Legal empowerment as a theoretical and practical concept has gained increasing attention in international development. Due to the shifting aid paradigm, caused by the rising of South-South cooperation, legal empowerment’s proposed bottom-up character has challenged the larger conventional top-down approaches to development that traditionally have dominated the development agenda. Nevertheless, studies examining legal empowerment have failed to analyse whether the concept is produced in a top-down setting and hence omitted possible power imbalances that the discourse might be hiding. By conducting a critical discourse analysis through applying postcolonial theory, the dissertation critically explores the concept on a sample of public policy documents by two of the largest legal empowerment donors, the World Bank and the Asian Development Bank. The thesis analyses both how the donors approach the concept and how the discourse may distinguish in their approaches. Furthermore, it examines how power imbalances in the legal empowerment discourse might emerge from a Global North/South perspective. The study finds that the policies from both development banks do not discursively produce legal empowerment in significantly different ways, which moreover forswears the premise that the South-South development cooperation is to be essentially distinctive from the North-South cooperation. Furthermore, the both discourses were found to (re)produce postcolonial narratives that reduce the ‘subjects’ in the discourse into homogenous groups which could somewhat dispute the essence of the concept.

This thesis studies the symbolic regimes of Southern and Northern development cooperation partners. Symbolic regime is understood as the jointly articulated discourse of the Southern and Northern development partners. South-North cooperation is a suitable topic for study due to its peculiarity. The power structure typically seen in development cooperation is inverted, with the Southern country being the primary architect of cooperation between the two countries, unlike in traditional development cooperation. The study is placed in the context of wider research on convergence between Southern and Northern countries. Symbolic regimes are studied by inductively generating theoretical categories using a grounded theory method on documents from China’s Belt and Road Initiative and comparing those categories with established North-South and South-South symbolic regimes, which are framed using gift theory. The results suggest that China and its Northern partners’ symbolic regime is similar to the symbolic regime from South-South cooperation, without the emotional claims of solidarity or empathy. Jointly articulated discourse was found primarily to detail intended consequences and facilitating conditions, while individually articulated material showed that there are realities which are obscured by the symbolic regimes.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(経済学) / 甲第18757号 / 経博第508号 / 新制||経||272(附属図書館) / 31708 / 京都大学大学院経済学研究科経済学専攻 / (主査)教授 植田 和弘, 教授 神事 直人, 教授 柴田 章久 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Economics / Kyoto University / DGAM

The project of sustainable development has been a guiding principle in international economic and political relations for decades. Though promising progress and the eradication of poverty, while securing the environment, the development project has come at a significant price in terms of environmental degradation and the erosion of domestic norms and identities. Thus, there is a clear tension between the goals and outcomes of the historical trajectory of the development discourse which provides great insight into global North-South relations. The paper has two simultaneous aims of the paper. The first is to investigate the nature of the Western paradigm of sustainable development in natural resource extraction and interrogate its supposed commitment to fostering economic growth while simultaneously supporting environmental sustainability. The application of a Foucaultian lens, with the incorporation of key concepts such as governmentality and regimes of truth, functions to recover subject positions of the discourse. First, the Northern position of power and truth dissemination and second, the Southern actors whose beliefs disappear through the identity ascription inherent to the Western notion of sustainable development. Finding the cosmopolitan foundations of sustainable development to be fictitious, the paper then develops to the second aim of the paper: the possibility of alternative frameworks of natural resource extraction, finding value within the institutionalization of indigenous cosmologies and traditional knowledges in development governance at the local and global level. / Thesis / Master of Arts (MA)

Yes

Terror attacks against diplomatic missions is a phenomenon that has occurred frequently in the last 50 years and can be seen as a threat to peace. The conflict transition from interstate to intrastate has created a larger share of non-government actors who do not have a rational reason to follow the agreement that has been made on the state level. This paper has aimed to study the phenomenon of terrorist attacks against diplomatic missions over a 50-year time and chart if the global north or south have been more exposed. The paper has also approached the question of the relationship between state´s participation in conflicts and their exposure to attacks against their diplomatic missions. The result finds that more attacks happen in the global south, but the attacks are aimed against missions sent by the global north. There also exists a relationship between participation in conflicts and exposure to terrorist attacks against diplomatic missions. However, this relation becomes clear for observations where a country has been highly active in conflicts, there is no larger difference between non-active countries and countries with only a few participations in conflict.

This study develops a model for university adult education to guide the Qwa-Qwa Campus of the University of the North in its quest to play a role in adult education practice. It explores the route that the Qwa-Qwa Campus could take in extending its resources to a wide range of individuals, special interest groups and targeted audiences in the North-Eastern Free State community that was historically marginalised from university education. In developing the envisaged model the study explores a number of international and local (South African) approaches in university adult education. This academic endeavour is intended to provide some guidelines for the Qwa-Qwa Campus’ envisaged role in university adult education. In pursuance of these aims (lie study investigates the typical role that a university plays in adult education by reflecting on the following issues: _ University outreach __ Distance education _ University Extension programmes / service _ University adult and ccntmuing education _ Universities and communities __ Sources o f funding for university adult education practice. A review of literature including a home-page survey are used as methodologies of unravelling typical University Adult Education approaches of four universities in Australia ii(La Trobe, Deakin, Ballarat and Charles'STtirt), one university in the United States of America (Tuskegee), two universities in Southe; s Africa (Botswana and Lesotho) and four Universities in South , . . Africa (Western Cape, Cape ToWd, Witwatersrand and Transkei). Key people at selected South African Universities actively involved in adult education practice were interviewed. Three people fi/nn the community were interviewed to assess the needs of surrounding people in the Qwa-Qwa area. The study brings these elements together in an attempt to develop a realistic model for the involvement of the Qwa-Qwa Campus in adult education.

