Orientador: Angelo Berchieri Junior / Banca: Karin Werther / Banca: Antonio José Piantino Ferreira / Resumo: As criações de avestruzes vêm se desenvolvendo no Brasil e em outros países. De acordo com a literatura, Salmonella sp está envolvida na mortalidade de filhotes de avestruzes, sendo também importantes causadoras de toxinfecção alimentar em seres humanos. Apesar disso, existem poucos estudos envolvendo a pesquisa de Salmonella sp nesta espécie. Desse modo, elaborou-se o presente trabalho com o objetivo de pesquisar Salmonella sp em avestruzes de uma propriedade da região sudeste do Brasil. Para isso, foram realizados exames bacteriológicos, em 80 amostras de fezes de avestruzes (colhidas nas varias fases da criação), 90 ovos não eclodidos, 30 amostras de ração e em 30 amostras de fezes de roedores presentes na propriedade. Em seguida, investigou-se Salmonella sp em fezes, conteúdo cecal, fígado, baço e carcaça de 90 avestruzes abatidos. Aliado a isso, colheu-se o soro sanguíneo destes animais para a realização do "teste da Pulorose". Os exames microbiológicos demonstraram ausência de Salmonella sp em amostras de fezes de roedores e em fezes, ovos, conteúdo cecal, fígado, baço e carcaça dos avestruzes analisados. Por outro lado, Salmonella enterica subespécie enterica 4, 12: i:- foi isolada de uma amostra de ração e Salmonella Javiana de outras duas. O teste sorológico foi negativo nas 90 amostras. O sistema de criação, o bom manejo sanitário adotado na propriedade e a adoção dos programas de Boas Práticas de Fabricação (BPF) e Análise de Perigos e Pontos Críticos de Controle (APPCC) no abatedouro contribuíram para a ausência de Salmonella sp nas amostras examinadas. / Abstract: In recent years, the ostrich farming has expanded considerably in Brazil and all over the world. According to literature, Salmonella sp causes mortality in ostrich chicks, being also responsible for human food borne diseases. Even though, little research has focused on Salmonella in ostriches. This study was elaborated with the purpose to search for Salmonella sp in ostriches of a farm located on Brazilian southwest region. By conventional microbiological method, Salmonella sp was researched in 80 samples of ostrich's droppings, 90 eggs, 30 samples of feed and 30 samples of droppings from resident rodent population. In sequence, this bacterium was searched in droppings, caecal content, spleen, liver and carcass from 90 slaughtered ostriches. Also, blood serum of those animals were harvested and submitted to test for Pullorum Disease (Rapid Serum Blood Agglutination Test). No Salmonella sp was detected in eggs, caecal content, liver, spleen, carcass and droppings from ostriches, nor in droppings from rodents. On the other hand, Salmonella Javiana was isolated from two samples of feed and Salmonella enterica enterica 4, 12: i:- from another one. The serologic test was negative for all samples. The management of ostrich farming, the good sanitary management adopted on farm and the application of Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point (HACCP) principles and Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) during the slaughter process contributed for absence of Salmonella sp on samples assayed. / Mestre

The aim of this thesis was to analyse indicators determined during classification of pig carcasses within a selected slaughterhouse. On the basis of such information, a set of animals slaughtered during the period of 2 months was statistically evaluated. In total, 74 024 of carcasses were analysed. The carcasses classified within the SEUROP system were divided into 6 weight intervals from 60 to 120 kg with 10 kg spans. The average weight of all the slaughtered pigs from the set was 91.98 kg. The majority of the slaughtered pigs (40% and 32.2%) was found within the pig carcasses' weight interval of 9099.9 kg and 8089.6 kg with the average lean meat of 59.04% and 59.77%. With increasing carcass weight, the lean meat was decreasing by 0.96, 0.83, 0.73, 0.9, and 0.99% within individual weight intervals. The set of the pigs was incorporated into the three most observed groups, i.e. S, E, and U. The highest lean meat was found in the S group (61.61%). With increasing carcass weight, the lean meat was decreasing by 3.30 and 4.79% within individual groups. Between the carcass weight and the lean meat, the correlation coefficient of -0.34+++ was found.

