The taxonomic status of the fungal genus <i>Endothia</i> was recently changed in a controversial monograph by Barr (Barr, M. E. 1978. The Diaporthales of North America. Mycol. Mem. 7. J. C. Cramer. 232 p.), who divided the genus into two separate genera, <i>Endothia</i> and <i>Cryphonectria</i>, based on differences in ascospore shape and septation, stromatic configuration and distribution of stromatic tissues. This group of fungi traditionally contains some important plant pathogens; its taxonomic position needs to be resolved. The morphological criteria used by Barr were reinvestigated. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and fungicide sensitivity assays were also used to examine biochemical relationships among the organisms and to establish additional means of distinguishing among the closely related taxa. The morphological features of 12 species of <i>Endothia</i> were examined. Those species with 2-celled, ovoid ascospores produced valsoid stromata, while organisms associated with nonseptate, allantoid ascospores formed diatrypoid stromata. Pseudoparenchymatous tissue was observed along the edge of the stroma, while prosenchyma was confined to the stromatic center. The major criteria used by Barr were confirmed. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis was used to separate the buffer-soluble proteins of 78 isolates, representing 13 species of <i>Endothia</i> and <i>Cryphonectria cubensis</i>. Intraspecific variation of banding patterns was less than interspecific differences; the species were separated by this technique. The banding patterns of <i>E. eugeniae</i> isolates closely resembled those of <i>C. cubensis</i>: these organisms may be conspecific. Hypovirulent isolates of <i>E. parasitica</i> could not be distinguished from wild isolates. The banding patterns of specific isozymes were species specific; the use of isozyme analysis has great potential for future taxonomic and genetic studies. The sensitivities of <i>E. parasitica</i> and <i>E. gyrosa</i> were determined for 23 different fungitoxicants. The two species were differentially sensitive to cycloheximide, with ED₅₀ values of 0.01-0.03μg/ml and 1.0-2.0 μg/ml for <i>E. gyros</i> and <i>E. parasitica</i> respectively. Differential sensitivities were not exhibited toward the remaining fungitoxicants; these fungi probably share many biochemical processes and response mechanisms. Barr’s classification system is technically correct and it seems to organize relationships within the entire order in a uniform manner. Its adoption is recommended with some hesitation since the influence of host on stromal development is not fully understood. / Ph. D.

Plus de 40 ans après la découverte de la technologie des hybridomes, une soixantaine d’anticorps monoclonaux thérapeutiques IgG ou assimilés sont aujourd’hui commercialisés. Leur succès découle de leur humanisation, en particulier celle de la portion Fc qui dérive de différents variants humains naturels, isotypes et allotypes. Depuis quelques années, apparaissent sur le marché de nombreux anticorps comportant des portions Fc artificiellement modifiées dans le but de moduler diverses propriétés pharmacologiques (propriétés cytolytiques, demi-vie, stabilité, etc.), dont certaines ont été particulièrement étudiées suite aux travaux de notre équipe. Les variants Fc sont protégés par des technologies brevetées dont on connaît mal l’étendue, qui ne font pas nécessairement l’objet de publications scientifiques, et dont la raison d’être reste méconnue des chercheurs et plus encore des professionnels de santé. Nous avons donc entrepris de réaliser une cartographie et une analyse fine des brevets traitant des modifications dans la portion Fc des IgG. Cette analyse a été menée de front avec une étude bibliographique détaillée, car les données scientifiques décrites dans les brevets sont toujours à considérer avec prudence, les demandes de brevets n’étant pas revues par des pairs. Nous avons eu l’occasion d’ailleurs d’épingler certaines dérives, comme celle de considérer qu’il pourrait y avoir plus de 4 sous-classes d’IgG dans l’espèce humaine (jusqu’à 19 dans certaines revendications…). / More than 40 years after the discovery of the hybridoma technology, around sixty therapeutic monoclonal antibodies based on IgG or assimilated are marketed today. Their success comes from their humanization, especially of the Fc portion derived from various natural human variants, isotypes and allotypes. For some years, many antibodies artificially modified in their Fc portions have emerged, in order to alter various pharmacological properties (cytolitic properties, half-life, stability, etc.), some of them having been particularly studied following the works of our team. Fc variants are covered by patented technologies of which little is known about the extent, which are not necessarily the subject of scientific publications, and whose purpose remains unknown for researchers and even more for health professionals. We therefore undertook to realize a landscape and a detailed analysis of patents dealing with modifications in the Fc portion of IgG. This analysis has been conducted in front with a detailed literature survey, since the scientific data described in patents must be treated with caution, as patent application are not peer reviewed. We actually point certain abuses, such as to consider that there might be more than four human IgG subclasses (up to 19 in some claims…).

