Botânico ,tem como objetivo compreender a produção social do espaço do Alto Jardim Botânico a partir das estratégias NIMBY (Not in my back yard) de seus moradores. Para isso são apresentados os diferentes significados assumidos pelo bairro no qual está inserido - o Jardim Botânico, zona sul do Rio de Janeiro - desde a sua inicial função agrícola no século XVI até o recente processo de glamourização. Tal trajetória é explicada considerando-se as singularidades da natureza presentes na cidade, especialmente a montanha e a floresta, incorporadas à lógica do mercado de imóveis ao longo do seu processo histórico de ocupação, além, dos desafios associados à uma sociedade claramente marcada pela sensação de insegurança derivada do medo e dos diferentes tipos de riscos aos quais é submetida cotidianamente. O trabalho baseia-se em entrevistas semiestruturadas com moradores do bairro e apresenta reflexões sobre o conceito de segregação e sua relação com as noções de mixofobia e oroescapismo. Indo além, debate as formas de apropriação do espaço público que se realizam no recorte aqui escolhido para ser pesquisado e os fundamentos da sociedade biopolítica que produz ali, como um subproduto, o fenômeno da contenção voluntária. Por fim, aponta para a oportunidade existente nos estudos sobre semântica urbana que permitirá melhor compreender, por exemplo, o papel simbólico de certos termos usado entre pesquisadores das ciências ditas espaciais, como o caso do termo Alto, que será peça chave no desenrolar desta pesquisa. / [en] The study Nature, Myxophobias e Restraint Territorial: the NIMBY (Not in my backyard) strategies carioca of the Jardim Botânico upper, aims at understanding the social production of the Jardim Botânico upper side space on the grounds of the NIMBY (Not in my backyard) strategies, which have been implemented by its residents. In order to do so, the different meanings incorporated by its neighbourhood, Jardim Botânico, in Rio de Janeiro s South zone, are presented, from its initial agricultural function, in the 16th century, to a recent process of glamorization. Such process is explained by taking into consideration the specifications of the city s nature, specially the mountains and the forests, which have been incorporated to the logic of the real state s market throughout the historical process of its occupation. Besides, it is important to consider the challenges associated with a society clearly marked by a constant feeling of insecurity, derived from the fear and the different kinds of risks its residents are exposed to on a daily basis. This study is based on semi structured interviews with Jardim Botânico s residents and presents reflections over the concept of segregation and its relation with notions of myxophobia and oroescapism (necessity to escape to the mountains for different reasons). Besides, it discusses the different ways, pointed out in this study, to appropriate the public space and the basis of a bio political society, which produces, as a sub product, the voluntary restraint phenomenon. Finally, it shows the opportunity, presented in the studies of urban semantics, of a better understanding, for instance, of the symbolic role of certain terms used by spacial sciences researchers, like the term High (Alto), which is a key concept for the development of this study.