AGUIAR, Luciana Fujiwara de. Efeito do peso de abate, do tipo de corte e do grupo genético na qualidade da carne de caprinos do estado do Ceará. 2001. 53 f. : Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Ceará, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Curso de Pós-Graduação em Tecnologia de Alimentos, Fortaleza-CE, 2001 / Submitted by Nádja Goes (nmoraissoares@gmail.com) on 2016-06-16T12:51:23Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2001_dis_lfaguiar.pdf: 287746 bytes, checksum: b6b271ecf14505c0a91cfc31dea65fb7 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Nádja Goes (nmoraissoares@gmail.com) on 2016-06-16T12:51:37Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2001_dis_lfaguiar.pdf: 287746 bytes, checksum: b6b271ecf14505c0a91cfc31dea65fb7 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-16T12:51:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2001_dis_lfaguiar.pdf: 287746 bytes, checksum: b6b271ecf14505c0a91cfc31dea65fb7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2001 / In this study, it evaluated was the influence of two different types of weight and cut, and also the kind of cut involving four types of treatment: treatment 1(ANGLONUBIANO x SRD and weight ranging 20-22 kg), treatment 2 (ANGLONUBIANO x SRD and weight ranging 26-28 kg), and treatment 3 (BOER x SRD, weight rancing 20-22 kg) and 4 (BOER x SRD, weight rancing 26-28 kg) involving some characteristics of centesimal composition, fatty acids and cholesterol of goat meat belonging to related genetic group, recently introduced in the state of Ceará. Leg, shoulder and loin cuts of 12 animals with distinct weights, bred in semi-intensive regime, fed with maize and soy (70:30 proportion) protein concentrate were used. Proximal composition analysis showed average values of moisture from 75.95 to 77.50%; 18.81 to 22.98% for protein; 0.70 to 1.35% for fat and 1.01 to 1.15% for ash. Significant differences were found between treatment 2 (ANGLONUBIANO x SRD and weights between 26 and 28 kg) and treatment 3 (BOER x SRD and weight between 20 and 22 kg), for protein in shoulder cut and for ash in pernil cuts and loin. In relation to cholesterol analysis, general average values for leg, shoulder and loin were situated between the following values: 31.60 to 59.16%; 34.79 to 61.34% and 32.79 and 59.72%, respectively, corresponding to the range form 19.36 to 65.32 mg/100g of meat. Higher cholesterol values were observed for treatment 4 (BOER x SRD and weight form 26 to 28 kg) in all cuts, except for treatment 1. Effect of genetic group was statistically (p<0.05) observed between treatments 2 and 4 in all cuts. In fatty acids composition analysis, 8 peaks were identified in all treatments. Four were saturated (miristic, palmitic, stearic and arachidic) and four unsaturated (palmitoleic, oleic, linoleic and linolenic). Oleic acid (23.89 to 31.04%), stearic (16.83 to 24.97%), palmitic (15.82 to 24.23%) and linoleic (7.41 to 16.81%) were the main fatty acids found. Significant differences (p<0.05) were found between cuts and treatments for miristic, palmitic, palmitoleic, linolenic and arachidic acids. Saturated/unsaturated ratio did not show any significant difference (p<0.05) among treatments or cuts. / Neste estudo, avaliou-se a influência de duas diferentes faixas de peso ao abate e do tipo de corte com 4 (quatro) tipos de tratamentos sendo, tratamento 1 (ANGLONUBIANO x SRD e peso entre 20–22 kg), tratamento 2 (ANGLONUBIANO x SRD e peso entre 26 –28 kg), tratamento 3 (BOER x SRD e peso entre 20-22kg) e tratamento 4 (BOER x SRD e peso entre 26 –28 kg) sobre algumas características da composição centesimal, ácidos graxos e colesterol da carne de caprinos dos grupos genéticos relacionados, recentemente introduzidos no Estado do Ceará. Foram utilizados os cortes pernil, paleta e lombo de 12 animais com pesos distintos, criados em regime semi-intensivo, com suplementação alimentar a base de um concentrado protéico de milho e soja na proporção de 70:30. A análise da composição centesimal mostrou valores médios entre 75,95% e 77,50% para umidade; 18,81% e 22,98% para proteína; 0,70% e 1,35% para gordura e entre 1,01% a 1,15% para cinzas. Registraram-se diferenças significativas (p<0,05) entre o tratamento 2 (ANGLONUBIANO x SRD e peso entre 26 –28 kg) e o tratamento 3 (BOER x SRD e peso entre 20-22kg), para o corte paleta no que se refere ao teor de proteína, enquanto que para o teor de cinzas entre os cortes lombo e pernil. Quanto à análise de colesterol à média geral para os cortes pernil, paleta e lombo se situou