Cette recherche a pour toile de fond le Québec. Face à sa situation historicosociodémographicopolitique, renforcée par l’hégémonie américaine, cette province du Canada se trouve linguistiquement fragilisée. Elle se révèle toutefois non dépourvue, grâce à la loi 101 promulguée en 1977 et à la Charte de la langue française qui l’a dictée. Or, nous nous interrogeons sur la situation terminolinguistique actuelle, suivant près de 38 années d’efforts consentis aux plans d’aménagements linguistique et terminologique par l’Office québécois de la langue française, l’institution qui a pour mission d’appliquer cette politique. Notre recherche a pour objectif principal de rendre compte des pratiques terminologiques du domaine de la génétique médicale au Québec, en parallèle avec celui de la France, mère patrie. Le vocabulaire spécialisé dont ce dernier est doté voit sa terminologie généralement créée aux États-Unis d’Amérique, comme la plupart des terminologies issues des domaines de pointe. D’une part, elle vérifie notre hypothèse de recherche voulant que les officialismes se trouveraient en position ex aequo avec les anglicismes, suivis des variantes. D’autre part, elle évalue si l’intégrité terminolinguistique de ce domaine est menacée. Une enquête est alors mise en place, puis des protocoles sont établis. Elle se fixe pour objectif secondaire de formuler des propositions aménagistes, tandis que la mise en application de certains outils que nous avons développés pour encourager l’utilisation d’une terminologie française sont proposés en tant que perspectives d’avenir. / The backdrop for this research is Quebec. Given its historical, social, demographic and political context, reinforced by American hegemony, this province of Canada is linguistically sensitive. It is not, however, without recourse, thanks to Bill 101, enacted in 1977 through to the Charter of the French Language. We explore the current terminolinguistic context, after nearly 38 years of linguistic and terminological development planning efforts by the Office québécois de la langue française, which is mandated to enforce the Charter. The main purpose of this study is to report on terminology practices in the field of medical genetics in Quebec, in contrast with that of France, the motherland. The specialized vocabulary terminology in this field generally originates in the United States of America, as is the case for most highly technical fields. On the one hand, the study tests the hypothesis that officialisms are on par with anglicisms, followed by variants. On the other, it assesses whether or not terminolinguistic integrity in this field is threatened. An investigation put in place and protocols are established. The secondary purpose of the study is to formulate proposals, whereas applications of certain tools that we developed are proposed to promote the use of French terminology.

Résumé L'objectif de ce mémoire, c'est la comparation d'indemnisaton du dommage corporel en cas de survie ou en cas de décès de la victime dans la législation et surtout dans la jurisprudence tchèque et française. Il s'agit surtout des aspects des postes particulières indemnisables et ses critéres. L'accent particulière est mis à la responsabilité civil subjective d'accidents médicaux. Les chapitres d'introduction s'agissent des questions de la protection de la santé comme une liberté fondamentale et droit naturel de chacun. Ainsi des questions de la résponsabilité, surtout civil et subjective. Vu la nouvelle codification d'indemnisation du dommage corporel en cas de survie ou en cas de décès de la victime, prévu dans le nouveau code civil tchéque nř 89/2012, le mémoire compare, avant tout, des critéres d'indemnisation du dommage corporel et ses aspects avec la réglementation précedente. Il s'agit surtout des postes extra-patrimoniaux car ces postes étaient fixé soit par le décret de Ministère de la santé, nř 440/2011, en vertu des régles postérieurs, soit dans l'article 444 alinéa 3 du code civil, nř 40/1964, en vertu des régles postérieurs. Vu que ces principes étaient le sujet trés critiqué, même dans l'exposé des motifs de la loi nř 89/2012, code civil, des principes ont été changés radicalement soit...