Abstract "Citizen Influence, Forms and Effects - A study of the Resistance Concerning the Establishment of a Juvenile Detention Center in Kristinehamn 2005-2007" Political Science, Johan Utter   This essay circles around the concepts of citizenship and the questions if and how citizens in the modern democracy can influence and effect the political decisions made by the governing body on the local level. This is done by the means of a case-study concerning the establishment of an institutional facility for convicted youths in Kristinehamn. The planning of this facility and especially its planned location in Sunneberg aroused a significant negative response from the citizens, demanding a better alternative for the location. The proposition resulted in heavy protests from the citizens as the planned location was viewed as an important recreation area, where the citizens could experience nature first hand, close to the centre of town. As a result, some citizens living close to the planned location, formed a network called "Bevara Sunneberg", whose purpose was to influence the decision-makers and make the citizen’s voices heard. Also of interest are the classification of the resistance, by using already established theoretical models concerning interest groups, social movements and the concept of NIMBY-groups. The results show that the citizen led by the group "Bevara Sunneberg" in fact managed to influence the decision-makers by adopting a wide variety of strategies, both by conventional and unconventional means. As the case haven’t yet been decided, the full extent of the resistance’s efforts are yet to be seen. Whether or not the planned establishment will be build, the fact remains that the resistance managed to effect the outcome of the case. The network "Bevara Sunneberg" showed similarities to the concept of NIMBY-groups, but evolved into a form of hybrid, positioning itself somewhere between the theoretical positions of social movements and interest groups. As a conclusion I would like to state that citizen influence is possible in the local political context, though the extent of the influence can not be proved by this essay.   Key Words : Citizen Influence, NIMBY-group, Political Participation, Kristinehamn, Juvenile Detention Center, Interest Group

<p> Existing in our society today are a number of people that live in the streets and use emergency shelter services for the basic needs of survival. This research report attempts to define the scale and nature of homelessness using Hamilton as a case study. It is a descriptive analysis that provides a synopsis of homelessness in Hamilton and provides recommendations based on individuals that directly work with the homeless. This research invovles a first hand perspective experience with working with the homeless. Therefore, it incorporates the human element involved in homelessness. </p> / Thesis / Bachelor of Arts (BA)

所謂都市服務設施係指「提供社會、文化、經濟、政治與宗教等服務機能之都市設施」。但由於都市服務設施的種類與使用性質的不同，對都市環境或生活品質也產生不同的影響，有些對環境有正面的「迎毗」效果，有些卻會產生負面的「鄰避」效果，而有些則是迎毗效果與鄰避效果同時存在。 　　以往有關鄰避效果的研究，無論是國內外多只是就個案或是某類設施進行探討，在界定迎毗效果與鄰避效果時也過於主觀，因而對具有鄰避效果之設施的探討未盡完整。因此本研究運用環境行為的研究方法，以台北地方生活圈為研究範圍，自居民的接受意願與鄰避指數來界定鄰避效果，並尋求都市居民為何會對都市服務設施產生鄰避的心理或行為，以及影響鄰避的因素，最後驗證本研究所建立的都市服務設施鄰避效果之概念模式。 　　根據研究成果所獲得的結論與建議如下： 　　一、本研究所建立的「都市服務設施鄰避效果」概念模式有資訊、動機、環境態度、經驗、個人屬性、與都市階層等六個概念因子，而中介因子為接受意願。 　　二、根據都市居民的接受意願可以將都市服務設施劃分為「不願意接受」、「接受意願態度混雜」、與「願意接受」三個層級；而以鄰避指數度量鄰避效果，則可發現都市服務設施的鄰避效果依輕重程度可以劃分為四個等級：「不具鄰避效果」、「輕度鄰避效果」、「中度鄰避效果」、與「高度鄰避效果」。 　　三、大多數的環境認知與態度不會因受訪者所在的都市階層不同而受影響。而將環境認知與態度經因子分析操作後，各都市階層抽出的因子結構不甚相同，經調整後可得出四個影響都市服務設施接受意願的因子，分別是資訊、環境態度、動機、與經驗。此外，檢驗概念模式中的概念因子與接受意願的互動關係，發現除了經驗與都市階層二個因子與研究假設一致，其餘三個都與假設有所差異。 　　四、策略建議方面：建議從法規面、規劃者角色定位、土地使用規劃、及都市服務設施管理方面考慮改善鄰避效果之策略。 / Urban service facilities are those that provide "social, cultural, economic, political, and religious functions." Due to different types and functions, these facilities will have varied impacts on environment. Some are positive, and hence "YIMBY" (Yes-ln-My-Back-Yard) facilities; some are negative, and hence "NIMBY" (Not-ln-My-Back-Yard) facilities; some have both effects. 　　