entre 31,60 e 59,16%, 34,79 e 61,34% e 32,79 e 59,72%, respectivamente, correspondentes ao intervalo de 19,36 a 65,32 mg/100g de carne. Observou-se para o tratamento 4 (BOER x SRD e peso entre 26-28kg) em todos os cortes, valores do colesterol superiores aos demais tratamentos, à exceção do tratamento 1. Estatisticamente (p<0,05) o efeito do grupo genético foi observado somente entre os tratamentos 2 e 4 em todos os cortes. Na análise de ácidos graxos foram identificados em todos os tratamentos, oito picos sendo quatro correspondente a ácidos saturados (mirístico, palmítico, esteárico e araquídico) e quatro insaturados (palmitoléico, oléico, linoléico e linolênico), com predominância dos ácidos oléico (23,89 a 31,04%), esteárico (16,83 a 24,97%), palmítico (15,82 a 24,23%) e linoléico (7,41 a 16,81%). Registraram-se diferenças significativas (p<0,05) entre os cortes e tratamentos para os ácidos mirístico, palmítico, palmitoléico, linolênico e araquídico. A relação ácidos graxos insaturado/saturado não diferiu significativamente (p<0,05) entre os tratamentos e/ou cortes.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:27:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2008-02-18Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:56:55Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 freitasneto_oc_me_jabo.pdf: 351713 bytes, checksum: 82c0d6bd573bc832444c3d0fe2427852 (MD5) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / As criações de avestruzes vêm se desenvolvendo no Brasil e em outros países. De acordo com a literatura, Salmonella sp está envolvida na mortalidade de filhotes de avestruzes, sendo também importantes causadoras de toxinfecção alimentar em seres humanos. Apesar disso, existem poucos estudos envolvendo a pesquisa de Salmonella sp nesta espécie. Desse modo, elaborou-se o presente trabalho com o objetivo de pesquisar Salmonella sp em avestruzes de uma propriedade da região sudeste do Brasil. Para isso, foram realizados exames bacteriológicos, em 80 amostras de fezes de avestruzes (colhidas nas varias fases da criação), 90 ovos não eclodidos, 30 amostras de ração e em 30 amostras de fezes de roedores presentes na propriedade. Em seguida, investigou-se Salmonella sp em fezes, conteúdo cecal, fígado, baço e carcaça de 90 avestruzes abatidos. Aliado a isso, colheu-se o soro sanguíneo destes animais para a realização do “teste da Pulorose”. Os exames microbiológicos demonstraram ausência de Salmonella sp em amostras de fezes de roedores e em fezes, ovos, conteúdo cecal, fígado, baço e carcaça dos avestruzes analisados. Por outro lado, Salmonella enterica subespécie enterica 4, 12: i:- foi isolada de uma amostra de ração e Salmonella Javiana de outras duas. O teste sorológico foi negativo nas 90 amostras. O sistema de criação, o bom manejo sanitário adotado na propriedade e a adoção dos programas de Boas Práticas de Fabricação (BPF) e Análise de Perigos e Pontos Críticos de Controle (APPCC) no abatedouro contribuíram para a ausência de Salmonella sp nas amostras examinadas. / In recent years, the ostrich farming has expanded considerably in Brazil and all over the world. According to literature, Salmonella sp causes mortality in ostrich chicks, being also responsible for human food borne diseases. Even though, little research has focused on Salmonella in ostriches. This study was elaborated with the purpose to search for Salmonella sp in ostriches of a farm located on Brazilian southwest region. By conventional microbiological method, Salmonella sp was researched in 80 samples of ostrich’s droppings, 90 eggs, 30 samples of feed and 30 samples of droppings from resident rodent population. In sequence, this bacterium was searched in droppings, caecal content, spleen, liver and carcass from 90 slaughtered ostriches. Also, blood serum of those animals were harvested and submitted to test for Pullorum Disease (Rapid Serum Blood Agglutination Test). No Salmonella sp was detected in eggs, caecal content, liver, spleen, carcass and droppings from ostriches, nor in droppings from rodents. On the other hand, Salmonella Javiana was isolated from two samples of feed and Salmonella enterica enterica 4, 12: i:- from another one. The serologic test was negative for all samples. The management of ostrich farming, the good sanitary management adopted on farm and the application of Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point (HACCP) principles and Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) during the slaughter process contributed for absence of Salmonella sp on samples assayed.

