Ce travail de thèse étudie l'effet des caractéristiques spécifiques des semelles de chaussures de course à pied minimalistes sur le patron de course. La première partie de ce travail tente de déterminer les condition expérimentales idéales et préconise l'utilisation de la course sur piste plutôt que sur tapis ainsi qu'un temps de 5 à 7 minutes de course nécessaires à la stabilisation du patron de course lors d'une session de course en chaussures minimalistes. Contrairement à l'épaisseur globale de la semelle, l'augmentation du drop a une influence sur le patron de pose du pied augmentant la flexion dorsale et diminuant la force de réaction du sol à l'impact. Le port de chaussures minimalistes ne présenterait pas d'avantage d'un point de vue de la prévention des blessures. Les études futures devront se concentrer sur les évolutions à long terme du patron de course lors de l'utilisation de chaussures minimalistes. / This thesis work study the specific features of the minimalist shoe sole on running pattern. The first part of this work tried to determine ideal experimental conditions and preconize utilisation of overgound running rather than treadmill running. An adaptation duration of 5 to 7 minutes is also required to the running pattern stabilisation when running in minimalist shoes. Opposite to the sole thickness, increasing the drop affect de foot strike pattern increasing dorsiflexion and decreasing ground reaction force at impact. Running in minimalist shoe would not be advantageous concerning injury risk. Future studies should focus on the long-term evolution of the running pattern when using minimalist shoes.

Células-tronco (CT) são células com um alto poder de indiferenciação, plasticidade celular e autorrenovação. Baseado na autorrenovação das CT, pesquisas recentes sugerem que uma falha durante este processo pode levar ao surgimento de um novo tipo de célula, sendo esta responsável pelo aparecimento, propagação e manutenção de diversos tipos de neoplasias. Além disso, apresenta resistência às formas de tratamento convencionais do câncer. Tais células foram denominadas de células-tronco tumorais (CTT). As CTT já foram caracterizadas em leucemias e em diversos tipos de tumores sólidos, porém, até o presente momento, não foram descritas em linfoma não- Hodgkin (LNH). Por esta razão, o presente estudo teve como objetivo investigar a presença de CTT em pacientes com LNH. Biópsias de linfonodos e medulas ósseas (MO) de pacientes com LNH foram as fontes utilizadas para isolar e cultivar as CT mesenquimais. Uma vez caracterizadas as CTT, estas foram inoculadas em camundongos imunodeprimidos para observar uma possível formação de tumor. As células isoladas de biópsias de linfonodo não apresentaram CD133 positivo, marcador de membrana presente nas CTT, bem como não expressaram os genes de indiferenciação (Nanog e Oct-4) e não formaram tumores quando inoculadas nos animais. Por outro lado, as células isoladas de MO apresentaram subpopulações de células positivas para o CD133, expressaram os genes de indiferenciação e, após inoculadas, desenvolveram tumores em camundongos imunodeprimidos. Com isto, concluise que as células isoladas dos linfonodos possam ser fibroblastos, indicando, assim, uma dificuldade de se isolar as CTT deste material. Enquanto que, como já bem descrito e estabelecido na literatura, CT foram facilmente isoladas de MO, entretanto, quando isoladas de pacientes LNH foi ainda possível caracterizar a presença de uma subpopulação de CTT / Stem cells (SC) are undifferentiated cells, with high capacity of cellular plasticity and self-renewal. Based on the self-renewal, recent research suggests that a failure during this process, it can lead to the emergence of a new type of cell, which is responsible for the development, propagation and maintenance of several types of malignancies. Moreover, it is resistant to the conventional treatment of cancer. These cells are denominated as cancer stem cells (CSC). CSC were already characterized in leukemia and in several types of solid tumors. However, until the present