During recent decades the brownification through leaching of organic carbon into Northern hemisphere water bodies has become apparent. This is considered a problem because of the implications it has on ecosystems and freshwater sources used for drinking water. It could be beneficial if wetlands can be used for reducing brownification but also detrimental if wetlands instead increase it as construction of wetlands is common practice for treating agricultural runoff in Sweden.  This study compares inlet and outlet absorbance in five wetlands in Kalmar County in Sweden and finds that one removes colour, two increases colour and two does not change the colour of the water at all. The study also compares absorbance values with variables concerning flow and temperature and concludes that a higher absorbance at inlet increases removal similar to how nutrient removal in wetlands work. Inlet absorbance is also dependent on flow with higher flow resulting in higher absorbance. Periods of no flow did not contribute to any changes in absorbance, but this could be because of a limited sample pool. Future recommendations for research include a more extensive look into periods of no flow and affecting variables to ensure wetlands do not contribute to brownification.

Studies of human sacrifice during the Iron Age in the Nordic countries have long been based on historical literary sources. Scientific studies of human sacrifice often lack archaeological material in the form of human skeletons. This is because of the difficulty in detecting injuries on human bones that can be linked to lethal violence. Studies of bog bodies have mainly been done on bog mummies and therefore studies of wetland skeletons have lagged behind. The purpose of this thesis is to investigate whether it is possible to find archaeological evidence for historical literary sources' claim that people in the Nordic countries were sacrificed alive during the Iron Age. The aim is also to investigate during which periods of the Nordic Iron Age these human sacrifices took place. It is hoped that this thesis will make an archaeological contribution to research on Nordic human sacrifice and thus pave the way for more interdisciplinary studies of the subject.

The Runic scripture is very unique and complicated and has evolved for over centuries and resulted in unique Runic variants such as Gothic Runes, Anglo-Frisian and more. But where did Runes come from and how did they spread throughout Europe is what this paper will attempt to answer by going over multiple Runic objects as well as different historical literatures and databases in order to establish potential routes for which Runes could have spread through. Such as from Rhine to Northern Europe or from Germany to the rest of Northern Europe or Gaul to Northern Europe. However the people that spread the Runes are partially unknown with some suggesting that it was a group from a Germanic area that spread it, but no clear evidence appears until around 400 AD when a clear migration of people was visible in Frisia and England.

No / A number of charred surface residues, adhering to ceramic containers, were obtained from various coastal and inland sites in north-west Europe dating from the sixth to the fourth millennium cal bc. In order to investigate the use of these vessels and in particular to identify any marine products, the residues were subjected to carbon and nitrogen stable isotope analysis. Variation in carbon isotope ratios between different samples indicated that some vessels may have been used to process marine products. This analysis was corroborated by specific identification of aquatic products following structural and isotopic characterization of lipids extracted from selected samples.

This study focusses on the relationship between social assistance and personal social services on the one hand and various forms of social insurance on the other hand. During the period the expressed objective was in both nations to replace the Poor Law with insurance, leaving only a small last resort assistance scheme. While Norway continued the pre-war practice of breaking down the Poor Law "from without" through the gradual extension of insurance, Britain attempted a more immediate transition through the creation of a universal National Insurance and a National Assistance freed from the cash-care multifunctional nature of the Poor Law. The comparison of the ensuing development rests on two postulates. First, Norwegian social insurance will be seen to have experienced a more favourable development in terms of coverage and levels of benefits. Second, in the case of assistance the Norwegian scheme covered a decreasing proportion of the population with a service bearing strong resemblance to those of the Poor Law. Britain, by contrast, experienced a growth in the number covered by assistance, in terms of numbers as well as need categories. The services obtained bear, however, less resemblance to the Poor Law compared to their Norwegian counterpart. For both nations it will be hypothesised that the scope and nature of assistance can be largely explained by the development of social insurance. The findings will be discussed in relation to Titmuss' models of welfare. The hypothesis is that while Norway on the whole has reached an income maintenance closer to the institutional model compared to Britain, a paradox emerges when we see that Norway also features a more residual assistance in comparison to services offered to equivalent groups in the UK. These findings are also discussed in relation to theories about the social division of welfare as well as different interpretations of determinants of welfare. The study is in two parts: Institutional and residual welfare. In the first we analyse first the emergence of the models of insurance in the two countries and, second, the 1946-1966 development of old age and disability pensions. The second part focusses on assistance and the changing nature of social work in the local authority personal social services.