Em todas as disciplinas do currículo escolar são utilizados termos específicos nas aulas. No caso da disciplina de Língua Portuguesa, a terminologia gramatical é utilizada para referir-se à própria língua. Essa terminologia é tradicionalmente denominada Nomenclatura Gramatical Brasileira e conhecida como NGB. Esta pesquisa discute a terminologia gramatical da Língua Portuguesa utilizada na sala de aula do ensino fundamental II e tem como objetivo geral verificar como o aluno, ao chegar no 9.º ano, compreende essa terminologia. Com a finalidade de se chegar ao objetivo geral, por meio de pesquisa de campo, foi aplicado um questionário com termos gramaticais referentes às classes de palavras, a fim de verificar como os estudantes definiriam tais termos, pois são palavras que fazem parte do universo escolar dos alunos, estão inseridas no discurso didático e pedagógico da sala de aula e constam dos livros didáticos utilizados por eles ao longo dos anos escolares. O questionário apresentado trouxe os termos e um espaço em branco para os alunos colocarem o significado de cada um, da maneira como eles os entendem. O trabalho seguiu um percurso semasiológico, ou seja, partiu da designação já estabelecida para o conceito. As definições deles foram analisadas, de forma a averiguar se expressam adequadamente os conceitos observados. Para verificar o que se esperaria dos alunos, foram analisadas as definições presentes nas gramáticas, nos livros didáticos, bem como os conceitos etimológicos dos termos. Como esta pesquisa faz parte de um programa de Mestrado Profissional, ela tem a pretensão de oferecer propostas para o trabalho em sala de aula com essa terminologia, de modo a levar os contributos dos estudos lexicológicos e terminológicos à escola. Os resultados apontam que os alunos têm dificuldade para entender a terminologia gramatical usada nas aulas. Nesse sentido, a pesquisa demonstra a necessidade de se produzir materiais voltados ao ensino e intervenções didáticas que propiciem, de maneira mais eficaz, o entendimento e a apropriação pelos estudantes dos conceitos estudados e utilizados por eles. / In all subjects of the curriculum are used specific terms in class. In the case of discipline of Portuguese Language, grammatical terminology is used to refer to own language.This terminology is traditionally called Brazilian Grammatical Nomenclature, known as NGB. This research discusses the terminology of the Portuguese language used in the classroom of elementary school II and has the general objective to verify how the student to reach the 9th grade, understand this terminology. In order to reach the overall goal, through field research, a questionnaire was applied with grammatical terms referring to the words classes in order to verify how the students would define such terms, because these words are part of the school context and student context. They are inserted in the didactic and pedagogical discourse of the classroom and they are found in textbooks used by them over the years. The questionnaire presented brought the terms and a blank space for the students to put the meaning of each one, the way they understand them. The work followed a semasiological route, therefore from designation already established for the concept. The definitions of students were analyzed to see if express adequately the concepts analyzed. To verify what the would expected of students, additionally, it were analyzed the definitions presents in the grammar books, in textbooks, as well as the etymological concepts of terms. As this research is part of a Professional Master\'s program purports to offer proposals for work in the classroom with this terminology, to take contributions from lexicological and terminological studies to school. The results show that students have trouble understanding the grammatical terminology used in class. In this sense, the research demonstrates the need to produce materials geared to teaching and educational interventions that provide, more effectively, understanding and ownership by the students of the concepts studied and used by them.