moment nothing was described in non- Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL). For this reason, the present study aimed to investigate the presence of CSC in patients with NHL. Biopsies of lymph nodes and bone marrow (BM) from patients with NHL were used for isolate and cultivate MSC. The techniques used to characterize these cells were flow cytometry and PCR. Once CSC were characterized, these cells were inoculated into immunodeficient animals to observe a possible tumor formation. Cells isolated from lymph node biopsies did not show the presence of CD133, a membrane marker present in the CSC, as well as did not express differentiation genes (Nanog and Oct-4) and no ability to form tumors in immunodeficient mice. In another hands, cells isolated from BM showed a subpopulation of CD133 positive, expressed undifferentiated genes and also after the inoculation was possible to observe the tumor formation in immunodeficient mice. In conclusion, isolated cells from lymph nodes could be fibroblasts, indicating a difficulty to isolate CSC from this material. Whereas, as already describe and establish in the literature, SC were easily isolate from MO. However, when isolated from NHL patients was possible to characterize the presence of CSC subpopulation

Células-tronco (CT) são células com um alto poder de indiferenciação, plasticidade celular e autorrenovação. Baseado na autorrenovação das CT, pesquisas recentes sugerem que uma falha durante este processo pode levar ao surgimento de um novo tipo de célula, sendo esta responsável pelo aparecimento, propagação e manutenção de diversos tipos de neoplasias. Além disso, apresenta resistência às formas de tratamento convencionais do câncer. Tais células foram denominadas de células-tronco tumorais (CTT). As CTT já foram caracterizadas em leucemias e em diversos tipos de tumores sólidos, porém, até o presente momento, não foram descritas em linfoma não- Hodgkin (LNH). Por esta razão, o presente estudo teve como objetivo investigar a presença de CTT em pacientes com LNH. Biópsias de linfonodos e medulas ósseas (MO) de pacientes com LNH foram as fontes utilizadas para isolar e cultivar as CT mesenquimais. Uma vez caracterizadas as CTT, estas foram inoculadas em camundongos imunodeprimidos para observar uma possível formação de tumor. As células isoladas de biópsias de linfonodo não apresentaram CD133 positivo, marcador de membrana presente nas CTT, bem como não expressaram os genes de indiferenciação (Nanog e Oct-4) e não formaram tumores quando inoculadas nos animais. Por outro lado, as células isoladas de MO apresentaram subpopulações de células positivas para o CD133, expressaram os genes de indiferenciação e, após inoculadas, desenvolveram tumores em camundongos imunodeprimidos. Com isto, concluise que as células isoladas dos linfonodos possam ser fibroblastos, indicando, assim, uma dificuldade de se isolar as CTT deste material. Enquanto que, como já bem descrito e estabelecido na literatura, CT foram facilmente isoladas de MO, entretanto, quando isoladas de pacientes LNH foi ainda possível caracterizar a presença de uma subpopulação de CTT / Stem cells (SC) are undifferentiated cells, with high capacity of cellular plasticity and self-renewal. Based on the self-renewal, recent research suggests that a failure during this process, it can lead to the emergence of a new type of cell, which is responsible for the development, propagation and maintenance of several types of malignancies. Moreover, it is resistant to the conventional treatment of cancer. These cells are denominated as cancer stem cells (CSC). CSC were already characterized in leukemia and in several types of solid tumors. However, until the present moment nothing was described in non- Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL). For this reason, the present study aimed to investigate the presence of CSC in patients with NHL. Biopsies of lymph nodes and bone marrow (BM) from patients with NHL were used for isolate and cultivate MSC. The techniques used to characterize these cells were flow