Systemische Inflammation (SIRS) und Sepsis sind bekannte postoperative Komplikationen nach kardiochirurgischen Eingriffen. Bei 77,1 % der untersuchten 3653 kardiochirurgischen Patienten bestanden am ersten postoperativen Tag definierte Symptome eines SIRS. Nur 20 % dieser Patienten entwickelten ein prolongiertes SIRS über mindestens die ersten 72 Stunden postoperativ und 4,4 % eine Sepsis im weiteren primären intensivmedizinischen Verlauf. Aus der Patientengruppe mit prolongiertem SIRS entwickelten immerhin 21,8 % eine Sepsis. Die 564 Patienten mit prolongiertem SIRS waren durch eine signifikant (p< 0,001) verlängerte Beatmungs- und Behandlungsdauer auf der Intensivstation (ICU), eine erhöhte Krankenhausliegedauer sowie eine um den Faktor 10 signifikant erhöhte ICU- und Krankenhausmortalität im Vergleich zu Patienten ohne prolongiertes SIRS gekennzeichnet. Die 135 Patienten mit einer Sepsis während ihrer primären postoperativen intensivstationären Behandlung hatten eine deutlich erhöhte intensivstationäre Mortalität von 40,7 % gegenüber 1,6 % bei Patienten ohne Sepsis. Die Patienten mit prolongiertem SIRS (15,4 % der Gesamtpopulation) benötigten insgesamt 52,9 % der Bettentage und 57,7 % der Gesamtkosten der intensiv-medizinischen Behandlung. Die septischen Patienten (3,7 %) verursachten alleine 24,6 % der intensivstationären Behandlungstage sowie 28,7 % der Gesamtkosten. Die fünf Variablen weibliches Geschlecht, das Auftreten definierter intraoperativer Komplikationen, ein APACHE II- Score > 17 bei Aufnahme auf der Intensivstation, der postoperative Bedarf von mehr als einem Inotropikum sowie das Vorhandensein von definierten, therapiebedürftigen metabolischen Störungen innerhalb der ersten 24 Stunden postoperativ diskriminierten in Bezug auf das Vorhandensein oder Nicht-Vorhandensein der Zielvariablen prolongiertes SIRS (> 3 Tage ) mehr als 88 % der Patienten richtig. Jeweils über 96 % der Patienten konnten durch die aus diesen Variablen entwickelten Regressionsgleichungen richtig zugeordnet werden bezüglich des Auftretens oder Nicht-Auftretens einer Sepsis bzw. eines letalen Ausgangs. Das intern validierten Modell für die Zielvariable prolongiertes SIRS (> 3 Tage) erreichte eine hohe Spezifität von über 97 % bei einer Sensitivität von 39 %. Die vorliegenden Regressionsgleichungen ermöglichen es somit, am Patientengut dieser Institution prospektiv Patienten mit erhöhtem Risiko auf ein prolongiertes SIRS bzw. eine Sepsis mit hoher Spezifität zu selektionieren. / The development of a systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) and sepsis are well known complications after cardiac surgery. In the present study, 77.1 % of the 3653 cardiac surgical patients developed SIRS or SIRS-like symptoms on the first postoperative day. Only 20 % of these patients, however, showed a prolonged SIRS during the first 3 postoperative days. 4.4 % of all patients had septic complications during their stay on the intensive care unit (ICU). However, 21.8 % of the patients with prolonged SIRS developed sepsis. The identified 564 patients with prolonged SIRS showed a significantly (p < 0.001) increased duration of mechanical ventilation, ICU- and hospital treatment, respectively. Their ICU- and hospital mortality was tenfold higher than in patients without prolonged SIRS. The ICU-mortality of 135 septic patients was 40.7 % in contrast to 1.6 % in patients without sepsis. Patients with prolonged SIRS (15.4 % of the study population) accounted for 52.9 % of the bed days on ICU and for 57.7 % of the total costs. Septic patients (3.7 % of the study population) required 24.6 % of the bed days and 28.7 % of the total costs during their ICU-stay. The use of 5 variables including female gender, defined intraoperative complications, an APACHE II- Score of > 17 on ICU-admission, the use of more than one inotrope postoperatively, and the treatment of defined metabolical disorders identified 88 % of the patients with prolonged SIRS (> 3 days) correctly during the first 24 hours postoperativly. The resulting predictive models identified more than 96 % of the patients with sepsis or lethal outcome correctly. The internal validation of the predictive model for prolonged SIRS (> 3 days) demonstrated a specifity of 97 % and a sensitivity of 39 %. Therefore, the early identification of patients at risk for the development of prolonged SIRS or sepsis in our institution seems to be possible using multiple logistic regression of these predictive models.