Orientador: José Paes de Almeida Nogueira Pinto / Banca: Vera Lucia Mores Rall / Banca: Luciano dos Santos Bersot / Resumo: O trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a ocorrência de Salmonella spp. nos vários pontos do fluxograma do abate de rãs (Rana catesbeiana - Rã Touro), desde os currais de espera até o produto final, bem como nas vísceras não comestíveis e no fígado. Das 120 amostras analisadas ao longo do abate (15 amostras por ponto / 8 pontos de colheita), 39 (32,5%) mostraram-se positivas, independentemente do ponto de colheita. Em relação a estes, obtiveram-se os seguintes resultados: 26,7% de positividade na água dos currais de espera, 13,3% após a insensibilização e após a sangria, 26,7% após a retirada da pele, 46,7% após a evisceração, 40% no produto final não embalado e nas vísceras, e 53,3% para o fígado. Conclui-se que a carne de rã, produto final, obtida nas condições estudadas, pode representar um sério risco à saúde pública, como veículo de Salmonella spp. A contaminação detectada nos vários pontos de colheita se dá de forma gradativa e contínua ao decorrer do abate. Das etapas estudadas, a evisceração é a mais crítica em relação à contaminação por Salmonella spp. É necessária a implementação de pontos críticos de controle no processo de abate e, consequentemente, ações corretivas para minimizar tais contaminações. / Abstract: The study aimed to assess the occurrence of Salmonella spp. in several parts of the flowchart of the slaughter of frogs (Rana catesbeiana - Bullfrog), since the waiting pens until the final product, as well as in viscera not edible and in the liver. Of the 120 samples analyzed over the slaughter (15 samples per point / 8 points of collection), 39 (32,5%) have proved positive, regardless of the point of harvest. For these, obtained the following results: 26,7% of positivity in the water of waiting pens, 13,3% after stunning and after the bleeding, 26,7% after the withdrawal of skin, 46,7% after evisceration, 40% in the final product not packed and for the viscera, and 53,3% for the liver. It follows that the meat of frog, the final product, obtained under the conditions studied, may represent a serious risk to public health, as a vehicle of Salmonella spp. The contamination detected in the various points of collection occurs in a gradual and continuous course of the slaughter. In stages studied, the evisceration is the most critical point of the contamination by Salmonella spp. It's necessary establish critical points of control in the process of slaughter and, therefore, correct actions to minimize such contamination. / Mestre

The load wetting is a widely practice used in poultry production during the pre-slaughter loading and carrying operations. According to most producers, the practice of wetting is a way to release the stress of the chickens and minimize production losses. Several studies developed in the ambience of the area have focused their attention on pre-slaughter fasting operations, capture, loading, transportation and waiting. The wetting, however, is only mentioned as a widespread practice and it was not found, however, any analysis that proves its benefit. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of cargo wetting to reduce thermal stress. For this aim, they were measured the temperature and the relative humidity, with the help of meteorological mini-stations (Data Logger), and it was calculated the enthalpy of Comfort Index (IEC), to characterize the environments where there were pre-slaughter operations. For the bioclimatic characterization (microclimate) of the load, it was carried out the analysis of the temperature distribution of the boxes located in the outer parts (right, left, top and back) by thermography (thermal imagers). Concerning the boxes located in the center of the load, where it was not possible to use the Imager, they were used eighteen data loggers, thus distributed in strategic boxes, as a record, at every minute, of the temperature and relative humidity for subsequent calculation of the IEC. It as also performed, with the help of geostatistical techniques (kriging maps), the spatial determination of temperature, relative humidity and IEC during observations with and without load wetting. There was also an attempt to determine the thermal sensation of the load during the trip of the chickens located on the right side, on the left side and on the top of the load, with the help of three thermoanemometers to record, at every minute, the temperature and wind speed and, to calculate the real comfort sensation, we used the equation of equivalent temperature Wind Chill. The approach of this work emphasizes the use of IEC and enthalpy tables, and the use of the t hypothesis testing to verify the claim that there would be no difference between the means of the IEC load of wet and dry cargo in the