Retroactive inhibition (Ri) is the decrement in retention attributable to interpolated learning. The most common type of RI study is one in which a particular variable is manipulated in the acquisition phase of the experiment, and the loss of v/ords from an initially learned list is examined as a function of the manipulation. The literature on RI has been reviewed a number of times in the last several decades (i.e., Swen son, 1041; Slamecka and Ceraso, 19G0; and Keppel, 1963). Slamecka and Ceraso make use of the following classification for independent variables which have been investigated: 1) degree of acquisition; 2) similarity of materials; 3)cxtrinsic factors; and 4)temporal effects

Individual events within courtroom discourse, such as lawyer-witness interactions have been studied extensively, particularly within a framework of powerful vs. powerless language (Adelsward, 1987; Archer, 2006; Bogoch, 2000; Eades, 2010; Fuller, 1993; Gnisci & Bakeman, 2007; Hobbs, 2007; Keating, 2009; Penman, 1990; Philips, 1984; Roberts, 1990). However, this thesis will show that courtroom discourse is sufficiently unique to warrant a distinct framework. It will also explore the explanatory power of a Courtroom Discourse Verbal Performance framework influenced by Verbal Art as Performance (Bauman, 1977). In particular this work will create a framework (Courtroom Discourse Verbal Performance) that explains the sociolinguistic situation of the entire courtroom trial instead of simply one small part (i.e. questioning a witness, entering a plea, etc.). This framework allows for the inclusion of the whole courtroom discourse event into a single unifying idea of courtroom discourse as performance. The peculiar sociolinguistic interactions of various people within courtroom discourse are explained as restrictions on the interactions of roles within the performance. Courtroom discourse data gathered from the Provo Fourth District Court is presented and analyzed as supporting evidence.

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Le présent travail vise à démontrer l’importance de prendre en considération non seulement le verbal, mais également le visuel et la dynamique intersémiotique dans la traduction des albums pour enfants. Pour ce faire, nous nous sommes appuyé sur la théorie interprétative de la traduction, en particulier sur la notion d’effet. Nous avons dégagé les éléments de caractérisation de ce genre littéraire et établi une typologie de dynamique intersémiotique dans la perspective narratologique pour montrer que le visuel et son imbrication dans le verbal contribuent à la construction d’un iconotexte et à son fonctionnement. L’articulation intersémiotique qui constitue une stratégie fondamentale de l’écriture iconotextuelle, d’abord pour la formation d’un iconotexte et ensuite pour son interprétation, est actualisée par le lecteur-spectateur. En d’autres termes, elle représente le lieu de rencontre par excellence entre la visée de l’auteur et de l’illustrateur et la réaction du lecteur-spectateur. Cette dynamique intersémiotique prend donc toute son importance pour la traduction d’un iconotexte dont la visée consiste à provoquer un effet analogue à celui de l’original. / The purpose of this thesis is to study the importance of illustrations and their interaction with the verbal text when translating picturebooks. For that purpose, our study is based on the interpretative theory of translation, in particular, the notion of effect. We identified several key features of this literary genre and established a typology of intersemiotic relationship in order to understand the workings of picturebooks, and to show that the visual and its interaction with the verbal serve to create iconotexts. Verbal-visual interaction, which is a fundamental iconotextual strategy to produce and interpret a picturebook, is actualized by the reader-beholder. This means that the effect of intersemiotic relationship emerges from the confrontation between the intention of the author and the illustrator and the response of readerbeholder. The intersemiotic dynamics thus have significance in the translation of iconotexts, which has as its aim to produce a similar effect to that of the source text.

Estímulos antecedentes verbais emitidos por um falante podem levar um ouvinte a agir, a depender das características do estímulo e de um histórico de reforçamento. Ao compor o conteúdo da fala e organizá-lo, o falante pode torná-la mais eficaz no controle do comportamento do ouvinte, aumentando o controle. Um tipo especial de operante verbal, o autoclítico, refere-se aos arranjos especiais de estímulos antecedentes verbais que aumentam o controle sobre o comportamento do ouvinte. A presente pesquisa investigou o efeito de diferentes manipulações de autoclíticos em histórias contadas vocalmente sobre o comportamento não verbal de crianças com idades entre 6 e 7 anos. Foram realizados dois experimentos, tendo oito crianças participado do Experimento 1 e nove do Experimento 2. Um delineamento de tratamentos alternados foi empregado, com três condições experimentais em cada experimento. Cada Condição experimental correspondeu à uma versão de uma história com manipulação de autoclíticos. No Experimento 1, as histórias foram sobre uma situação de restrição física e, no Experimento 2, sobre uma situação de coceira. Os resultados mostram que as versões de história com manipulação de autoclíticos e as versões com as mesmas manipulações acrescidas de trechos de descontinuação da história foram mais eficazes em controlar o comportamento não verbal da maioria dos participantes do que as versões sem manipulações específicas de autoclíticos. Para vários participantes, no entanto, esse efeito ocorreu de forma transitória / Verbal antecedent stimuli emitted by a speaker can lead a listener to act, depending on the characteristics of the stimulus and on the history of reinforcement. When composing and organizing the speech content, the speaker can make it most effective on the listener\'s behavior control, increasing the control. A special type of verbal operant, the autoclitic refers to special arrangements of antecedent verbal stimuli which increases the control over the behavior of the listener. This research investigated the effect of different manipulations of autoclitics in stories vocally told on nonverbal behavior of children aged 6 to 7 years. Two experiments were conducted. Eight children participated in Experiment 1 and nine in Experiment 2. An alternated treatment design was used with three experimental conditions in each experiment. Each experimental condition corresponded to a version of a story with autoclitics manipulation. In Experiment 1, the stories were about a physical restriction situation and in Experiment 2 the stories were about an itching situation. The results show that the versions of stories with manipulation of autoclitics and the versions with the same manipulations plus parts of discontinuation of the story were more effective in controlling the nonverbal behavior of most participants than the versions without specific manipulations of autoclitics. For many participants, however, this effect occurred transiently