Submitted by Eunice Novais (enovais@uepg.br) on 2018-08-30T17:43:30Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) Claudiane Ayres P.pdf: 1202728 bytes, checksum: 2b48ec7440eb9f77288374dd442bfe90 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-30T17:43:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) Claudiane Ayres P.pdf: 1202728 bytes, checksum: 2b48ec7440eb9f77288374dd442bfe90 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-02-27 / A pressão intracraniana (PIC) tem variações determinadas pelos ciclos respiratórios e cardíacos, portanto, acredita-se que lesões cardiovasculares podem ocasionar modificações na PIC. As doenças cardiovasculares (DCVs) estão dentre as principais causas de morte nos países desenvolvidos e em desenvolvimento e frequentemente, para o seu tratamento, torna-se necessário a realização de cirurgia cardíaca. Porém, pacientes submetidos a tais procedimentos desenvolvem complicações relacionadas a disfunções cardiopulmonares. A fim de minimizar as complicações decorrentes da cirurgia, a fisioterapia, como parte da reabilitação cardiopulmonar é capaz de controlar os sintomas respiratórios e melhorar a função cardiovascular, atuando através de exercícios aeróbicos e respiratórios. Este trabalho teve como objetivo monitorar a PIC, a força muscular respiratória e os sinais vitais de pacientes pré- e pós- cirurgia cardíaca e comparar os efeitos de dois protocolos de fisioterapia na recuperação da força muscular respiratória. Participaram do estudo 48 pacientes. Observou-se que as DCVs podem alterar a PIC de pacientes acometidos por tais patologias. Independente do protocolo utilizado, a realização da fisioterapia como parte da reabilitação cardiorrespiratória é benéfica para a recuperação cardiopulmonar dos pacientes submetidos à cirurgia cardíaca. / Intracranial pressure (ICP) has variations determined by respiratory and cardiac cycles, therefore, it is believed that cardiovascular lesions may cause changes in ICP. Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are among the leading causes of death in developed and developing countries, and it is often necessary to perform cardiac surgery for their treatment. However, patients submitted to such procedures develop complications related to cardiopulmonary dysfunctions. In order to minimize the complications resulting from surgery, physical therapy as part of cardiopulmonary rehabilitation is able to control respiratory symptoms and improve cardiovascular function by acting through aerobic and respiratory exercises. The objective of this study was to monitor ICP, respiratory muscle strength and vital signs of pre- and post-cardiac surgery patients, and to compare the effects of two physiotherapy protocols on respiratory muscle strength recovery. 48 patients participated in the study. It has been observed that CVDs can alter ICP in patients affected by such pathologies. Regardless of the protocol used, the performance of physiotherapy as part of cardiorespiratory rehabilitation is beneficial for the cardiopulmonary recovery of patients undergoing cardiac surgery.

Ao longo dos anos o tema competência profissional tem se constituído foco de atenção de enfermeiros e organizações hospitalares, visto que a equipe de enfermagem representa uma parcela significativa dos recursos humanos alocados nas instituições, interferindo diretamente na eficácia, qualidade e custo da assistência à saúde prestada. O ambiente de trabalho em unidades de pós-operatório de cirurgia cardíaca coloca o enfermeiro diante do desafio de exercer funções e atividades complexas, visando assistência de enfermagem holística e qualificada ao paciente hospitalizado. E para que isso seja possível é necessário desenvolver competências específicas nesses profissionais, tendo em vista o cenário de alta complexidade e que a mobilização de competências poderá refletir significativamente nos resultados obtidos na assistência. Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo analisar as competências dos enfermeiros para atuarem no pós-operatório de cirurgia cardíaca e as estratégias para a mobilização destas competências. Trata-se de um estudo exploratório, de abordagem qualitativa, tendo como desenho metodológico o estudo de caso coletivo. A investigação foi realizada em três unidades de alta complexidade que prestam assistência a pacientes no pós-operatório de cirurgias cardíacas e os participantes foram 18 enfermeiros. Para a coleta de dados utilizou-se duas fontes de evidência, a observação direta, não participante, com roteiro estruturado e a entrevista semiestruturada. Para interpretação dos dados deste estudo optou-se pela análise temática. Os resultados obtidos evidenciaram que em relação ao perfil dos participantes a maioria é do sexo feminino, na faixa etária entre 24 e 40 anos e a maior parte concluiu o curso