Previous studies dealing with NIMBY effects were mostly case studies or studies that focused on certain types of facilities. In addition, most previous studies were based on subjective concepts to define NIMBY effects. Therefore, this thesis adopts Environment-Behavior research method to study NIMBY effects of urban service facilities in Taipei area. Using the "willingness-to-accept" concept and the "NIMBY indicator," this thesis defines NIMBY effects of urban service facilities. This thesis also seeks to explore why citizens demonstrate NIMBY syndrome, and what factors affect NIMBY syndrome. The conceptual model of NIMBY effects is verified as well. 　　The conclusion and suggests are as follows: 　　1. The conceptual model of "NIMBY effects urban service facilities" consists of information, motivation, environmental attitudes, experience, personal attributes, and urban hierarchy. The intervening factor is the willingness to accept. 　　2. According to the willingness to accept, urban service facilities can be categorized as "not-willing-to-accept," "mixed attitudes," and "willing-to-accept." Using the NIMBY indicator concept to measure NIMBY effects, NIMBY effects can be classified as "no NIMBY effects," "small NIMBY effects," "moderate NIMBY effects," and "serious NIMBY effects." 　　3. Most environmental attitudes will not vary in different urban hierarchies. The results of factor structures of environmental attitudes are varied in different urban hierarchies. After adjustment, four factors influencing the willingness to accept urban service facilities can be extracted: information, environmental attitudes, motivation, and experience. In addition, in examining the relationships between the conceptual model and the willingness to accept, only experience and hierarchies are consistent with our hypotheses. 　　4. This thesis suggests four possible directions to mitigate NIMBY effects and the NIMBY syndrome: regulations, planners' roles, land use planning, and urban facility management.

本研究以環境正義理論為基礎，探討事業廢棄物掩埋場開發決策背後導致衝突肇因之環境不正義議題及衝突化解之道。首先，針對國內事業廢棄物處理政策的發展脈絡，構築出政府現階段解決事業廢棄物最終處置的思維，一則積極推動源頭減量、回收再利用；其次，又企圖鼓勵興建掩埋場解決事業廢棄物最終處置問題的雙軌併行政策，在缺乏整合的運作邏輯之下，能否發揮事業廢棄物減量、降低掩埋場設置需求的政策執行成效？繼而，在地方政府被賦予審議或核定環境開發治理權的轉變之下，應如何扮演該決策制訂與審議制度運作的角色，藉由「台南縣東山鄉事業廢棄物掩埋場」興建個案研究，探究掩埋場設置衝突事件之肇因，及地方住民、環保團體抗爭訴求，與開發業者、地方政府在個案申請設置或開發決策過程中所呈現環境不正義之關連性，並進一步推導出在地住民因環境權的被剝奪，而從事此抗爭運動所衍生「環境正義理念」的主張。 本研究結論指出，除環保署應積極整合事業廢棄物「源頭減廢、回收再利用」與「鼓勵掩埋場設置」兩政策之執行計畫及成效，俾能藉由減少廢棄物之產出，以降低掩埋場設置需求外；地方政府進行事業廢棄物掩埋場開發決策制訂前，應賦權民眾參與的機制，嚴肅看待開發過程所衍生不正義的問題，提高決策的正當性及公信力；同時透過開發審議制度及法令結構的變革，亦即賦予當地住民獲得充分資訊的權利、公開聽證的權利、民主參與的權利、協調開發單位與受影響的住民簽訂「環境保護協定」，以及要求事業機構負起調整生產結構的責任，作為實踐環境正義理念的方法，藉以改善環境決策品質及決策制訂的思維，俾作為地方政府部門從事掩埋場設施開發決策，消彌環境不正義衝突爭議之參考，以提供另種紓解民眾衝突爭端的途徑。 / In this study based on the theory of environmental justice ,by industrial waste landfills lead to the development of decision-making behind the cause of the conflict of environmental injustice issues and the way to resolve the conflict. First of all, the cause for domestic waste disposal policy development context, the government resolved at this stage to build industrial waste final disposal of thinking, an actively to promote the source reduction, recycling and reuse.Secondly, an attempt to encourage establishment industrial waste landfills to solve the problem of final disposal of parallel two-track policy, a lack of integration in the operation of logic, could appear of reducing waste, reducing landfills established of the policy effectiveness？then, in local government be given consideration or approved development and control of environmental, how to play with the consideration of the decision-making role. By " In Dongshan Township,Tainan County industrial waste landfills" the established of case study, probe into landfills established the causes of conflict, and local residents, environmental groups protested demand, and local government development of decision-making process in the present environmental injustice relevance, and further deduced in the right environment for the inhabitants of the deprived, while engaged in this social movements against by the derivative "concept of environmental justice". This study concluded that, the EPD should actively integrated industrial waste, "the source of waste reduction, recycling and reuse" and " encourage to establish