Mgr. Naďa Holková: Finnish foreign policy during its membership in European Union, diploma thesis. Faculty of International Affairs, University of Economics, Department of International Studies of Ján Masaryk, supervisor: Ing. Zbyněk Dubský, PhD., level of professional qualification: Engineer (Ing.), Prague, 2012, 78 pp. The thesis analyses Finnish foreign policy during country's membership in European Union, that means since 1995. Its core consists of three main chapters. The first one is devoted to theoretical introduction of foreign policy, the second one presents Finnish foreign policy in Northern Europe and the third one analyses Finnish activities at multilateral level -- within European Union, and the cooperation with United Nations as well as with security organizations (NATO and OSCE). The main methods used in the text are analysis and synthesis. The actual information used in the thesis are from Finnish government sources. Finnish foreign policy is a proof that even a small and neutral state can be active abroad at the high level.

A Troy Town is a labyrinth either built of stones or made of turf. They can be found in northern Europe, especially in Scandinavia. The number of Troy Towns in Sweden is outstanding. They are around 400. Most of them are situated on the coast but there are still approximatly 80 inland about 20 of which are located on ancient burial grounds from both bronze and iron age. The Troy Towns in Sweden are mostly marked with round circles of stones, the size of human skulls, and placed directly on the ground. The entrance of a Troy Town is often formed as a cross. There are some turf labyrinths left in Denmark, England and Germany but most of them are overgrown by grass and can no longer be seen. The Troy Towns are hard to date. Away from the coast one can examine their contexts whilst along the coast lichenometry and the sea level may be used to determine the age of them. There are different ways to describe the purpose of them depending on what period they belong to and where they are situated. Researchers do not agree on all the theories and many of them are based on older explanations. Still new theories appear. My purpose apart from describing the Troy Towns is to examine and compare the theories and to evaluate their plausibility. / <p>Uppsatsen ventilerad 2019-05-27</p><p>Uppsatsen godkänd 2019-06-12</p>

This study explores how education and the medieval intellectual and pedagogical discipline of 'grammatical' developed in Iceland during the medieval period, defined roughly from the official conversion to Christianity c.1000 to the Reformation c.1550, The first chapter deals with social, institutional, and financial aspects of teaching and learning in medieval Iceland, surveying key figures and places, but also arguing that more attention shoulder be paid to the costs of learning and the effect of that on poor students. The second chapter addresses Latin education, discussing the importance of Latinity in medieval Iceland and the types of education that would involve Latin. It also addresses the idea of bilingual education and suggests ways in which extant venacular writings can provide evidence for how Latin was taught and learned using the vernacular, using the model of Old English bilingual education. Finally, the third chapter addresses vernacular topics of learning, focusing on the development of a venacular \(grammatical\) which is focused on the interpretation and normalization of Old Norse texts, rather than the understanding and use of Latin. Discussing these three components of educational history together is fundamental to understanding the intellectual and pedagogical dynamics behind the extant medieval Icelandic textual corpus.