de graduação em enfermagem entre 2001 a 2012. Em relação ao tempo de trabalho metade dos profissionais estão a menos de quatro anos na instituição. Quanto ao tempo de experiência nas unidades pós-operatórias de cirurgias cardíacas, pouco mais da metade possuem até quatro anos de tempo de trabalho no setor. E a maior parte deles apresentou especialização lato sensu em áreas de alta complexidade, sendo dois enfermeiros na área de cardiologia. A análise temática dos dados possibilitou identificar nove competências dos enfermeiros: conhecimento teórico-prático, cuidados de enfermagem de alta complexidade, supervisão e liderança em enfermagem, tomada de decisão, gerenciamento de conflitos, de recursos humanos, materiais, financeiros e educação continuada em serviço. Também verificamos que as organizações hospitalares bem como os próprios profissionais buscam e utilizam estratégias para desenvolverem competências profissionais. Acredita-se que este estudo, seja de grande relevância ao contribuir para que enfermeiros e organizações estejam atentos, quanto às competências necessárias para atuarem em unidades de cuidados críticos, como as unidades de pós-operatório de cirurgia cardíaca, e que as instituições implementem programas para desenvolver estas competências de acordo com as necessidades de cada serviço, promovendo a melhoria da qualidade do atendimento prestado. Recomenda-se ainda ampliar o estudo para outras categorias profissionais, com vistas à comparação e/ou generalização dos dados de maneira a contribuir para identificar lacunas na formação dos profissionais enfermeiros quanto às competências que devem ser desenvolvidas para a demanda de unidades pós-operatórias de cirurgias cardíacas / Over the years the professional competence issue has constituted a focus of attention of nurses and hospital organizations, as the nursing staff represents a significant portion of human resources allocated to institutions, directly interfering with efficiency, quality and cost of health care provided. The working environment in cardiac surgery postoperative units puts the nurse facing the challenge of exercising functions and complex activities, to holistic nursing care and qualified for hospitalized patients. And for this to be possible it is necessary to develop specific skills in these professionals, in view of the highly complex scenario and the mobilization of expertise can significantly reflect the results obtained in assistance. This research aimed to analyze the competences of nurses to work in the post-cardiac surgery and strategies for mobilizing these competences. This is an exploratory study with a qualitative approach, and the methodological design of the study collective case. The research was conducted in three highly complex units that provide care to patients in the postoperative period of cardiac surgery and participants were 18 nurses. To collect data, we used two sources of evidence, direct observation, not a participant, with structured script and semi- structured interview. To interpret the data it was decided to thematic analysis. In relation to the profile of the participants, the results showed that most were female, aged between 24 and 40 years, and most of the completed undergraduate degree in nursing from 2001 to 2012.In relation to working time half of professionals are less than four years in the institution. As for the time of experience in postoperative cardiac surgery units, slightly more than half have up to four years of working time in the area. And most of them had broad sense specialization in highly complex areas, two nurses in cardiology. Thematic analysis of the data enabled the identification of nine competences of nurses: theoretical and practical knowledge, high complexity nursing care, supervision and nursing leadership, decision making, conflict management, human resources, material, financial and continuing education in service. We also found that hospital organizations and the professionals themselves seek and use strategies to develop professional skills. It is believed that this study will be of great importance to contribute to nurses and organizations are aware about the competences needed to work in critical care units, such as postoperative cardiac surgery units and that institutions implement programs to develop these competences according to the needs of each service, promoting the improvement of quality of care. It is also recommended to expand the study to other professions, in order to compare and / or generalization of data in order to help identify gaps in the training of nursing professionals about the skills that should be developed for the demand of postoperative units cardiac surgery

