冷戰結束後，朝鮮半島依舊是東北亞區域勢力的交會點，區內相關國家始終沒有放棄在該區的利益。在2002年北韓核武危機嚴重影響東北亞的和平與穩定。中國從中協調舉辦了「三方會談」及六輪「六方會談」，與東北亞相關國家尋求和平解決對安全的憂慮，令北韓放棄核武計劃。在會談中，中國所扮演的關鍵角色令人關注。 本論文透過回顧中國在六方會談與北韓核武危機中扮演的角色，探討中國的戰略和分析其他參與國對中國的評估。隨著中國國力的相對崛起，中國在北韓核武危機與六方會談中發揮了至關重要的影響力。中國的東北亞政策採用現實主義的路線，維護北韓政權的存續，亦同時保障中國的安全利益﹔藉由主導六方會談去穩固區域現狀，以強化區域領導者角色，符合其最大的國家利益。 / After the Cold War, the conflicts on the Korean Peninsula still remain unsolvable over half century, the related countries have not given up its interests in the Northeast Asia region. In 2002, North Korea nuclear crisis has brought up the serious security concern to the Northeast Asia. China has organized "Trilateral Talks" and "Six-Party Talks", hoping to find a peaceful solution through mediation. China had played a key role in the Talks. This paper aims to explore and analyze the role and strategies of China in Six-Party Talks. China, as host of the Six-Party alks, played a vital role and had been engaged in more active diplomacy to defuse this crisis, leading its growing influence in the Northeast Asia. China has the potential both to guarantee North Korea's security, and to impose and enforce a denuclearization agreement. The role of China in the Six-Party Talk is to eliminate the North Korea nuclear capability, stable the status quo in the Korean Peninsula and strengthen its influence in the Northeast Asia region.

O presente artigo tem como objeto de estudo a política nuclear norte-coreana e analisa as suas origens e motivações históricas. O programa nuclear começou a ser desenvolvido na década de 1950 e evoluiu paulatinamente ao longo das três gerações do regime Kim (Kim Il Sung, Kim Jong Il, Kim Jong Un). A compreensão do que está por trás da política nuclear pressupõe o estudo das relações regionais que compõem as dinâmicas do Nordeste Asiático e envolvem os interesses, não apenas das duas Coreias, mas também da China, da Rússia, do Japão e dos Estados Unidos. A percepção das assimetrias regionais, bem como concepções acerca da política externa pós-revolucionária, contribuem para o entendimento da racionalidade da política nuclear da Coreia do Norte. A partir da revisão bibliográfica pertinente ao tema e da análise histórica do desenvolvimento nuclear norte-coreano, concluiu-se que a política nuclear é trabalhada como recurso de dissuasão e é elemento fundamental da estratégia de sobrevivência nacional. / The purpose of this article is to study the North Korean nuclear policy, analyzing its origins and historical motivations. The development of the nuclear program began in the 1950s and evolved gradually over the three generations of the Kim regime (Kim Il Sung, Kim Jong Il, Kim Jong Un). Understanding what lies behind the nuclear policy presupposes studying the regional relations that create the dynamics of Northeast Asia and engulf not only the interests of the two Koreas but also of China, Russia, Japan and the United States. The perception of regional asymmetries, as well as conceptions related to post-revolutionary foreign policy, contribute to the comprehension of the rationality behind North Korea's nuclear policy. Through the literature review of the relevant bibliography and the historical analysis of North Korean nuclear development, it was concluded that the nuclear policy is conducted to provide deterrence and represents a fundamental component of the national survival strategy.

O presente artigo tem como objeto de estudo a política nuclear norte-coreana e analisa as suas origens e motivações históricas. O programa nuclear começou a ser desenvolvido na década de 1950 e evoluiu paulatinamente ao longo das três gerações do regime Kim (Kim Il Sung, Kim Jong Il, Kim Jong Un). A compreensão do que está por trás da política nuclear pressupõe o estudo das relações regionais que compõem as dinâmicas do Nordeste Asiático e envolvem os interesses, não apenas das duas Coreias, mas também da China, da Rússia, do Japão e dos Estados Unidos. A percepção das assimetrias regionais, bem como concepções acerca da política externa pós-revolucionária, contribuem para o entendimento da racionalidade da política nuclear da Coreia do Norte. A partir da revisão bibliográfica pertinente ao tema e da análise histórica do desenvolvimento nuclear norte-coreano, concluiu-se que a política nuclear é trabalhada como recurso de dissuasão e é elemento fundamental da estratégia de sobrevivência nacional. / The purpose of this article is to study the North Korean nuclear policy, analyzing its origins and historical motivations. The development of the nuclear program began in the 1950s and evolved gradually over the three generations of the Kim regime (Kim Il Sung, Kim Jong Il, Kim Jong Un). Understanding what lies behind the nuclear policy presupposes studying the regional relations that create the dynamics of Northeast Asia and engulf not only the interests of the two Koreas but also of China, Russia, Japan and the United States. The perception of regional asymmetries, as well as conceptions related to post-revolutionary foreign policy, contribute to the comprehension of the rationality behind North Korea's nuclear policy. Through the literature review of the relevant bibliography and the historical analysis of North Korean nuclear development, it was concluded that the nuclear policy is conducted to provide deterrence and represents a fundamental component of the national survival strategy.