Grado de magíster en informática médica / Actualmente los informes radiológicos se redactan en texto libre sin un campo específico que los categorice según diagnóstico. Por este motivo, la identificación de los diagnósticos clasificados como patología crítica debe hacerse de forma manual, acarreando consigo problemas como el submuestreo y gran tiempo invertido. Este trabajo propone como solución desarrollar una herramienta utilizando métodos de procesamiento de lenguaje natural para analizar los texto de forma masiva. En esta tesis se plantea como hipótesis que es posible identificar más del 80% de los diagnósticos existentes en SNOMED-CT (una terminología médica) presentes en las impresiones de los informes radiológicos, identificando la patología crítica con más de un 90% de sensibilidad mediante algoritmos de procesamiento de lenguaje natural (NLP). Para clasificar los informes se utilizó SNOMED-CT por su amplio manejo de conceptos médicos y sinónimos. La tarea se realizó con 3 algoritmos: 1) un motor de búsqueda para encontrar los términos de SNOMED-CT contenidos en los informes utilizando indexación reversa, 2) un detector de negación basado en expresiones regulares y 3) se combinó ambas herramientas para identificar patología crítica. Los algoritmos propuestos fueron evaluados en muestra representativa (n=219) de 1973 informes de Angiografía Pulmonar por Tomografía Computada, etiquetada por 2 médicos. Como resultados se obtuvo un valor kappa de acuerdo entre etiquetadores de 85.5%, IC95%[80.8-90.3%], p < 0.001. Por otra parte el motor de búsqueda presentó un rendimiento con medida F (F) de 0.94, sensibilidad (S) de 91.2% y valor predictivo positivo (VPP) de 98%. El detector de negación obtuvo una F de 0.99, S de 98.7% y VPP de 99.3%. Para medir el rendimiento en la detección de patología crítica se utilizó como referencia el diagnóstico de tromboembolismo pulmonar (TEP), obteniendo valores F de 0.94, S de 96.3% y VPP de 92.86% Como conclusión, el presente trabajo de tesis muestra que es posible construir una herramienta para identificar la patología crítica basada en NLP utilizando la regularidad de los patrones de expresión en el texto, lo que permitirá en futuros trabajos crear herramientas de soporte para la toma de decisiones. / Currently radiology reports are written in free text without a specific field to categorize according to diagnosis. Therefore, identification of diagnostics listed as critical result, group characterized by having a high risk of harm to the patient, must be done manually. As a solution is proposed the use of natural language processing tools to analyze big volume of texts. This thesis pose the hypothesis that it is possible to identify more than 80% of existing diagnostics from impressions of radiology reports on SNOMED-CT, a clinical terminology, identifying critical results with more than 90% sensitivity, using natural language processing (NLP) algorithms. To identify reports, SNOMED was used because of its wide management of medical terms and synonyms. Identification was built as a 3 steps algorithm: 1) A search engine was built to find terms of SNOMED contained in reports using reverse indexing, 2) a negation detector based on regular expressions, and 3) both tools were combined to identify critical results. The proposed algorithms were tested against a representative sample (n = 219) of 1973 Computed Tomography Pulmonary Angiography (CTPA) reports, which were tagged by 2 medical doctors. The obtained results were an inter-rater reliability kappa value of 85.5% for taggers, was obtained IC95% [80.8-90.3%]. Moreover, search engine had a performance of measure F (F) of 0.94, sensitivity (S) of 91.2% and positive predictive value (PPV) of 98%. The negation detector had a F of 0.99, S of 98.7% and VPP of 99.3%. The measurement of performance for critical results detection was made using pulmonary embolism as reference, obtaining values; F of 0.94, S of 96.3% and VPP of 92.86% In conclusion, this thesis shows that it is possible to build a tool to identify critical results using NLP by making use of the specific regularity of text expressions in the case of radiology reports, allowing in future researchs to create decision support tools. / 2021