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-19T18:16:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Rachel Vilela de Abreu Heckel.pdf: 289635 bytes, checksum: 3a1271ac479a4c44330fb0b300d6c9ac (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-02-01 / Congenital heart disease are a group of rare defects highly associated with mortality in infancy. In the past 25 years great improvements on the care of this patients had lead us to an augmentation in the number of surgeries but still persists differences among all centers that perform surgery for congenital heart defects. The aim of this study was identify risk factors associated with poor outcomes after cardiac surgery in a population under 18 year old at the Cardiac Surgery Unit of The University Hospital of The Federal University of Maranhao. The period of the study was from June 2001 through June 2004. There were 145 patients,of which 62% were female, with median age of 5,1 years old, 56% came from the capital of the state and 11% had another associated congenital abnormality. The RACHS-1 classification(Risk adjustment for Congenital Heart Surgery) was applied to classify the adjusted risk for each surgical procedures. The risk factors identified were age, type of cardiopathy, pulmonary blood flow, cardiopulmonary bypass-time and aortic clamp time. The RACHS-1 score was applied to all 145 patients, and demonstrated increased risk of mortality for those patients in the higher score groups, although the rate found in this study was higher than that estimated by the RACHS-1 . / As cardiopatias congênitas são defeitos raros, cuja combinação é uma causa importante de óbito na infância. Os avanços ocorridos nos últimos 25 anos permitiram a ampliação do atendimento à população pediátrica portadora destes defeitos, no entanto ainda persistem diferenças entre os mais variados serviços. Com o objetivo de conhecer, descrever e avaliar a evolução pós-operatória dos pacientes pediátricos submetidos a tratamento cirúrgico realizou-se analítico, transversal, retrospectivo, no Hospital Universitário da Universidade Federal do Maranhão (HU-UFMA), no período 18 de junho de 2001 a 30 de junho de 2004. Cento e quarenta e cinco pacientes foram identificados, 62% eram do sexo feminino, 45,5% tinham entre um e cinco anos de idade à época da cirurgia (média de 5,1 anos) e 56,5% eram procedentes da capital do Estado, outras malformações associadas estiveram associadas em 11% dos pacientes, sendo a Síndrome de Down a anormalidade cromossômica mais comum. Utilizou-se o escore de risco de ajustado para cirurgia cardíaca de cardiopatias congênitas(RACHS:-1), o qual classifica os procedimentos cirúrgicos em categorias de risco de 1 a 6, e estima a mortalidade por categorias. Os fatores de risco inicialmente identificados foram a idade, o tipo de cardiopatia, o fluxo pulmonar, o tipo de cirurgia, o tempo de CEC e o tempo de anóxia. Concluiu-se que a idade entre cinco e dez anos, o hipofluxo pulmonar, o tempo de CEC acima de 65 minutos e o tempo de anóxia maior que 35,5 minutos foram fatores de risco significantes para mortalidade nesta população;a cardiopatia acianogênica mostrou significância apenas no tratamento estatístico inicial (teste do qui-quadrado), não se confirmando na análise de regressão logística; e a compatibilização as categorias de risco mais elevado e o progressivo aumento de taxa de mortalidade, porém em percentuais mais elevados para o grupo em estudo.

Submitted by PPG Medicina e Ci?ncias da Sa?de (medicina-pg@pucrs.br) on 2018-12-11T13:17:23Z No. of bitstreams: 1 FERNANDA DALLAZEN.pdf: 1913250 bytes, checksum: 643c26e233052ab4843690b459dd637d (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Sheila Dias (sheila.dias@pucrs.br) on 2018-12-13T12:27:07Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 FERNANDA DALLAZEN.pdf: 1913250 bytes, checksum: 643c26e233052ab4843690b459dd637d (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-12-13T12:40:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 FERNANDA DALLAZEN.pdf: 1913250 bytes, checksum: 643c26e233052ab4843690b459dd637d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-10-05 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior - CAPES / Objective: To construct a risk score model for prolonged mechanical ventilation (PMV) in patients undergoing coronary after bypass grafting (CABG). Methods: An observational, retrospective and historical cohort study, with 4.165 patients submitted to coronary artery bypass grafting, between January 1996 and December 2016. The duration of ?12 hours on mechanical ventilation defined as prolonged. The multiple logistic regression was used to evaluate the predictor variables. The modeling database, divided in 2/3 of the sample (2.746 patients) generated the preliminary model and its performance was tested in the validation database, divided in 1/3 of the sample (1.419 patients). The final risk score was validated in the total database and the accuracy