Les épizooties du passé, malgré leur impact économique, sanitaire et social sur les sociétés agro-pastorales anciennes, sont particulièrement mal documentées en archéologie, et leurs millions de victimes semblent n’avoir laissé aucune trace matérielle. Cette thèse s’attache donc à démontrer qu’il est non seulement possible de mettre en évidence des dépôts animaux consécutifs à des crises de mortalité, mais aussi d’identifier les causes spécifiques des décès. Elle adopte une démarche interdisciplinaire, mêlant méthodes et données de l’archéologie, de l’histoire et de la médecine vétérinaire. Deux outils méthodologiques y sont développés. Le premier est une grille d’analyse permettant l’identification des crises de mortalité animales parmi tous les dépôts de faune rencontrés en archéologie. Le second est une démarche de diagnostic différentiel de la nature des crises, reposant sur la confrontation entre les caractéristiques épidémiologiques des dépôts animaux et celles des principales causes de mortalité identifiées aux époques étudiées. Des examens complémentaires ciblés permettent alors la validation des hypothèses diagnostiques obtenues. Une cinquantaine de dépôts animaux témoignant vraisemblablement de crises de mortalité passées sont ainsi identifiés dans la bibliographie, corpus faisant l’objet d’une analyse multicritère diachronique et spécifique. Six assemblages ovins datés de l’Antiquité à la période Moderne font ensuite l’objet d’une étude archéologique et ostéologique approfondie. L’application du protocole d’analyse permet la formulation d’hypothèses diagnostiques dans cinq cas sur six, et dans un cas sa confirmation par la mise en évidence du pathogène incriminé. / Acute episodes of animal mortality had severe impacts on past societies, with lasting economical, sanitary and social consequences. They remain however largely undocumented, in particular in archaeology, where the millions of animal victims described in historical texts appear to have left no material evidence. This dissertation thus strives to explore this discrepancy and to demonstrate that not only is it possible to identify archaeological deposits of mass animal mortality, but that it is also possible to diagnose the specific cause of the deaths. Theses aims are addressed by an interdisciplinary approach, drawing on methods and data from the fields of archaeology, history and veterinary science, and leading to the development of two methodological tools. The first tool allows the identification of animal mass mortality deposits through a flow chart based on objective archaeological criteria. The second presents as a protocol allowing the differential diagnosis and those of the main causes for animal mortalities in that time and place. Selected diagnostic hypotheses are then tested by targeted analyses. This allows us to identify fifty-one archaeological animal deposits probably resulting from mass mortality events in the bibliographical record, and to carry out a multi-criteria analysis of the resulting corpus in a diachronic and a species-specific perspective. Six ovine assemblages dating from the Roman period to the Modern period are then selected for an in-depth archaeological and osteological study. Likely diagnostic hypotheses are identified through our protocol in five cases out of six, one of which is confirmed by the paleoparasitological identification of the suspected pathogen.

隨著旅遊人口的持續增加，新的旅遊地也不斷被發現，旅遊圖像因而被大量建構並隨著媒體充斥於日常生活。經由意象與符號等意義的累積過程，各個景點的旅遊框架集結起來逐步建構出大眾對某個抽象「地方」的印象，進而產生「標準版」與「類型化」的旅遊圖像。 旅遊圖像的建構實是繞著特定空間的想像以及與此想像相關的社會實踐詮釋架構。然而旅遊實踐雖然發生在具體社會空間卻也涉及想像建構面向，藉由身體的移動而將特定旅遊圖像的想像連結到具體空間。 由是觀之，旅遊書籍常成為介紹旅遊景點、提供資訊的媒介，作／旅者陳述旅遊經歷的同時當也強化、再製了特定的旅遊圖像，提供讀者觀看世界的視野與角度。換言之，人們不僅通過圖像瞭解其它地方的生活方式與文化內容，也藉此建構了對他方的認知與想像。 / New tourist attractions are being discovered continually with the increase of touristic population, therefore, tourist images are constructed and being full of daily life along with media. Though the accumulative process of image and symbol, tourist frameworks create the abstract impression of “ Place” gradually, and then generate the edition of “Standard” and ”Typed ”. The construction of tourists image is indeed related to the imagination and social practice of framing around a specific space. Tourism practice, however, occurs in a concrete space but also involves imagine-constructed, with the movement of the body connect a link between imagination and a specific space. Therefore, travel books are the medium which introduce the tourist attractions, while author/ traveler describe their own experience, meanwhile, they are strengthening the vision and perspective for readers to watch the world. In other word, people not only learn the life style and cultural content by tourist images, but also construct the cognition and imagination of the place.