cytometry and PCR. Once CSC were characterized, these cells were inoculated into immunodeficient animals to observe a possible tumor formation. Cells isolated from lymph node biopsies did not show the presence of CD133, a membrane marker present in the CSC, as well as did not express differentiation genes (Nanog and Oct-4) and no ability to form tumors in immunodeficient mice. In another hands, cells isolated from BM showed a subpopulation of CD133 positive, expressed undifferentiated genes and also after the inoculation was possible to observe the tumor formation in immunodeficient mice. In conclusion, isolated cells from lymph nodes could be fibroblasts, indicating a difficulty to isolate CSC from this material. Whereas, as already describe and establish in the literature, SC were easily isolate from MO. However, when isolated from NHL patients was possible to characterize the presence of CSC subpopulation

Submitted by Jorge Silva (jorgelmsilva@ufrrj.br) on 2017-05-23T19:12:54Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2012 - Francisco L?cio da Silva Beltr?o.pdf: 1689416 bytes, checksum: 76a8c64f4a1c610912e18f6afdec5d8d (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-23T19:12:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2012 - Francisco L?cio da Silva Beltr?o.pdf: 1689416 bytes, checksum: 76a8c64f4a1c610912e18f6afdec5d8d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-08-29 / CAPES / The degradation of the wood occurs because of chemical, physical and biological factors, in the latter are the termites, which due to feed primarily on cellulose, which is a major constituent of the wood. In front of the potential damage of these insects to the timber, it is essential to study their attractiveness and feeding preferences to various wooden species, in order to better understand their habits and so to improve the prevention and control methods. This study aimed to analyze if wood of the five exotic forest species (Corymbia citriodora, Eucalyptus cloeziana, Eucalyptus saligna, Eucalyptus urograndis, and Pinus elliottii) is forage by termites throughout the time in three environments with different anthropic actions in the municipality of Seropedica, RJ; if there is preference of attack to wood of these species in this environmental and time conditions, and if the anthropization level influence the distribution of the termite species. Two areas were inside the campus of the Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro (monoculture of eucalypt and fragment of Mata Atlantica), and other in the Fazenda Agroecol?gica do Km 47 (area around the edification). Wooden stakes (2x2x25 cm) were made as test samples, which were buried on the ground at each experimental area, and evaluated at three times of exposition in the field (90, 120 and 150 days after the installation of the stakes), with eight replicates/forest specie/time. The initial weight and the wooden density of each stake were determined before they were set up in the field. To determine the points of termite activity in the areas, baits of cardboard carton were buried on the ground in order to attract the termites. The points where the baits present attack of termites served as central point for installation of the wooden stakes, which were disposed in a radial position, forming a circle of the stakes. After each exposure time the wooden stakes were collected and weighed to determine the feeding preference of the termites based on the consumption rate of the stakes. The obtained results showed the occurrence of three species of termites (a specie per area), an exotic: Coptotermes gestroi (Wasmann) (Rhinotermitidae), which occurs in the area around the edification, and two natives: Heterotermes tenuis (Hagen)(Rhinotermitidae), which was present at the eucalypt plantation, and Nasutitermes cf. itapocuensis (Holmgren) (Termitidae) which occurs in the forest. C. gestroi and H. tenuis showed more attractiveness/frequency of attack to wooden stakes of P. elliottii (83% and 63%, respectively), while N. cf. itapocuensis had highest