The thesis introduces the Juche ideology and examines its impact on the North Korean regime. The main objective is to evaluate the role of the DPRK in the system of international relations, with regard to the Juche ideology. Due to the fact that in the DPRK and the mutual relations with other countries, it is very difficult to find a direct link with the ideas of proclaimed ideology, the main characteristics for a given pair of countries is emphasised. Mutual relations with five countries, which are articipating in the six-party talks with DPRK(the disarmament process is discussed in a separate section of thesis) are commented on. The role of the European Union is mentioned, because in the future, the EU could happen for several reasons, an important partner for the DPRK.

O presente artigo tem como objeto de estudo a política nuclear norte-coreana e analisa as suas origens e motivações históricas. O programa nuclear começou a ser desenvolvido na década de 1950 e evoluiu paulatinamente ao longo das três gerações do regime Kim (Kim Il Sung, Kim Jong Il, Kim Jong Un). A compreensão do que está por trás da política nuclear pressupõe o estudo das relações regionais que compõem as dinâmicas do Nordeste Asiático e envolvem os interesses, não apenas das duas Coreias, mas também da China, da Rússia, do Japão e dos Estados Unidos. A percepção das assimetrias regionais, bem como concepções acerca da política externa pós-revolucionária, contribuem para o entendimento da racionalidade da política nuclear da Coreia do Norte. A partir da revisão bibliográfica pertinente ao tema e da análise histórica do desenvolvimento nuclear norte-coreano, concluiu-se que a política nuclear é trabalhada como recurso de dissuasão e é elemento fundamental da estratégia de sobrevivência nacional. / The purpose of this article is to study the North Korean nuclear policy, analyzing its origins and historical motivations. The development of the nuclear program began in the 1950s and evolved gradually over the three generations of the Kim regime (Kim Il Sung, Kim Jong Il, Kim Jong Un). Understanding what lies behind the nuclear policy presupposes studying the regional relations that create the dynamics of Northeast Asia and engulf not only the interests of the two Koreas but also of China, Russia, Japan and the United States. The perception of regional asymmetries, as well as conceptions related to post-revolutionary foreign policy, contribute to the comprehension of the rationality behind North Korea's nuclear policy. Through the literature review of the relevant bibliography and the historical analysis of North Korean nuclear development, it was concluded that the nuclear policy is conducted to provide deterrence and represents a fundamental component of the national survival strategy.

This study presents a comparative approach between the time of the Belgic Confession and of the Korean Church under Japanese rule. Both the early Low Countries and Korea received Protestantism through martyrdom and persecution. During the sixteen century the Low Countries were under the Spanish rule. The Low Countries were deeply influenced by the Reformation. Many historians have noted that the people in the Low Countries suffered persecutions on the basis of their nationality and religious beliefs by the Roman Catholic Church and the Spanish government. The heroes of the Low Countries were William of Orange, the political leader of his native country, and Guido de Bres a religious leader. William of Orange, and his son, Maurice of Orange, accomplished their country’s political independence with outstanding leadership. Guido de Bres was a travelling preacher who preached the gospel in the Low Countries. He drafted the Belgic Confession. It is authorized as one of the most wonderful Reformed confessions. Korea received the gospel through the Western missionary R. J. Thmoas. Korea was under Japanese rule since the end of the nineteen century. Korean Christianity helped the Korean people when the Koreans were oppressed. From the late 1920s, the Japanese forced Koreans in Shinto Shrine Worship. Shinto Shrine Worship was the worship of the King of Japan. The Korean people could not accept Shinto Shrine Worship. Korean Christians judged Shinto Shrine Worship to be idol worship and opposed it. However, Korean Protestants abandoned their faith, due to the Japanese’ threat of military power. Some pastors resisted Shinto Shrine Worship. Pastor Joo Ki-Chul was a leader of the resistance and died for his faith. There are similarities and differences between the struggle of the Low Countries and Korea. Both the early Low Countries and early Korean Church produced spiritual martyrs like Guido de Bres and Joo Ki-Chul. They were martyrs, patriots and preachers. In both countries Christians faced horrible persecutions by the ruling tyrants. But while the Low Countries struggled for their independence to the end, most Korean Christians had to desert their faith in the face of continued pressure from the Japanese. In spite of this some Korean Christians remained strong till the bitter end. The Low Countries’ religious persecution came to an end, but North Korea’s Christians are still suffering under the communist regime. In spite of terrible persecution by the communist government, there are many Christians in underground churches who long for religious and political freedom. / Dissertation (MA(Theol))--University of Pretoria, 2011. / Church History and Church Policy / unrestricted

