Yes / We introduce a continuous time model for stock prices in a general factor representation with the noise driven by a geometric Brownian motion process. We derive the theoretical hitting probability distribution for the long-until-barrier strategies and the conditions for statistical arbitrage. We optimize our statistical arbitrage strategies with respect to the expected discounted returns and the Sharpe ratio. Bootstrapping results show that the theoretical hitting probability distribution is a realistic representation of the empirical hitting probabilities. We test the empirical performance of the long-until-barrier strategies using US equities and demonstrate that our trading rules can generate statistical arbitrage profits.

Emerging technologies, including distributed energy resources (DERs), internet-of-things and advanced distribution management systems, are revolutionizing the power industry. They provide benefits like higher operation flexibility and lower bulk grid dependency, and are moving the modern power grid towards a decentralized, interconnected and intelligent direction. Consequently, the emphasis of the system operation management has been shifted from the supply-side to the demand-side. It calls for a reconsideration of the business model for future retail market operators. To address this need, this dissertation proposes an innovative retail market solution tailored to market environments penetrated with price-responsive DERs. The work is presented from aspects of theoretical study, test-bed platform development, and experimental analysis, within which two topics relevant to the retail market operation are investigated in depth. The first topic covers the modeling of key retail market participants. With regard to price-insensitive participants, fixed loads are treated as the representative. Deep learning-based day-ahead load forecasting models are developed in this study, utilizing both recurrent and convolutional neural networks, to predict the part of demands that keep fixed regardless of the market price. With regard to price-sensitive participants, battery storages are selected as the representative. An optimization-based battery arbitrage model is developed in this study to represent their price-responsive behaviors in response to a dynamic price. The second topic further investigates how the retail market model and pricing strategy should be designed to incentivize these market participants. Different from existing works, this study innovatively proposes a profit-neutral double-price-signal retail market model. Such a design differentiates elastic prosumers, who actively offer flexibilities to the system operation, from normal inelastic consumers/generators, based on their sensitivities to the market price. Two price signals, namely retail grid service price and retail energy price, are then introduced to separately quantify values of the flexibility, provided by elastic participants, and the electricity commodity, sold/bought to/from inelastic participants. Within the proposed retail market, a non-profit retail market operator (RMO) manages and settles the market through determining the price signals and supplementary subsidy to minimize the overall system cost. In response to the announced retail grid service price, elastic prosumers adjust their day-ahead operating schedules to maximize their payoffs. Given the interdependency between decisions made by the RMO and elastic participants, a retail pricing scheme, formulated based on a bi-level optimization framework, is proposed. Additional efforts are made on merging and linearizing the original non-convex bi-level problem into a single-level mixed-integer linear programming problem to ensure the computational efficiency of the retail pricing tool. Case studies are conducted on a modified IEEE 34-bus test-bed system, simulating both physical operations of the power grid and financial interactions inside the retail market. Experimental results demonstrate promising properties of the proposed retail market solution: First of all, it is able to provide cost-saving benefits to inelastic customers and create revenues for elastic customers at the same time, justifying the rationalities of these participants to join the market. Second of all, the addition of the grid service subsidy not only strengthens the profitability of the elastic customer, but also ensures that the benefit enjoyed per customer will not be compromised by the competition brought up