region with the worst heat dissipation situation (central row) during transport. The results have shown that the load wetting was not effective in alleviating the thermal stress during transportation. It can also be perceived that the use of thermography as a thermal diagnostic tool, as well as studies for modeling an equation that might represent the wind chill of the chickens, depending on the temperature and wind speed, is of great importance for the design of vehicles to transport live load. / O molhamento da carga à uma prÃtica muito utilizada na avicultura de corte, durante as operaÃÃes prÃ-abate de carregamento e transporte. Segundo a maioria dos produtores, a prÃtica do molhamento à uma forma de amenizar o estresse das aves e minimizar as perdas produtivas. VÃrios trabalhos desenvolvidos na Ãrea de ambiÃncia focaram suas atenÃÃes nas operaÃÃes prÃ-abate de jejum, captura, carregamento, transporte e espera. O molhamento, porÃm, à apenas citado como uma prÃtica muito difundida, nÃo constando, no entanto, nenhuma anÃlise que comprove o seu benefÃcio. Sendo assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a eficiÃncia do molhamento da carga na reduÃÃo do estresse tÃrmico. Para isso, foram medidas a temperatura e a umidade relativa, com o auxÃlio de miniestaÃÃes meteorolÃgicas (Data Logger), e calculado o Ãndice Entalpia de Conforto (IEC), para a caracterizaÃÃo dos ambientes onde ocorreram as operaÃÃes prÃ-abate. Para a caracterizaÃÃo bioclimÃtica (microclima) da carga, foi realizada a anÃlise da distribuiÃÃo da temperatura das caixas localizadas nas partes externas (lateral direita, esquerda, topo e traseira) atravÃs da termografia (termovisores). As caixas localizadas no centro da carga, onde nÃo foi possÃvel o usar o termovisor, foram utilizados dezoito Data Loggers, distribuÃdos em caixas estratÃgicas para o registro, a cada minuto, da temperatura e umidade relativa, para posterior cÃlculo do IEC. Procedeu-se, ainda, com a ajuda de tÃcnicas de geoestatÃstica (mapas de Krigagem), a determinaÃÃo espacial da temperatura, umidade relativa e IEC durante as observaÃÃes com e sem o molhamento da carga. TambÃm se tentou determinar a sensaÃÃo tÃrmica durante a viagem dos frangos localizados nas laterais direita, esquerda e topo da carga, com a ajuda de trÃs termoanemÃmetros para registro, a cada minuto, da temperatura e velocidade do vento e, para o cÃlculo da real sensaÃÃo de conforto, foi utilizada a equaÃÃo da temperatura equivalente de Wind Chill. A abordagem deste trabalho dà Ãnfase ao uso do IEC e das tabelas de Entalpia, alÃm do uso do teste de hipÃteses t para verificar a afirmaÃÃo de que nÃo haveria diferenÃa entre as mÃdias do IEC da carga molhada e da carga seca, na regiÃo que apresenta a pior situaÃÃo de dissipaÃÃo do calor (fileira central) durante o transporte. Os resultados mostraram que o molhamento da carga nÃo se mostrou eficiente em amenizar o estresse tÃrmico durante o transporte. Pode-se ainda constatar que o uso da termografia como ferramenta de diagnÃstico tÃrmico, assim como estudos para a modelagem de uma equaÃÃo que retrate a sensaÃÃo tÃrmica da ave em funÃÃo da temperatura e velocidade do vento, à de suma importÃncia para o projeto de veÃculos de transporte de carga viva.

The main objectives of this study can be divided into four categories: a) The determination of the presence of abscesses in carcasses. b) The determination whether the abscesses are area bound. c) The determination of the causative bacteria which is responsible for abscess formation. d) The determination of the economic impact due to carcass rejections and trimmings. The research area consists of the biggest part of the Northern Cape province, which can further be divided into three main production areas, namely Groblershoop, Gordonia and Hantam. The Groblershoop area includes Groblershoop and the surrounding districts. The Gordonia area includes Upington and the Kalahari. The Hantam area includes Calvinia, Springbok and the other districts bordering the areas. All the carcasses were slaughtered at an export abattoir, namely LAW, which is situated in Groblershoop. The Upington veterinary laboratory bacteriologically cultured the abscess material and the results were processed and noted. The following results were prominent: a) It was determined that abscesses did occur in carcasses. b) It was determined that in the Hantam main production area the prevalence of abscesses is the highest, although the slaughter numbers are the lowest. c) It was determined that the bacterium that was responsible for most of the abscesses was Escherichia coli. d) It was determined that the total occurrence of bacteria did not have a significant economic impact, because there were not many carcass rejections due to abscesses. The economic impact, however, of the value of the total rejections, might become a problem.