This Master thesis deals with the Sino-American cooperation during the Six-Party Talks between 2003 and 2009 and it aims to analyze both the main interests and objectives, with which the US and China came in the negotiations, and the problematic issues between the US and China, most critically complicating a progress in the negotiations. Although both countries cordially declared common interest in denuclearization of the Korean Peninsula, their real order of priorities within the Talks greatly differed. Contrary to the United States, China prioritized stability of the region to its denuclearization and was trying very hard to moderate the harsh US approach towards the DPRK's nuclear activities. In this way, it was, however, practically impossible to effectively force the North to abandon its nuclear program, which was something unconditionally demanded by the United States. What is more, the long-lasting political and strategic alliance between Beijing and Pyongyang considerably complicated the problem. In consequence, any statements or resolutions, which were adopted during the Talks, lacked sufficient strength and did not force North Korea to start dismantlement of its nuclear program. Thus, the US-China cooperation was not very fruitful. Based on these findings, the thesis concludes that the...

Approved for public release, distribution is unlimited / Psychological operations (PSYOP) forces should undertake significant doctrinal, training, and operational reforms to ensure the viability of support provided to U.S. led stabilization and reconstruction efforts. Such operations involve increased civilmilitary interactions and necessitate effective cross-cultural communications with not only the indigenous populace, but a host of transnational actors as well. Today's PSYOP training is reflective of a persisting "Cold War mentality" that fails to adequately prepare soldiers for effective post-conflict situations such as the reunification of the Korean peninsula, whether brought about either through a renewal of combat operations or the result of diplomatic means. Meanwhile, North Korea's formidable and adept propaganda machine has persisted in isolating its populace from external influences for more than a halfcentury. Post-Korean War generation North Koreans have been successfully indoctrinated since birth to despise the United States. Furthermore, anti-U.S. sentiment has been on the rise in South Korea for a number of years. Under the current training model, contemporary psychological operations forces are ill-prepared to conduct effective operations in an environment involving two-way, face-to-face communications such as those required while stabilizing and reconstructing a nation. The case of Korean reunification serves as an extreme scenario that nevertheless depicts the drastic need for improvements in the capabilities of modern PSYOP forces. / Captain, United States Army

This paper examines the different attitudes of the Republic of Korea (South Korea) and the United States of America with regards to the Kaesong Industrial Complex, a joint inter-Korean economic project located in the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (North Korea). The paper uses the theoretical framework of Social Constructivism to analyze the different ideas available in the political discourse of both actors with regards to North Korean policy in general and policy towards Kaesong specifically. The paper relates these ideas to the positions both actors have taken with regards to the inclusion of Kaesong products in the S. Korean-U.S. FTA.

自從習近平在「莊園會晤」時向歐巴馬提出，中美共同建立新型大國關係，中共在亞太地區已經是掩蓋不住大國崛起的態勢。此時的平壤早已察覺到大國的壓力，面對中美關係日趨緊密，北韓為維持政權延續以及從中獲取利益，盡其所能提高在中美大國競爭時的籌碼，尤其是在東北亞各國政權更替時，施展戰略邊緣政策。 美國藉由北韓核試爆議題，成功部署軍事規劃、高舉國際輿論的大旗，迫使中共不得不對北韓施以必要措施。對於北韓不斷的舉行核試爆與導彈試射，中共在維護其重要國家利益與面對美國再平衡戰略的考量下，轉而借力使力，運用北韓核議題的持續發酵，得以延長應對美國及國際壓力。 因此，整個東北亞的關係結構，就是有關各國在中共與美國之間，取得對自己最大利益的位置。 / Xi Jinping proposed to Obama in the "Ennenberg Estate” summit in California during June 2013, Beijing has aftermath tried every effort to establish a “New Type of Great Power Relations” with Washington. China rise has been an obvious trend in the Asia-Pacific region. In this critical moment, Pyongyang has been aware of the pressure of big powers, in the face of China and the United States increasingly conciliatory relationship. In order to stabilize the North Korean regime and continue to take advantage of power politics in this area, North Korea tries to facilitate its bargaining gravity within the Sino-American interaction when they seek to use Pyongyang to counterbalance against each other. Particularly North Korea tends to exert its caliber of brinkmanship policy while it notices that the East Asian area is in the process of regime reshuffles. . Against the backdrop of North Korea's threat of continuing nuclear tests, Washington successfully accomplished military deployment and dominate direction of world public opinion in forcing China to impose the necessary measures on North Korea. For North Korea's ongoing nuclear test and missile test, China intends to manipulate its advantage based on its national interest. In the meantime, China implements this policy to counterweight the US “Rebalancing” strategy. Beijing goes to use the issue of North Korean nuclear development to further exert its strategy in responding to the pressures from both the United States and international community. Therefore, the international structure in the Northeast Asia, therefore, is that the concerning countries are seeking for their maximize advantage in the Sino-U.S. strategic engagement.