Notre étude questionne la réception des discours et pratiques de développement durable et de RSE dans les pays du Sud. Nous adoptons une hypothèse de départ qui est que ces discours placent ces pays en situation de double bind. Après avoir tracé les contours des débats sur le développement durable et la RSE notre recherche empirique porte sur un projet tripartite de solidarité numérique franco-sénégalais. Une approche quasi-ethnographique, parfois auto-ethnographique, inspirée par K. Stewart nous permet de partir à la recherche d‟indice de double bind, de voir comment certaines pratiques, discours ou situations laissent entrevoir un malaise dans la réception. En confrontant ces observations avec le cadre de la théorie du don, nous remarquons que les effets des pratiques et discours dans le cas observé sont à l‟opposé de ce que prédit les recherches sur le don. Le don d‟ordinateurs semble unilatéral, ne crée pas de lien, au contraire semble éloigner les protagonistes. Les théories de Bateson et de l‟école de Palo Alto apportent un regard systémique sur cette situation, montrant que Nord et Sud sont en situation d‟injonctions paradoxales, les poussant vers des toujours plus menaçant de faire éclater la relation (schismogenèse). Nous concluons sur le besoin d‟une part de laisser la multiplication des voix s‟exprimer et d‟autre part une critique qui permettra d‟enfin enclencher un apprentissage. Cette recherche exploratoire mène finalement moins à une critique radicale du développement durable et des actions de RSE, que de la manière dont ils sont concrétisés dans l‟aide au développement. Il faut plusieurs voix, plusieurs acteurs, qui ensemble permettront peut-être un nouveau dialogue Nord-Sud pour une RSE plus responsable, une solidarité numérique plus solidaire, un développement plus durable… / This study investigates reception of discourses and practices about sustainable development and CSR in the Southern countries. It is framed by the assumption that those discourses place these countries in a double bind situation. The debates on sustainability are first delineated; then an empirical investigation inquires upon a digital solidarity project between France and Senegal. A quasi-ethnographic (sometimes auto-ethnogreaphic) approach is adopted, following K. Stewart‟s footsteps, in search for clues of double binds, when some practices, phrases or situations show unease inside the reception process. By comparing our observations with the theoretical frame of the gift, we notice that the effects of the studied discourses and practices are opposite to what gift researchers would predict. Computer donations are unilateral, do not build links and relations, on the contrary they tend to hold off both partners. Bateson‟s and Palo Alto School‟s theories bring a systemic perspective on this situation, showing North and South submitted to paradoxical injunctions, driving them towards the need to give always more that threaten to break up the relation. (schismogenesis). We conclude on the need both to let the expression of multiple voices (instead of the CSR monolinguism), and to allow for a critique that could help trigger learning processes. This exploratory research eventually leads less to a radical critique of sustainability and CSR‟s principles, that on the way they are actualized in development aid projects. We call for more voices, more actors, that together may foster a new dialogue for a more responsible CSR, a more solidary digital solidarity, a more sustainable development

Despite many important advances since the “Bretton Woods” agreement, the state of Third World development remains extremely unsatisfactory. About a billion people live in extreme poverty and more than 800 million do not get adequate nutrition. Third World Debt looms large on the horizons of most underdeveloped nations and development continues to benefit the Third World elites, the developed nations, and their multinational corporations. The North-South divide continues to widen with very little “tricking down” to the poor majority in many nations. It is strongly believed that one-third of the world’s poor are getting poorer. The conventional approach to development theory and practice, focusing on economic growth, investment, trade and free markets continues to benefit developed nations. Even in nations where free trade and markets have spurred growth, the net results of globalization have not reached the majority. Globalization defined as the “economic, social, political and environmental integration of nations” creates some major imbalances in a world system increasingly based on liberal market economies. Ultimately, the IMF-WTO corporate globalization model has failed to deliver for developing countries, severely punishing those least capable of protecting themselves – the billions living on $ 400 million annually. Market access is only useful to countries at a stage of development that allows for their engagement in world markets, in a manner that promotes improved standards of living for their populations. The promise of market access is a distraction that has served to create a myth of prosperity. This research seeks to raise issues regarding the impact of globalization on North-South imbalances highlighting the crucial gaps in the globalization process. Initially, the research outlines the parameters and theories surrounding the globalization process and then progresses on to demonstrate the imbalances of the global system, highlighting the key areas of impact that adversely affect the development of Southern nations. Using India’s economic liberalization as a case in point, this thesis attempts to unveil the growing myth of prosperity that is being propagated in relation to the issues of globalization and the South. Finally, the thesis attempts to draw pertinent theoretical lessons that would contribute towards a better understanding of the effects of globalization on the South. / http://proxy.library.adelaide.edu.au/login?url= http://library.adelaide.edu.au/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=1311650 / Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, School of History and Politics, 2008

<p>Diss. Stockholm :  Stockholm School of Economics, 2013. Introduction together with 3 papers.</p>