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico / O trabalho ora apresentado versa sobre o aspecto verbal nas formas perifrÃsticas encontradas no portuguÃs oral culto de Fortaleza. Inicialmente fazemos uma exposiÃÃo sobre o que alguns autores entendem por perÃfrase, de modo a formar uma opiniÃo a respeito das formas perifrÃsticas que controlamos em nosso trabalho. Em seguida, focalizamos o aspecto, em geral, a fim de examinarmos o corpus, extraÃdo do PORCUFORT. ApÃs estudarmos diversas teorias sobre o aspecto, escolhemos a teoria de Coseriu, baseada no estruturalismo funcional, porque ela parte de dois pontos bÃsicos: a) diferencia Aktionsart de aspecto; b) distingue aspecto de modo. Aplicando a doutrina de Coseriu ao corpus, constatamos a confirmaÃÃo de algumas de nossas hipÃteses, como: a) a riqueza de aspectualidade nas formaÃÃes perifrÃsticas com gerÃndio, com os verbos auxiliares andar, viver, ficar, ir, vir estar, sendo este Ãltimo de particular destaque; b) o uso, quase exclusivo, do verbo ter em lugar de haver na formaÃÃo dos tempos compostos; c) a produtividade de ter (imp.) + particÃpio, em substituiÃÃo a tivera, forma simples do pretÃrito mais que perfeito do indicativo; d) a ausÃncia de algumas formas, como terei feito, tivera feito, fora fazer. Alguns fatos nos surpreenderam: a) o baixo Ãndice de utilizaÃÃo na formaÃÃo de tempos compostos com ter em relaÃÃo ao que esperÃvamos, mesmo porque esse verbo substitui, quase que completamente, o verbo haver, nessa posiÃÃo; b) o baixo Ãndice de entrelaÃamento entre as dimensÃes temporais e as aspectuais. / This dissertation is a result of a research on the verbal aspect of periphrastical forms of the spoken oral portuguese of Fortaleza. First I examine bibliographical references about these forms so as to take a decision on which parameters I have to adopt to define them. Then I focus aspect in a general way in order to examine the corpus, from PORCUFORT. After studying diverse theories about aspect, I chose Coseriuâs theory based upon structural functionalism, because it starts from two basic points: a) it makes difference between Aktionsart and aspect; b) it distinguishes aspect from mood. Applying Coseriuâs theory to the corpus, I came to these conclusions that confirm some of my hypotheses: a) the use of main verb in gerund with the auxiliary verb andar, viver, ficar, ir and estar is expressive to engender aspect; b) estar is particularly remarkable among these verbs; c) the number of main verbs in participle with the auxiliary verb ter is noticiable and the use of this verb surpassed haver; c) the use of ter (imp) + participle is employed instead of the simple form tivera; d) some forms, such as terei feito, tivera feito, fora fazer are absent. Some facts surprised me a) in spite of its significant use, if compared to haver, the use of ter did not correspond to my expectations; b) the number of exemples in which tense and aspect are linked is insignificant.

Estímulos antecedentes verbais emitidos por um falante podem levar um ouvinte a agir, a depender das características do estímulo e de um histórico de reforçamento. Ao compor o conteúdo da fala e organizá-lo, o falante pode torná-la mais eficaz no controle do comportamento do ouvinte, aumentando o controle. Um tipo especial de operante verbal, o autoclítico, refere-se aos arranjos especiais de estímulos antecedentes verbais que aumentam o controle sobre o comportamento do ouvinte. A presente pesquisa investigou o efeito de diferentes manipulações de autoclíticos em histórias contadas vocalmente sobre o comportamento não verbal de crianças com idades entre 6 e 7 anos. Foram realizados dois experimentos, tendo oito crianças participado do Experimento 1 e nove do Experimento 2. Um delineamento de tratamentos alternados foi empregado, com três condições experimentais em cada experimento. Cada Condição experimental correspondeu à uma versão de uma história com manipulação de autoclíticos. No Experimento 1, as histórias foram sobre uma situação de restrição física e, no Experimento 2, sobre uma situação de coceira. Os resultados mostram que as versões de história com manipulação de autoclíticos e as versões com as mesmas manipulações acrescidas de trechos de descontinuação da história foram mais eficazes em controlar o comportamento não verbal da maioria dos participantes do que as versões sem manipulações específicas de autoclíticos. Para vários participantes, no entanto, esse efeito ocorreu de forma transitória / Verbal antecedent stimuli emitted by a speaker can lead a listener to act, depending on the characteristics of the stimulus and on the history of reinforcement. When composing and organizing the speech content, the speaker can make it most effective on the listener\'s behavior control, increasing the control. A special type of verbal operant, the autoclitic refers to special arrangements of antecedent verbal stimuli which increases the control over the behavior of the listener. This research investigated the effect of different manipulations of autoclitics in stories vocally told on nonverbal behavior of children aged 6 to 7 years. Two experiments were conducted. Eight children participated in Experiment 1 and nine in Experiment 2. An alternated treatment design was used with three experimental conditions in each experiment. Each experimental condition corresponded to a version of a story with autoclitics manipulation. In Experiment 1, the stories were about a physical restriction situation and in Experiment 2 the stories were about an itching situation. The results show that the versions of stories with manipulation of autoclitics and the versions with the same manipulations plus parts of discontinuation of the story were more effective in controlling the nonverbal behavior of most participants than the versions without specific manipulations of autoclitics. For many participants, however, this effect occurred transiently