occurrence/frequency of attack to E. cloeziana (79%). The average consumption rates of the stakes by C. gestroi and H. tenuis among the five forest species were similar. N. cf. itapocuensis showed sinficant feeding preference to E.cloeziana (4.32?1.19g) compared to P. elliottii (0.18?0.10g).It was observed that the low density of the wood influenced the occurrence/frequency of C. gestroi and H. tenuis to P. elliottii, while N. cf. itapocuensis was not influenced by this characteristic of the wood. However, there was no relationship between the feeding preferenceconsumption and the mean density of the wood to C. gestroi and H. tenuis, but N. cf. itapocuensis preferred woods of medium density. / A degrada??o da madeira ocorre devido a fatores qu?micos, f?sicos e/ou biol?gicos, neste ?ltimo se encontram os t?rmitas, por se alimentarem basicamente de celulose, que ? um dos principais constituintes da madeira. Diante do potencial de dano desses insetos ao madeiramento, ? imprescind?vel estudar a atratividade e a prefer?ncia alimentar destes ?s mais variadas esp?cies de madeira, para compreender melhor seus h?bitos e assim aperfei?oar os m?todos de preven??o e controle. Esse estudo objetivou analisar se madeira de cinco esp?cies florestais ex?ticas (Corymbia citriodora, Eucalyptus cloeziana, Eucalyptus saligna, Eucalyptus urograndis, e Pinus elliottii) ? forrageada por t?rmitas ao longo do tempo em tr?s ambientes com diferentes a??es antr?picas no munic?pio de Serop?dica, RJ; se h? prefer?ncia de ataque ?s madeiras dessas esp?cies nessas condi??es ambientais e de tempo, e se o n?vel de antropiza??o influencia a distribui??o das esp?cies de t?rmitas. Duas ?reas estavam dentro do campus da Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro (monocultivo de eucalipto e remanescente de Mata Atl?ntica), e outra na Fazenda Agroecol?gica do Km 47 (?rea ao redor de edifica??o). Foram confeccionadas estacas de madeira (2x2x25 cm) que serviram como corpos de prova, as quais foram enterradas no solo em cada ?rea experimental, sendo avaliadas em tr?s ?pocas de exposi??o a campo (90, 120 e 150 dias ap?s a instala??o das estacas), com oito repeti??es/esp?cie florestal/?poca. Foi aferido o peso inicial e a densidade da madeira de cada estaca antes de serem dispostas no campo. Para determinar pontos de atividade term?tica nas ?reas, foram enterradas no solo iscas de rolo de papel?o cartonado para atra??o dos t?rmitas. Os pontos onde as iscas apresentaram ataque de t?rmitas serviram como pontos centrais para a instala??o das estacas de madeira, que assumiram uma posi??o radial, formando um circulo de estacas. Ap?s cada ?poca de exposi??o, as estacas foram retiradas do campo e pesadas para determina??o prefer?ncia alimentar dos t?rmitas com base na taxa de consumo das estacas. Os resultados obtidos revelaram a ocorr?ncia de tr?s esp?cies de t?rmitas (uma esp?cie por ?rea), uma ex?tica: Coptotermes gestroi (Wasmann)(Rhinotermitidae), que ocorreu na ?rea ao redor de edifica??o, e duas nativas: Heterotermes tenuis (Hagen) (Rhinotermitidae), que estava presente no eucaliptal, e Nasutitermes cf. itapocuensis (Holmgren) (Termitidae) que ocorreu na floresta. C. gestroi e H. tenuis apresentaram uma maior atratividade/frequ?ncia de ataque para as estacas de P. elliottii (83%e 63%, respectivamente), enquanto N. cf. itapocuensis apresentou maior ocorr?ncia/frequ?ncia de ataque em E. cloeziana (79%). As taxas m?dias de consumo das estacas por C. gestroi e H. tenuis entre as cinco esp?cies florestais foram semelhantes. N. cf. itapocuensis revelou prefer?ncia alimentar significativa por E. cloeziana (4,32?1,19g) em rela??o a de P. elliottii (0,18?0,10g). Observou-se que a baixa densidade da madeira influenciou a ocorr?ncia/frequ?ncia de ataque de C. gestroi e H. tenuis por P. elliottii, enquanto N. cf. itapocuensis n?o foi influenciado por essa caracter?stica da madeira. Entretanto, n?o houve rela??o entre a prefer?ncia alimentar/consumo e a densidade m?dia da madeira para C. gestroi e H. tenuis, j? N. cf. itapocuensis preferiu madeiras de m?dia densidade.