by a growing number of participants. Furthermore, it is able to properly capture impacts from line losses and voltage constraints on the system efficiency and stability, so as to derive practical pricing solutions that respect the system operating rules. Last but not least, it encourages the technology improvement of elastic assets as elastic assets in better conditions are more profitable and could better save the electricity bills for inelastic customers. Above all, the superiority of the proposed retail market solution is proven. It can serve as a promising start for the retail electricity market reconstruction. / Doctor of Philosophy / The electricity market plays a critical role in ensuring the economic and secure operation of the power system. The progress made by distributed energy resources (DERs) has reshaped the modern power industry bringing a larger proportion of price-responsive behaviors to the demand-side. It challenges the traditional wholesale-only electricity market and calls for an addition of retail markets to better utilize distributed and elastic assets. Therefore, this dissertation targets at offering a reliable and computational affordable retail market solution to bridge this knowledge gap. Different from existing works, this study assumes that the retail market is managed by a profit-neutral retail market operator (RMO), who oversees and facilitates the system operation for maximizing the system efficiency rather than making profits. Market participants are categorized into two groups: inelastic participants and elastic participants, based on their sensitivity to the market price. The motivation behind this design is that instead of treating elastic participants as normal customers, it is more reasonable to treat them as grid service providers who offer operational flexibilities that benefit the system efficiency. Correspondingly, a double-signal pricing scheme is proposed, such that the flexibility, provided by elastic participants, and the electricity commodity, generated/consumed by inelastic participants, are separately valued by two distinct prices, namely retail grid service price and retail energy price. A grid service subsidy is also introduced in the pricing system to provide supplementary incentives to elastic customers. These two price signals in addition to the subsidy are determined by the RMO via solving a bi-level optimization problem given the interdependency between the prices and reaction of elastic participants. Experimental results indicate that the proposed retail market model and pricing scheme are beneficial for both types of market participants, practical for the network-constrained real-world implementation, and supportive for the technology improvement of elastic assets.

No / Based on a reduced-form model of credit risk, we explore statistical arbitrage opportunities in the CDS spreads of North American companies. Specifically, we develop a trading strategy using the model to trade market-neutral portfolios while controlling for realistic transaction costs. Empirical results show that our arbitrage strategy is of significant economic value, and also cast doubt on the efficiency of the CDS market. The aggregate returns of the trading strategy are positively related to the square of market-wide credit and liquidity risks, indicating that the market is less efficient when it is more volatile.

Yes / Based on a reduced-form model of credit risk, we explore mispricing in the CDS spreads of North American companies and its economic content. Specifically, we develop a trading strategy using the model to trade out of sample market-neutral portfolios across the term structure of CDS contracts. Our empirical results show that the trading strategy exhibits abnormally large returns, confirming the existence and persistence of a mispricing. The aggregate returns of the trading strategy are positively related to the square of market-wide credit and liquidity risks, indicating that the mispricing is more pronounced when the market is more volatile. When implemented on the Markit data, the strategy shows significant economic value even after controlling for realistic transaction costs.