Ritual slaughter of goats is a common practice in South Africa if the relative proportion of informal slaughter is taken into account. Religious, traditional or customary slaughter is legal in terms of meat safety legislation in South Africa. However, it is suggested that there is lack of understanding of basic food safety and occupational health concepts, and that this exposes the community to a wide spectrum of meat related hazards and food-borne diseases. Many hazards that are associated with traditional or customary slaughter of goats in South Africa have not been identified and characterized. The aim of the study was to identify, characterize and assess the occupational health and food safety risks of the biological, chemical or physical hazards associated with traditional slaughter of goats, by investigating the cultural practices and informal food chains associated with goats in South Africa. The study area was the Tshwane Metropole. A descriptive study, a form of qualitative research that describes the nature and the distribution of the outcomes, was conducted with 105 purposively selected adult respondents of both sexes at taxi ranks and places where commuters gather informally. A survey in the form of structured interviews using questionnaires was used. The data was analyzed using a thematic analysis method in conjunction with a statistical analysis. The abattoir or formal goat slaughter process, was considered as a baseline standard for comparison of meat hygiene and occupational health safety during traditional slaughter of goats. The traditional slaughter pathway, from farm to fork was derived based on structured interviews and compared to legislated norms for slaughter in red meat abattoirs. It was found that there were existing regulations for slaughter of goats at abattoirs, despite the fact that no goat abattoirs exist any longer in South Africa. Physical, chemical and biological hazards associated with ritual slaughter were identified and characterized. Qualitative data was analysed using Epi-info 7 (Centre of Disease Control, Atlanta, USA) and Microsoft Excel 2010 ® (Microsoft Corporation, USA). The magnitude and likelihood of identified biological hazards was estimated using qualitative risk assessment, modified after the method suggested for BSE in Cattle by FAO (2009). Methods of ritual slaughter differed between groups, but there was little pre-slaughter examination for disease and stunning was not used. Exsanguination could be improved by hanging the carcass and a more structured approach to decreasing contamination of the carcass by ingesta, soil, leaves and dirt could be prioritized. It was recommended that veterinary services pay more attention to the health of goats in South Africa, as these are not regularly examined at post mortem, as are other livestock where routine surveillance for disease is carried out at registered abattoirs. Information on how to determine if a goat that is bought for slaughter is healthy, based on veterinary extension and communication, should be communicated to rural communities. A simple pamphlet or poster could be developed and distributed to commuters at taxi stops, or distributed by Animal Health Technicians in rural areas. Meat hygiene principles, linked to practical hygiene principles such as the WHO “five keys” should also be communicated within rural communities and applied to informal slaughter. The principles of good hygiene and meat safety, are, however, the same. Veterinary services could be involved in actual training of those who regularly slaughter goats to make sure that they cut the throat cleanly and the goat is exsanguinated properly. Welfare of goats during slaughter could be improved by paying more attention to humane transport and restraint as well as the use of sharp knives. Research needs to be done on a practical way of stunning under rural conditions. This however should not infringe upon people’s cultural norms and religious beliefs. / Dissertation (MMedVet)--University of Pretoria, 2012. / Paraclinical Sciences / unrestricted

"The purpose of this paper is to present a sketch of the life of and a study of the novels written by a man who has used the theme of medicine, in combination with history and religion, to achieve considerable success. Since his first book came off the press in 1941, Frank G. Slaughter has had published eighteen novels that with only two exceptions dealt with medicine. Of the two exceptions, one was concerned with religion and the other with history, thereby maintaining the already assured formula for success"--Introduction. / Typescript. / "August, 1955." / Submitted to the Graduate Council of Florida State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science." / Advisor: Harold E. Moreland, Professor Directing Paper. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 38-40).

Animal feeding rations have long included carbohydrates as a primary constituent. Grains are included in most animal fattening rations, and the by-products of sugar beets have been used f or many years in livestock feeding (Kutish 1950 b). The use of molasses in commercial feed mixes in 1899 made possible its extended use in animal feeding practices (Hall 1950).