of landfills " two policy implementation plan and effectiveness, achieved to reduce waste output and the need for establish of landfills . Local government for industrial waste landfills development decision-making, should be to empower public participation, look at the development process is derived from the issue of injustice, enhance the legitimacy and credibility of the decision-making.At the same time, through the development checkup system and changes in the structure of act, which gives local residents the right to receive adequate information, the right to public hearings, the right to democratic participation, coordinated developer and residents affected by the signing of environmental protection agreements and require producer assume the responsibility of the production structure adjustment, as a practical way the concept of environmental justice, to improve the quality of decision-making, it could serve as a local government departments engaged in the development of decision-making landfills facilities, eliminating the environmental injustice a reference for controversial conflict , to provide another kind of dispute the way the conflict.

This paper deals with issues on how archaeology might participate in transdisciplinary research andwork towards sustainable development. Three main themes are explored based on sustainabilitywork mainly from Stockholm Resilience Centre and previous archaeological texts about theutilisation of archaeology for environmental benefits. The themes are nature/culture-dichotomies,deep time perspectives and heritage. Each theme is continously adding unto the next one,whereafter applicability scenarios are discussed in three Sweden-specific environmental contexts:The Baltic Sea, agricultural landscapes and the alpine environment. Implications include: thedevelopment of a heritage perspective that bridges the nature-culture divide and focuses oncontinuity rather than preservation and includes human usage of heritage, possibilities forarchaeology to be used to inform environmental management and to counter NIMBY-ism

A lack of land use controls on sexually oriented businesses contributes to the unique configuration of Portland, Oregon's strip clubs: nearly fifty clubs are distributed throughout the city's neighborhoods. Considered a locally unwanted land use (LULU) by many, these strip clubs are regulated by a variety of formal and informal social processes in the absence of zoning. This qualitative study explores drivers and constraints shaping the spatial configuration of Portland's strip club industry as well as influences on land use conflict at strip club sites and working conditions for women who work as exotic dancers in the clubs. Data collection entailed review of documents (newspaper articles, legal and administrative decisions and records, and ballot measure pro/con statements); site observations; and in-person interviews with exotic dancers, strip club owners and managers, public employees who deal with strip clubs in their line of work, and people who live and work near strip clubs (n=43). Analysis follows Clarke's (2005) situational analysis methods. The study finds that strip clubs are not necessarily incompatible with residential locations and that such locations can confer benefits to dancers. The normalization of strip clubs in Portland decreases the place stigma associated with strip clubs but has a lesser impact on the person stigma of being an exotic dancer. With regard to land use conflict, the study finds that tolerance of sexual commerce is associated with urbanicity and that neighborhood socioeconomic status has a more complex relationship to community response than is suggested by the literature on land use conflict. Based on these findings, the dissertation argues that conflict resolution programs may be more effective than zoning at managing potential negative effects of sexually oriented businesses, and that improving working conditions for exotic dancers is a complex challenge. It proposes broader adoption of the sex work discourse, including the integration of labor issues in sex industry to advocacy efforts on behalf of other freelance and service sector workers.