Thèse en cotutelle : Université Laval, Québec, Canada et Libera Università Internazionale degli Studi Sociali Guido Carli, Rome, Italie / La crise de légitimité du système de règlement des différends investisseurs-États (RDIE) fait rage depuis plus d'une décennie. Le statut de l'arbitre est inscrit au cœur de cette crise. L'éthique en arbitrage international, tout comme le manque d'uniformité entre les sentences arbitrales, sont identifiés comme les causes principales d'inquiétude et de critique du RDIE par les investisseurs, les états et la société civile.¹ Les critiques relatives à l'indépendance et l'impartialité sont formulées eu égard au respect de la règle de droit dans le RDIE.² En 2014, pour répondre à ce mécontentement croissant, l'Union européenne (UE) a adopté une réforme fondamentale en remplaçant le RDIE dans ses accords par un tribunal permanent des investissements (TPI), dans le sillage de leurs négociations d'un accord de libre-échange avec les États-Unis. Bien que les négociations de cet accord aient été suspendues indéfiniment peu après, la réforme a néanmoins été mise en œuvre par l'UE dans le cadre de sa nouvelle politique d'investissement. À ce jour, cette réforme a été mise en œuvre dans les accords de l'UE avec Singapour, le Canada, le Viet Nam et le Mexique. Certains ont salué l'approche de l'UE comme une réforme fondamentale du RDIE, alors que d'autres la qualifient plutôt comme une judiciarisation partielle du RDIE. Dans cette thèse, nous examinons si la réforme adoptée par l'UE permet de renforcer la règle de droit en ce qui concerne l'indépendance et l'impartialité des arbitres. Cette analyse est complétée par le biais d'une évaluation comparative entre les deux ordres juridiques autonomes que sont l'ordre juridique européen et l'ordre arbitral international. La valeur de la règle de droit est utilisée pour établir dans quelle mesure les réformes suggérées du RDIE, qu'il s'agisse du TPI, de la Cour multilatérale d'investissement (CMI) ou des autres propositions débattues, contribuent effectivement à renforcer la règle de droit. Nous semblons, ces jours-ci, assister à la désintégration de l'ordre économique international.³ Le commerce international à l'heure des politiques protectionnistes des États-Unis, l'ascension continue de la Chine et les défis liés à la sortie du Royaume-Uni de l'UE ne sont que des rappels de ces temps changeants. L'Union européenne, après avoir décrété que "le RDIE est mort"⁴, tente maintenant d'assumer un rôle de leader et de réformateur du commerce et de l'investissement international avec l'introduction du TPI. Les négociations en cours au sein du Groupe de travail III de la CNUDCI pour la réforme du RDIE, y compris l'établissement de la CMI, sont une autre illustration de l'impact et de l'influence croissants de l'UE sur le contenu et la conception des accords commerciaux internationaux. L'objectif de cette thèse est donc de déterminer si les réformes de la politique d'investissement de l'UE ont un effet unificateur aux niveaux supranational, régional et international ou contribuent plutôt à sa fragmentation en mettant en lumière les défis et les échecs des réformes proposées sur l'indépendance et l'impartialité des arbitres. ¹⁾ Chiara Giorgetti et al, "Independence and Impartiality of Adjudicators in Investment Dispute Settlement: Assessing Challenges and Reform Options" (2020) 21 Journal of World Investment & Trade at 441 [Giorgetti et al]. ²⁾ Ibid. ³⁾ "Managing International Economic (Dis)Integration: Challenges and Opportunities", conference organisée par l'American Society of International Law International Economic Law Interest Group, le Conseil canadien de droit international, le Centre for International Governance Innovation, et la Faculté de droit de l'Université McGill "Joint North American Conference on International Economic Law incorporating the 2018 ASIL IEcLIG Biennial" (Conference held at the Faculty of Law, McGill University, 21-22 September 2018). ⁴⁾ "... the Juncker Commission has fundamentally reformed the existing system for settling investment-related disputes. A new system - called the Investment Court System, with judges appointed by the two parties to the FTA and public oversight - is the EU's agreed approach that it is pursuing from now on in its trade agreements... Anything less ambitious, including coming back to the old Investor-to-State Dispute Settlement, is not acceptable. For the EU ISDS is dead.". (Emphasis added). European Commission, "EU-Japan Free Trade Agreement", Factsheet, July 2018, p 6, online: European Commission <http://trade.ec.europa.eu/doclib/docs/2017/july/tradoc_155684.pdf>. / The legitimacy crisis of the investor state dispute settlement regime has been gaining ground for well-over a decade. At the heart of this crisis stands the status of the arbitrator. Ethics in international arbitration have been identified, together with lack of consistency between awards, as the foremost cause of concern by investors, states and civil society.