Cette thèse de Doctorat tente d’appréhender l’espace dans l’œuvre d’Edouard Glissant. Pour le chantre du « Tout-Monde », l’espace ne peut se limiter à son île natale, la Martinique. En effet, contrairement à la vision occidentale classique de l’insularité, synonyme d’isolement, ce qui sous-tend et nourrit l’œuvre glissantienne est principalement l’appel des autres terres : non seulement l’archipel caribéen, avec lequel la Martinique partage le même passé esclavagiste et la même géographie accidentée, mais aussi l’ensemble de chaque empan du monde. Loin d’être l’île minuscule, perdue au milieu de l’Atlantique, dans l’ombre du continent américain, la Martinique en devient la préface. Bien plus, dans le sillage du « Tout-Monde », l’île antillaise connaît les mêmes dérives et les mêmes défis. La mer devient, de ce fait, le pont qui relie les terres en même temps qu’il aiguillonne l’imagination. Cette nouvelle perception de la mer est loin d’être une contre-verticale, elle est une nécessité. En raison de la traite et de l’amnésie qui lui est associée, l’histoire des « migrants nus » commence désormais avec le bateau négrier. Tout s’articule autour de cette nouvelle matrice, quand bien même elle serait déniée, où s’origine le chavirement permanent entre souffrance particulière et connaissance de l’Autre. Ainsi, au travers du vertige des mornes, des plantations et de l’ « En-ville », la Martinique apparaît comme un vaisseau fantôme qui garde jalousement ses secrets afin de pouvoir continuer à voguer… / This thesis tries to comprehend the space in the work of Edouard Glissant. For the bard of the “all-world”, the space is not limited to his native island, Martinique. Indeed, contrary to the classical westerner view of the insularity, what underlies and feeds the work of Edouard Glissant is mainly the appeal of lands, which means not only the Caribbean archipelago, but also every place in the world. The Martinique which is supposed to be the tiny island, lost in the middle of the Atlantic and kept in American continent’s shadow, becomes the preface of this one. on top of that, in the wake of the ”all-world”, the west Indian island experience the same drifts and the same challenges. Because of that, the sea becomes the link which gathers lands at the same time as it stimulates the imagination. The new sea’s perception is not a counter-vertical, but it is a necessity. Owing to the slave trade and the amnesia which is associated with, the story of the “naked migrants” begins henceforth with the slave ship. Everything is based on this new matrix, whatever it is denied, and in which the eternal swaying between particular suffering and the other’s knowledge has its roots. Thus, through the vertigo of mountains, plantations and the “in-town”, Martinique seems like a ghost vessel which keeps jealously its secrets in order to continue its voyage.

The complex process of patient placement within a hospital is a big challenge. The main focus in the process is how to coordinate clinics to make sure that the patients get the best possible care. The rise of digital health has led to a greater use of technologies to facilitate the activities within the hospitals’ processes. This study has been focusing on how Internet of Things can be used in the patient placement process. Respondents to participate in the interviews were chosen with help from a coordinator based on their experience within the study area of interest. Observations were done in meetings where the staff discussed patient placements. From a perspective of problem based coordination, a thematic analysis was done on the collected data and from the themes that were created a solution was presented. The object of this study is to map the process of patient placement and to present an analytic approach on how to facilitate the patient placement process with the use of Internet of Things. Our proposed approach will contribute to a greater understanding of the patient placement process and how Internet of Things can be used within it.

L’imagerie par résonance magnétique est une technique non invasive et non ionisante permettant de caractériser la structure anatomique des tissus biologiques mous via la localisation des signaux de résonance magnétique nucléaire (RMN) des molécules mobiles. Cependant, l’application de l’IRM pour l’étude des matériaux rigides reste difficile dû aux forts élargissements des raies de résonances inhérents aux matériaux solides qui diminuent la résolution et le rapport signal sur bruit des images obtenues par encodage fréquentiel.La rotation à l’angle magique (MAS) permet de moyenner efficacement les interactions anisotropes de l’état solide par une rotation de l’échantillon, réduisant ainsi la largeur des raies