of the model was tested by performance statistics. Results: The incidence of PMV was 18.8% (783). The variables associated with prolonged PMV were: age ?65 years (OR=1.91; [CI95%=1.62-2.24]; p<0.001); urgent/emergency surgery (OR=2.79; [CI95%=2.09-3.73]; p<0,001); obesity (OR=1.49; [CI95%= 1.21-1.84]; p<0.001); chronic renal failure (OR=1.98; [CI95%=1.61-2.44]; p<0.001); chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (OR=1.43; [CI95%=1.16-1.76];p<0,001) and extracorporeal circulation time ?120 minutes (OR=1.75; [IC95%=1.42-2.16]; p<0.001). The area under de the ROC curve was 0.66 (IC95%=0.64-0.68), the chi-square was 3.38 and the correlation coefficient of r=0.99 (p<0.000). Conclusion: The preoperative predictor variables (age ?65 years, urgent/emergency surgery, obesity, chronic renal failure and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) and perioperative (extracorporeal circulation time ?120 minutes) were associated with PMV and allowed the constructed of risk score classified in low, medium, high and very high. / Objetivo: Construir um modelo de escore de risco para ventila??o mec?nica prolongada (VMP) em pacientes p?s-cirurgia de revasculariza??o mioc?rdica (CRM). M?todos: Estudo observacional, retrospectivo e de coorte hist?rica, com 4.165 pacientes submetidos ? CRM, entre janeiro de 1996 a dezembro de 2016. A perman?ncia >12 horas em ventila??o mec?nica foi definida como prolongada. A regress?o log?stica m?ltipla foi utilizada para avaliar as vari?veis preditoras. O banco de dados modelagem, dividido em 2/3 da amostra (2.746 pacientes) gerou o modelo preliminar e seu desempenho foi testado no banco valida??o, dividido em 1/3 da amostra (1.419 pacientes). O escore final foi validado no banco total e a acur?cia do modelo foi testada pelas estat?sticas de desempenho. Resultados: A incid?ncia de VMP foi de 18,8% (783). As vari?veis associadas ? VMP foram: idade ?65 anos (OR=1,91; [IC95%=1,62-2,24]; p<0,001); cirurgia de urg?ncia/emerg?ncia (OR=2,79; [IC95%=2,09-3,73]; p<0,001); obesidade (OR=1,49; [IC95%= 1,21-1,84]; p<0,001); insufici?ncia renal cr?nica (OR=1,98; [IC95%=1,61-2,44]; p<0,001); doen?a pulmonar obstrutiva cr?nica (OR=1,43; [IC95%=1,16-1,76]; p<0,001) e tempo de circula??o extracorp?rea ?120 minutos (OR=1,75; [IC95%=1,42-2,16]; p<0,001). A ?rea sob a curva ROC foi 0,66 (IC95%=0,64-0,68), o qui-quadrado de 3,38 (p=0,642) e o coeficiente de correla??o de r=0,99 (p<0,000). Conclus?o: As vari?veis preditoras pr?-operat?rias (idade ?65 anos, cirurgia de urg?ncia/emerg?ncia, obesidade, insufici?ncia renal cr?nica e doen?a pulmonar obstrutiva cr?nica) e perioperat?ria (tempo de circula??o extracorp?rea ?120 minutos) estiveram associadas com a VMP e permitiram a constru??o do escore de risco classificado em baixo, m?dio, alto e muito alto.

Background: Despite the recent improvements in surgical techniques and postoperative patient care, atrial fibrillation (AF) remains the most frequent complication after cardiac surgery. Although postoperative AF is often regarded as a benign clinical condition, this arrhythmia has significant adverse effects on patient recovery and postoperative survival. Its exact pathophysiology has not yet been elucidated. The present thesis aims to analyze AF risk factors and their interaction, pre-existing histological explanatory alterations of the atrium, the AF impact on postoperative survival and the compliance of a prophylactic drug regimen. Methods: During a 10-year period, consecutive cardiac surgery cases with complete data on AF occurrence and postoperative survival were extracted. All patients were operated on for coronary or valvular surgery, with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). Hospital and long-term survival data were obtained from Swedish population registry. Study I) Isolated coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG, n=7056), aortic valve replacement (n=690) and their combination (n=688) were considered. Independent AF risk factors and AF effects on early and 1 year mortality were investigated. Study II) Patients affected by postoperative AF among isolated CABG patients (n=7621), valvular surgeries (n=995) and their combination (n=879) were studied. Long-term survival was obtained and prognostic factors identified. Study III) Seventy patients were randomized to on-pump (n=35) or off-pump (n=35) CABG. Samples from the right atrial appendage were collected and histology was evaluated by means of light and electronic microscopy with reference to preexistent alterations related to postoperative AF. Study IV) Cardiac surgery patients with complete data on smoking status (n=3245) were reviewed. Effects of smoking on AF development and interaction among variables were explored. Study V) CABG patients without clinical contraindications to receive oral sotalol (80 mg twice daily) and