⁵ These critics regarding independence and impartiality of the arbitrators pose issues to the respect of the rule of law in investor-State dispute settlement (ISDS).⁶ In 2014, to address this growing discontent, the European Union enacted a fundamental reform by replacing ISDS in its agreements by the new Investment Court System (ICS), in the wake of their negotiations for the largest ever free trade agreement with the United States. While this agreement was paused indefinitely shortly after, the reform was nevertheless implemented by the EU as part of its new policy on investment. To date, this reform has been implemented in the EU Agreements with Singapore, Canada, Viet Nam and Mexico. Some have hailed the EU's approach as a fundamental reform of ISDS, and others have simply considered it a partial judicialization of ISDS. In this dissertation, we examine whether the reform enacted by the EU provides for a more robust rule of law with respect to the arbitrators' independence and impartiality.⁷ This analysis is completed through a comparative assessment between the two autonomous legal orders that are the EU legal order and the International arbitral order. The value of the rule of law is used to establish the extent to which the suggested ISDS reforms, whether the ICS, the Multilateral Investment Court ("MIC") or the other debated proposals contribute to strengthen the rule of law. We seem, these days, to be witnessing the disintegration of the international economic order⁸ . International trade in the time of America First policies, the continuous rise of China, and the challenges related to the exit of the United Kingdom from the EU are mere reminders of these changing times. The European Union, after decreeing that "ISDS is dead"⁹, is now attempting to take on the role of leader and reformer of international trade and investment with the introduction of the ICS. The ongoing negotiations at UNCITRAL Working Group III for ISDS reform, including the establishment of the MIC, is another illustration of the EU's growing impact and influence on the content and design of international trade agreements. The objective of this thesis is therefore to determine whether the EU investment policy reforms have a unifying effect at the supranational, regional and international levels or rather further contribute to its fragmentation by bringing to light the challenges and failings of the proposed reforms on the independence and impartiality of arbitrators. ⁵⁾ Chiara Giorgetti et al, "Independence and Impartiality of Adjudicators in Investment Dispute Settlement: Assessing Challenges and Reform Options" (2020) 21 Journal of World Investment & Trade at 441 [Giorgetti et al]. ⁶⁾ Ibid. ⁷⁾ Güneş Ünüvar & Tim Kreft, "Impossible Ethics? A Critical Analysis of the Rules on Qualifications and Conduct of Adjudicators in the New EU Investment Treaties" in Güneş Ünüvar, Joanna Lam & Shai Dothan, eds, Permanent Investment Courts: The European Experiment, European Yearbook of International Economic Law (Cham: Springer International, 2020) [Ünüvar & Kreft, "Impossible Ethics?"] ⁸⁾ "Managing International Economic (Dis)Integration: Challenges and Opportunities" is the title of the American Society of International Law International Economic Law Interest Group, the Canadian Council on International Law, and the Centre for International Governance Innovation, together with McGill University's Faculty of Law's "Joint North American Conference on International Economic Law incorporating the 2018 ASIL IEcLIG Biennial" (Conference held at the Faculty of Law, McGill University, 21-22 September 2018). ⁹⁾ "... the Juncker Commission has fundamentally reformed the existing system for settling investment-related disputes. A new system - called the Investment Court System, with judges appointed by the two parties to the FTA and public oversight - is the EU's agreed approach that it is pursuing from now on in its trade agreements... Anything less ambitious, including coming back to the old Investor-to-State Dispute Settlement, is not acceptable. For the EU ISDS is dead.". (Emphasis added). European Commission, "EU-Japan Free Trade Agreement", Factsheet, July 2018, p 6, online: European Commission <http://trade.ec.europa.eu/doclib/docs/2017/july/tradoc_155684.pdf>.