de résonance. Dans ce manuscrit la possibilité de combiner la rotation à l’angle magique et l’IRM pour effectuer de la micro-imagerie multidimensionnelle et multi-nucléaire (¹H, ³¹P, ²⁷Al et ⁵¹V) à très haut champ magnétique (17,6 T) de matériaux solides avec une résolution et un rapport signal sur bruit largement supérieur à ceux obtenus en condition statique est démontrée. Une large gamme de matériaux (polymères, céramiques et tissus calcifiés biologiques) a été étudiée. Des images avec une résolution comprise entre 30 et 300 μm ont pu être obtenues pour des fréquences de rotation MAS allant jusqu’à 20 kHz, en utilisant des séquences IRM d’écho ou à temps d’écho nul. La possibilité d’utiliser un schéma de sous-échantillonnage associé à des algorithmes de reconstruction est aussi abordée.L’utilisation de séquences de RMN solide tels que la polarisation croisée pour augmenter le contraste et ainsi mettre en évidence des variations physico-chimiques localisées dans des tissus calcifiés biologiques est aussi démontrée. L’utilisation de gradients de champ magnétique pulsés combinés à la rotation à l’angle magique rend aussi possible la spectroscopie RMN de haute résolution localisée spatialement. Cette méthode a été utilisée pour étudier in vivo et dans chacun des segments du corps le métabolome de drosophiles modèles de pathologies neurodégénératives. / Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is a non-invasive and non-ionizing powerful tool widely used to characterize the structure and function of biological soft tissues through the localization of the NMR signal of mobile species. In contrast, the application of MRI in rigid solids remains challenging as they usually exhibit strong line broadening which decreases both the sensitivity and the resolution obtained with frequency encoding and short transverse relaxation time prohibiting the use of echo MRI sequences.Magic Angle Spinning (MAS) provides an efficient averaging of the an isotropic interactions in the solid statethrough a macroscopic rotation of the sample and allows obtaining narrow resonances. In this manuscript,we show the potentialities of combining MAS and MRI to carry out multi-nuclei (¹H, ³¹P, ²⁷Al or ⁵¹V) multidimensional micro-imaging in rigid solids, at very high magnetic field (17.6 T), with greatly improved SNR and spatial resolution when compared to static conditions. This is exemplified on a wide range of materials(polymers, oxide ceramics, biomaterials and hard tissues) for which the use of MAS at frequencies up to 20 kHz with spin-echo or Zero Echo Time (ZTE) MRI sequences allow obtaining images with spatialre solutions ranging from 30 to 300 μm. It is also demonstrated that solid state NMR sequences such as Cross-Polarization (CP) can be employed to enhance contrast and to further depict spatially localized chemical variations in bones and related materials. The possibility of using under sampled acquisition scheme with reconstruction algorithms is also addressed.The combination between pulsed field gradients and MAS also offers the possibility to perform high resolution localized spectroscopy. This methodology is used to study, in vivo and at the organ level, the metabolism of neuro degenerative pathologies drosophila models.

L’objectif de ce mémoire est de comprendre l’influence du genre sur le rapport de force entre les danseurs nus et leur clientèle féminine et masculine. Depuis les années 1960, les bars de danseuses nues abondent à Montréal. De nombreuses recherches ont été menées à ce sujet, mais très peu concernent directement leurs homologues masculins, les bars de danseurs nus pour hommes et pour femmes. Notre mémoire analyse la relation de pouvoir entre les danseurs nus et leur clientèle féminine et masculine au 281 et au Stock bar. S’appuyant sur la littérature des bars de danseuSEs nuEs, nous étudions les quatre dimensions de la relation de pouvoir : l’influence des lieux sur les interactions, la liaison physique et sexuelle, l’échange marchand ainsi que le lien émotif. Pour répondre à notre question de recherche, nous avons effectué plusieurs séances d’observation non-dévoilée au 281 et au Stock bar. Afin d’analyser les données que nous avons recueillies, nous utilisons les théories de Judith Butler et la sociologie goffmanienne. Le concept de phallus de Butler nous permet de repérer qui domine en « ayant » le phallus et qui est dominé en « étant » le phallus. Nous concluons que les femmes sont, à quelques exceptions près, toujours celles qui « sont » le phallus pour les hommes danseurs et animateurs qui le « possèdent ». La structuration des soirées, établie selon le modèle hétérosexuel binaire prépondérant, rend très difficile pour elles de s’en emparer. En ce qui