Polyblastia A. Massal. is a genus of lichenized fungi belonging to Verrucariaceae (Ascomycota). Traditional classification heavily rested on a few cardinal characters, primarily ascoma structure and spore morphology, but the delimitation of Polyblastia was problematic. Using DNA sequences from nucLSU, and RPB1 the position of the ‘Polyblastia group’, as a strongly supported clade within Verrucariaceae, was confirmed. A three marker phylogeny (including nucITS) based on a wide taxon sampling reveals strongly supported clades within the ‘Polyblastia group’. Thus Polyblastia s.str. is recognized. The phylogeny of the strongly supported Thelidium clade is not completely resolved. In a different clade, Verrucaria rupestris, the type of Verrucaria, is a sister to the Henrica melaspora/H. theleodes clade. Trimmatothele perquisita, the type of Trimmatothele, forms a strongly supported group with a Verrucaria species. The genus Sporodictyon, until recently included in Polyblastia, is resurrected. Species delimitation in Sporodictyon is investigated, and the morphological variation within and between the monophyletic groups is evaluated in an effort to reconcile morphological and molecular data. A taxonomic revision of Sporodictyon, occurring in Northern Europe and the adjacent Arctic is provided, and two new species are described. A comprehensive material is investigated, a key to the species is provided. A generic revision of the family Verrucariaceae, based on recent molecular phylogenetic analyses and previous morphological studies, is offered. Three new genera (Hydropunctaria, Parabagliettoa and Wahlenbergiella) are proposed. Several other monophyletic groups are identified for which the taxon sampling is insufficient for proposing taxonomic changes. The nomenclature of the genera in the family is revised, including the study of type materials and several lectotypifications are suggested. The new genus Atla (Verrucariaceae) is described, and three new species to science, A. alpina, A. palicei and A. praetermissa, are included. An identification key to the species and a revision of the genus is supplied.

In many schools, drugs, vandalism, assaults, thefts, and violence against both students and teachers have destroyed the orderly atmosphere needed for teaching and learning. While juvenile criminal behavior, both in school and elsewhere, is caused by a large and complex set of sociological and psychological conditions, there is evidence that a better understanding of the problem of crime and violence in our schools and society can lead to a decline in students' apathy, cynicism, anger, and criminal delinquent behavior. Information presented in this dissertation may have the valuable effect of developing a basic nomenclature for lay persons and professionals, students and teachers, who share an interest in the perceived need to get crime and violence out of the schools. The appendices contain the nomenclature to which education professionals and concerned persons can refer for the practical and useful information they provide. / Graduation date: 1991

The genus Harrisia Britton (Cactaceae) comprises species of columnar cacti that are united by a unique seed morphology. The species range in form from prostrate shrubs to large trees and are native to South America and the Caribbean region. Harrisia is placed in an unresolved position within subtribe Trichocereinae of tribe Cereeae of subfamily Cactoideae. Relationships among the species within Harrisia are also poorly understood. In this study, several species of Harrisia were sequenced for as many as seven different regions of nuclear and plastid DNA. Species in the Caribbean were also examined with amplified fragment length polymorphisms. The morphology of Harrisia was characterized from herbarium specimens, live plants, and original descriptions. A biogeographic scenario was extrapolated from the molecular and morphological data. The flower morphology suggests a relationship between Harrisia and some species of Echinopsis s. l. However, DNA sequence analyses in this study do not clearly resolve generic relationships with Harrisia. Molecular and morphological data support recognition of two subgenera, four sections, and two series within Harrisia. It is proposed that Harrisia originated in the west-central Andes, ~3.5-6.5 Ma ago. Subgenus Eriocereus is composed of the species in the east Andes of Bolivia and the nearby species radiation in the Gran Chaco. Subgenus Harrisia originated by an early dispersal event into Brazil with subsequent dispersal into the Caribbean. In the last 500 Ka, Harrisia, colonized west Cuba and further diversified into other areas of the Caribbean. Harrisia is revised to contain 18 species.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Uppsala : Sveriges lantbruksuniv. / Härtill 5 uppsatser.