Protocole d'entente entre l'Université Laval et l'Université de Sherbrooke / La thèse analyse en théorie du droit l’évolution de la procédure civile sous l’angle des enjeux de l’accès à la justice. Elle formule l’hypothèse d’un modèle de régulation sociale qui opère un renversement de la perspective moniste positiviste classique par l’intégration des modes extrajudiciaires de PRD. La thèse répond à la question de recherche suivante : Quels fondements théoriques à l’évolution de la procédure civile pour l’amélioration de l’accès à la justice ? D’un point de vue méthodologique, la thèse opte pour une démarche théorique et documentaire. Elle emprunte aux principales Écoles de théories du droit, en particulier à l’École sociologique. Le cadre théorique s’appuie alors sur les théories du pluralisme juridique, des systèmes et du réseau. Ces théories irriguent la thèse tout entière et servent de grille analytique aux deux parties principales de celle-ci. Dans la première partie, la thèse délimite et précise le concept d’accès à la justice. En trois chapitres, cette première partie s’attèle méthodiquement à déconstruire les acceptions dominantes institutionnelles et restrictives du concept. Elle aboutit à l’élaboration d’une définition innovante à valeur théorique et pratique de l’accès à la justice. Dans la seconde partie, l’analyse porte sur l’évolution des paradigmes de la procédure civile. En trois chapitres, elle pose une critique du système dominant de règlement des conflits en général et de la procédure civile en particulier qui reposent sur le droit selon les principes de hiérarchie des normes. La thèse déconstruit cette vision, puis propose une théorie générale supportant la légitimité des modes extrajudiciaires de PRD. Finalement, la recherche suggère une évolution de la procédure civile et soumet à cet effet un modèle de système de justice alternatif intégrant les modes extrajudiciaires de PRD. Le modèle de régulation proposé est non antinomique et complémentaire au modèle dominant. Le modèle de régulation sociale construit dans la thèse s’articule autour de trois paradigmes fondamentaux à savoir la décentralisation, la multipolarité et la complémentarité. La thèse constitue un compendium d’analyses et soumet un cadre de référence des paradigmes de base d’un système de justice renouvelé pour l’amélioration de l’accès à la justice. / The thesis analyzes the evolution of civil procedure in terms of access to justice issues in theory of law. It makes the assumption of a model of social regulation which operates a reversal of the classic positivist monistic perspective by the integration of the extrajudicial modes of PRD. The thesis responds to the following research question: what theoretical foundations to the evolution of civil procedure for the improvement of access to justice? From a methodological point of view, the thesis opts for a theoretical and documentary approach. It borrows from the main schools of theories of law, in particular the sociological school. The theoretical framework is then based on theories of legal pluralism, the systems and the network. These theories irrigate the whole thesis and serve as the two main parts of the analytic grid. In the first part, the thesis focuses on the accuracy of the concept of access to justice. In three chapters, this first part is working methodically to deconstruct the dominant meanings institutional and narrowing of the concept. It leads to the development of an innovative theoretical definition and practical access to justice. In the second part, the analysis focuses on the evolution of the paradigms of the civil procedure. In three chapters, it poses a critique of System dominant rules of conflict in general and civil procedure in particular which are based on the law according to the principles of hierarchy of norms. The thesis deconstructed this vision, and then proposes a general theory supporting the legitimacy of the extrajudicial modes of PRD. Finally, the research suggests an evolution of civil procedure and submits to this effect an alternative justice system model not oxymoronic, but complementary to the dominant model integrating extrajudicial modes of PRD. The social regulation model built and submit in the thesis revolves around three paradigms fundamental namely decentralisation, multipolarity and complementarity. The thesis is a compendium of analyses and submits a frame of reference of the paradigms of a justice system for the improvement of access to justice.