magnesium were prospectively enrolled (n = 49) and compared with a matched contemporary control CABG group (n = 844). The clinical compliance to the AF prophylactic drug regimen was tested. Results: The overall AF incidence was around 26%, subdivided into 23%, 40% and 45% for isolated CABG, valve procedures and their combined surgeries, respectively. Age was the strongest predictor of postoperative AF. Coronary disease superimposed risk factors with reference to myocardial conditions at CPB weaning. Considering the preoperative smoking condition, smokers demonstrated a reduced AF incidence compared to non-smokers (20% versus 27%, p&lt;0.001). An interaction between smoking status and inotropic support was observed: without this interaction smoking conferred a 46% risk reduction of AF (p=0.011). At the histological level, myocyte vacuolization and nuclear derangement represented anatomical independent AF predictors (p=0.002 and p=0.016, respectively). CPB exposure was not associated to postoperative AF nor histological changes. Although, postoperative AF increases the length of hospitalization in all patient groups, it did not affect the hospital survival. However, AF independently impaired the late survival, a phenomenon seen in the CABG group only. With reference to the tested sotalolmagnesium drug regimen, only 55% of CABG patients were compliant to the treatment, with marginal effects on AF occurrence. Conclusions: In addition to age, details at the CPB weaning period, pre-existing histopathological changes, the hyperadrenergic state and catecholamines are key mechanisms in the pathophysiology of postoperative AF. In particular, the CPB period hides valuable information for timely AF prophylactic stratifications. Further, compliance effects due to patient selection should also be considered in a prophylactic therapy model. Postoperative AF increases late mortality after isolated CABG surgery, but not after valvular procedures. Although the mechanisms are unclear, our results draw the attention to possible AF recurrence after hospital discharge, indicating a strict postoperative surveillance.

Background: Breathing exercises are widely used after cardiac surgery. The duration of exercises in the immediate postoperative period is not fully evaluated and only limited data regarding the effects of home-based breathing exercises after discharge from hospital have been published. Aim: The overall aim of this thesis was to evaluate the effects of deep breathing exercises with positive expiratory pressure (PEP) and describe lung function and respiratory muscle strength in patients undergoing cardiac surgery. Participants and settings: Adult participants (n=131) were randomised to perform either 30 or 10 deep breaths with PEP per hour during the first postoperative days (Study I): the main outcome was oxygenation, assessed by arterial blood gases, on the second postoperative day. In Study III, 313 adult participants were randomly assigned to perform home-based deep breathing exercises with PEP for two months after surgery or not to perform breathing exercises with PEP after the fourth to fifth postoperative day. The main outcome was lung function, assessed by spirometry, two months after surgery. Studies II and IV were descriptive and correlative and investigated pre and postoperative lung function, assessed by spirometry, and respiratory muscle strength, assessed by maximal inspiratory pressure, and maximal expiratory pressure. Results: On the second postoperative day, arterial oxygen tension (PaO2) and arterial oxygen saturation (SaO2) was higher in the group randomised to 30 deep breaths with PEP hourly. There was no improved recovery of lung function in participants performing home-based deep breathing exercises two months after cardiac surgery, compared to a control group. Subjective experience of breathing or improvement in patient perceived quality of recovery or health-related quality of life did not differ between the groups at two months. Lung function and respiratory muscle strength were in accordance with predicted values before surgery. A 50% reduction in lung function was shown on the second postoperative day. High body mass index, male gender and sternal pain were associated with decreased lung function on the second postoperative day. Two months postoperatively, there was decreased lung function, but respiratory muscle strength had almost recovered to preoperative values. / <p></p><p></p>