Depuis le milieu du XXe siècle, l'arbitrage commercial international a connu un développement phénoménal et acquis une importance significative dans le monde des transactions commerciales internationales. Il est effectivement devenu la juridiction mondiale la plus acceptable, la plus fiable et la plus usuelle pour résoudre les différends relatifs au commerce et aux investissements internationaux. Toutefois, il a rencontré des difficultés en ce qui concerne les mesures provisoires et conservatoires ce qui explique la tendance des parties à éviter d’y avoir recours devant les arbitres, au profit des juridictions étatiques pour obtenir les mesures d’urgence dont ils avaient immédiatement besoin. L’inexistence d’un régime procédural capable de bien régir cette matière était la raison principale qui a réduit l’efficacité de l’arbitrage. Pourtant, ce fait a changé grâce aux modifications majeures qui ont été apportées à la Loi type de la CNUDCI en 2006. Cette loi a établi un régime arbitral spécifique aux mesures provisoires et conservatoires. À un stade ultérieur, les règlements modifiés récemment par les centres d’arbitrage qui agissent sur la scène internationale ont beaucoup développé ce régime en le mettant en pratique. Maintenant, en présence d’un régime arbitral particulier régissant les mesures provisoires et conservatoires, il est opportun d’en évaluer en profondeur l’efficacité par rapport à celle du régime étatique classique régissant la même matière. Voilà l’objectif de cette thèse de doctorat qui présente nombre des propositions doctrinales et normatives dans le but d’améliorer autant que possible ce régime arbitral récent. / Since the mid-twentieth century, the International Commercial Arbitration has achieved massive development and has gained significant importance in the world of international business transactions. It has effectively become the most acceptable, reliable and widely preferred jurisdiction for the settlement of international investment and trade disputes. However, for a long time, the failure of arbitration to properly deal with interim measures lead adversaries to avoid resorting to arbitral tribunals preferring the state courts when emergency measures were required. The main reason for this inadequacy was the lack of a comprehensive arbitral regime for governing the interim measures procedure, which in turn lead to a reduction in the effectiveness of international arbitration. This issue was recently addressed thanks to the major amendments to the UNCITRAL Model Law in 2006. This Model Law established a specialized regime to govern the arbitral proceedings for interim measures. More recently, a number of prominent international arbitration centers modified their rules to comprehensively deal with the issue of interim measures and to put it into practice. The introduction of this specialized arbitral regime calls for more effort to evaluate and compare its effectiveness to the juridical state system in dealing with the issue of interim measures. Therefore, the main objective of this doctoral thesis is to provide a thorough and analytical comparison of the two systems and to present a number of doctrinal and legislative proposals aimed at improving the recently introduced arbitral regime.

Le mécanisme de règlement des différends de l’Organisation mondiale du commerce est le forum le plus à même de régler un différend commercial opposant deux États membres de l’OMC. Toutefois, il est possible de constater que ce ne sont pas tous les différends commerciaux saisis par l’OMC qui se terminent à la même étape, certains se réglant avant même l’établissement d’un groupe spécial tandis que d’autres peuvent nécessiter un jugement de l’organe d’appel, ou même davantage. Le temps nécessaire au règlement des différends varie également d’un litige à l’autre. Ce mémoire de maîtrise tente donc de démontrer, en se servant de la théorie des perspectives développée par Kahneman et Tversky, que la perception d’un État plaignant, par rapport à la mise en place ou au retrait d’une mesure appliquée par un autre État, peut influencer l’étape à laquelle ce différend se terminera ou bien sur la durée qui lui sera nécessaire avant de se voir réglé. À l’aide de deux modèles économétriques distincts, nous démontrons que cette perception de l’État plaignant n’aura pas d’influence sur l’étape, mais qu’elle aura toutefois un impact sur la durée nécessaire au règlement d’un différend l’impliquant. Un État plaignant se percevant perdant par rapport à la mise en place d’une mesure d’un autre État aurait en effet tendance à faire diminuer le temps nécessaire au règlement, désirant ainsi voir la mesure retirée le plus rapidement possible. Un autre constat dégagé de ces modèles réside dans le fait que les différends concernant deux États développés auront tendance à prendre davantage de temps avant d’être réglés. / The World Trade Organization's dispute settlement mechanism is the best forum for resolving a trade dispute between two WTO members. However, it is possible to note that not all trade disputes seized by the WTO end at the same stage, some settling before the establishment of a panel while others can require a judgment of the Appellate Body, or even more. The time required to resolve disputes also varies from litigation to litigation. This master’s degree thesis tries to demonstrate, using the prospect theory developed by Kahneman and Tversky, that the perception of a complainant state, in relation to the establishment or withdrawal of a measure applied by another State, may influence the stage at which the dispute is resolved or the length of time that is required for its resolution. Using two distinct econometric models, we found out that the complainant State’s perception does not influence the stage at which it will be resolved, but it has an impact on the length required to resolve a dispute involving it. A complainant State perceiving itself to be losing in relation to the introduction of a measure of another State tends, in fact, to reduce the time required for settlement, wanting to see the measure withdrawn as soon as possible. Another finding emerging from these models is that disputes concerning two developed countries will tend to take more time to be settled.

På en effektiv marknad ska förändringen i aktiepriset under ex-dagen vara sådan att en investerare är indifferent till att genomföra en transaktion inklusive eller exklusive utdelning. Trots det pekar flertalet empiriska studier på att så inte är fallet. I denna studie använder vi prisfallskvoten enligt Elton och Gruber (1970) för att undersöka kursbildning kring ex-dagen på Stockholmsbörsen åren 2013-16 samt om det finns skillnader i priskorrigering mellan olika grupper av aktier. Vi finner att aktierna på Stockholmsbörsen i genomsnitt föll med 76 % av utdelningsbeloppet och således har det funnits en ex-dagseffekt. Vidare visar studien att ex-dagseffekten är större i bolag med låga utdelningsbelopp och låg direktavkastning. Resultaten i studien visar även en signifikant positiv avvikelseavkastning under ex-dagen men avkastningen anses vara för liten för att motivera systematisk handel.

Le contexte culturel particulier à la Chine influe sur le choix du mode de résolution des différends commerciaux comportant un lien d'extranéité. Plusieurs mécanismes de préventions des litiges sont utilisés en Chine. La conciliation et médiation sont issues d'une tradition plus que millénaire en Chine, elles occupent donc un rôle important dans la résolution des différends commerciaux. La conciliation est ainsi presque toujours mise en branle antérieurement à un règlement des différends comportant des solutions contraignantes pour les parties soit un jugement ou une sentence arbitrale. L'analyse de la structure juridique chinoise nous permet de soulever les lacunes relatives à l'utilisation de ce véhicule dans la résolution d'un litige. Effectivement, l'indépendance judiciaire est défaillante ce qui a pour conséquences de préférer l'arbitrage aux tribunaux judiciaires. Malgré cette défaillance, certains investisseurs étrangers pourraient y recourir ce qui nécessite alors une connaissance minimale de ce système juridique. Le règlement des différends, en Chine, relatif à un élément d'extranéité s'effectue principalement par voie arbitrale. De ce fait, deux catégories d'arbitrage doivent alors être présentées ce qui permet d'écarter en Chine l'arbitrage ad hoc qui n'est pas expressément interdit, ni permis. Cette situation a permis à l'arbitrage institutionnel de se développer de façon considérable particulièrement par le biais de la CIETAC qui constitue ainsi l'institution de choix. Mais parallèlement à elle, il ne faut pas négliger les institutions arbitrales étrangères ayant sis sur le territoire chinois qui, de plus en plus, attirent les investisseurs étrangers, et leurs partenaires. / China's particular cultural background influences the mode of resolution that is chosen to resolve foreign-related commercial conflicts. A lot of prevention mechanisms are used in China. Conciliation and mediation come from a millenary tradition and thus have a very important place in resolving commercial conflicts. Conciliation is almost always used before any other kind of conflict resolution solution, such as legal action, is taken into consideration by both parties. By analyzing Chinese judicial structure it is possible to find some omissions in this mode of resolution. Indeed, the judicial independence is in such default that both parties will almost always prefer arbitration rather than a judgment by the court. This being said, some foreign investors can chose to go through with the judicial process but then a basic knowledge of the local judicial system becomes necessary. Therefore foreign-related conflict resolution in China is usually done by arbitration. There are two categories of arbitration that must be known. One of them is the ad hoc arbitration who is not expressly permitted or prohibited in China. This situation has been a benefit to the development of the institutional arbitration which has been developed a lot by the most important arbitration institution that is the CIETAC in China. In other hand, we cannot forget the foreign arbitration institutions in China that attract more and more foreign investors and their Chinese partners.