Die vorliegende Arbeit beschreibt die Rolle der intraoperativen transösophagealen Echokardiografie während herzchirurgischer Eingriffe mit Schwerpunkt Mitralklappenrekonstruktion. Ziel ist die Beschreibung der Aufgaben und Möglichkeiten dieses Verfahrens im klinischen Alltag und das Aufzeigen möglicher neuer Einsatzgebiete, wie die bildgestützte Größenbestimmung der Annuloplastieringe. Die intraoperative Echokardiografie hat sich seit den Anfängen in den achtziger Jahren des letzten Jahrhunderts zu einem Standardverfahren während herzchirurgischer Eingriffe entwickelt. Sie dient zum einen zur kardialen Diagnostik und zum anderen als Monitorverfahren. Trotz in der Regel gut vordiagnostizierter Patienten führt die intraoperativ durchgeführte transösophageale Echokardiografie während herzchirurgischer Eingriffe nicht selten zur Diagnose vorher nicht bekannter Pathologien und somit zu einer Änderung im chirurgischen Vorgehen. Speziell während der Mitralklappenrekonstruktion ermöglicht diese Methode die Diagnostik und Lokalisation der pathologischen Segmente, die Bestätigung des Schweregrades und dem Erkennen möglicher Risikofaktoren. Hierfür ist jedoch eine umfassende, standardisierte Untersuchung notwendig. Der Einsatz moderner Operationstechniken, wie z.B. der kathetergestützten Implantation der Aortenklappe ohne Einsatz der Herz-Lungen-Maschine, ohne Eröffnung des Sternums, macht eine direkte visuelle Einschätzung der Herzfunktion unmöglich. Sowohl zur Evaluierung der Herzfunktion als auch zur Größenbestimmung der zu implantierenden Klappenprothesen ist ein bildgebendes Verfahren unabdingbar. Die dreidimensionale transösophageale Echokardiografie ermöglicht nun in Echtzeit die komplette Darstellung z.B. der Mitralklappe. Dies erleichtert nicht nur die Verständigung zwischen Echokardiographeur und Chirurgen bei der Darstellung der Befunde, sondern ermöglicht nun erstmals auch die bildgestützte Planung des operativen Vorgehens, wie, z.B. die Visualisierung und Größenbestimmung der zu implantierenden Annuloplastieringe, die als Computermodelle auf die dreidimensionale Darstellung der Mitralklappe projiziert werden können. In der postoperativen TEE-Untersuchung ist die Evaluierung des rekonstruierten Mitralklappenapparates, die Quantifizierung einer eventuell bestehenden residualen Mitralinsuffizienz, sowie deren genaue Lokalisation primäres Ziel. Weiterhin sollten iatrogen aufgetretene Komplikationen in einer umfassenden postoperativen TEE-Untersuchung diagnostiziert werden wie z.B. der Verschluss des Ramus circumflexus, Aortendissektion, etc. Zusammenfassend wird in dieser Habilitationsarbeit die Rolle der intraoperativen Echokardiografie bei herzchirurgischen Eingriffen dargestellt. Ein besonderer Schwerpunkt in dieser Arbeit ist die transösophageale Echokardiographie bei Mitralklappenoperationen im Hinblick auf die Darstellung der bestehenden Pathologie, der Quantifizierung der Mitralinsuffizienz und dem Erkennen bestehender Risikofaktoren präoperativ bzw das Erkennen der Komplikation postoperativ.

Compliant and flexible cardiac catheters provide direct access to the inside of the heart via the vascular system without requiring clinicians to stop the heart or open the chest. However, the fast motion of the intracardiac structures makes it difficult to modify and repair the cardiac tissue in a controlled and safe manner. In addition, rigid robotic tools for beating heart surgery require the chest to be opened and the heart exposed, making the procedures highly invasive. The novel robotic catheter system presented here enables minimally invasive repair on the fast-moving structures inside the heart, like the mitral valve annulus, without the invasiveness or risks of stopped heart procedures. In this thesis, I investigate the development of 3D ultrasound-guided robotic catheters for beating heart surgery. First, the force and stiffness values of tissue structures in the left atrium are measured to develop design requirements for the system. This research shows that a catheter will experience contractile forces of 0.5 – 1.0 N and a mean tissue structure stiffness of approximately 0.1 N/mm while interacting with the mitral valve annulus. Next, this thesis presents the catheter system design, including force sensing, tissue resection, and ablation end effectors. In order to operate inside the beating heart, position and force control systems were developed to compensate for the catheter performance limitations of friction and deadzone backlash and evaluated with ex vivo and in vivo experiments. Through the addition of friction and deadzone compensation terms, the system is able to achieve position tracking with less than 1 mm RMS error and force tracking with 0.08 N RMS error under ultrasound image guidance. Finally, this thesis examines how the robotic catheter system enhances beating heart clinical procedures. Specifically, this system improves resection quality while reducing the forces experienced by the tissue by almost 80% and improves ablation performance by reducing contact resistance variations by 97% while applying a constant force on the moving tissue. / Engineering and Applied Sciences

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