concerne le rapport entre les hommes danseurs et clients dans un contexte homosexuel, ce sont les danseurs qui « sont » le phallus pour les hommes clients qui l’« ont ». Leur relation est très similaire à celle que nous pouvons observer dans les bars de danseuses nues entre ces dernières et leur clientèle masculine. « Être » le phallus signifie que les danseuSEs nuEs ont le pouvoir de reconnaître ou non le phallus à l’homme client afin qu’il puisse (ou non) matérialiser son pouvoir masculin en subvenant à leurs besoins et en étant désirable à leurs yeux. Dans tous les cas, les danseurs nus font un travail émotionnel différent selon le genre des clientEs, rehaussant le statut social des hommes et diminuant celui des femmes. / Since the 1960s, there has been a glut of female strippers’ clubs in Montreal. Numerous researches have been written on the subject, but only few of them are about their masculine counterparts, male strippers’ clubs for men and women. Our thesis questions the power relation between male nude dancers and their female and male patrons at 281 and Stock bar. Using male and female strippers’ clubs literature, we study the four dimensions of their power relation: the physical and organizational space’s influence, the physical and sexual connection, the monetary exchange and the emotional link. Our objective is to understand the gender influence on this power relation between male strippers and their female and male patrons. To answer our research question, we have made several under cover observation sessions at 281 and Stock bar. In order to analyse our data, we use Judith Butler’s theories and goffmanian sociology. Butler’s phallus concept enables us to see who is dominating by “having” the phallus and who is dominated by “being” the phallus. We conclude that women are always, with a few exceptions, the ones “being” the phallus for the male strippers and masters of ceremony who “have” it. The Ladies’ night’s structure, set according to the predominant heterosexual binary model, makes it very difficult for them to seize it. As regards of male strippers’ and patrons’ connection in a homosexual context, strippers “are” the phallus for the patrons that “have” it. Their relationship is very similar to the one observed in female strippers’ clubs. “Being” the phallus means that female and male dancers have the power to acknowledge or ignore the male patron’s phallus possession, which will enable or undermine his masculine power to provide economically for their material needs and to be desirable in their eyes. In all cases, male strippers enact a different emotional labor according to patrons’ gender, by enhancing men’s social status and decreasing women’s.

L’objectif de ce mémoire est de comprendre l’influence du genre sur le rapport de force entre les danseurs nus et leur clientèle féminine et masculine. Depuis les années 1960, les bars de danseuses nues abondent à Montréal. De nombreuses recherches ont été menées à ce sujet, mais très peu concernent directement leurs homologues masculins, les bars de danseurs nus pour hommes et pour femmes. Notre mémoire analyse la relation de pouvoir entre les danseurs nus et leur clientèle féminine et masculine au 281 et au Stock bar. S’appuyant sur la littérature des bars de danseuSEs nuEs, nous étudions les quatre dimensions de la relation de pouvoir : l’influence des lieux sur les interactions, la liaison physique et sexuelle, l’échange marchand ainsi que le lien émotif. Pour répondre à notre question de recherche, nous avons effectué plusieurs séances d’observation non-dévoilée au 281 et au Stock bar. Afin d’analyser les données que nous avons recueillies, nous utilisons les théories de Judith Butler et la sociologie goffmanienne. Le concept de phallus de Butler nous permet de repérer qui domine en « ayant » le phallus et qui est dominé en « étant » le phallus. Nous concluons que les femmes sont, à quelques exceptions près, toujours celles qui « sont » le phallus pour les hommes danseurs et animateurs qui le « possèdent ». La structuration des soirées, établie selon le modèle hétérosexuel binaire prépondérant, rend très difficile pour elles de s’en emparer. En ce qui concerne le rapport entre les hommes danseurs et clients dans un contexte homosexuel, ce sont les danseurs qui « sont » le phallus pour les hommes clients qui l’« ont ». Leur relation est très similaire à celle que nous pouvons observer dans les bars de danseuses nues entre ces dernières et leur clientèle masculine. « Être » le phallus signifie que les danseuSEs nuEs ont le pouvoir de reconnaître ou non le phallus à l’homme client afin qu’il puisse (ou non) matérialiser son pouvoir masculin en subvenant à leurs besoins et en étant désirable à leurs yeux. Dans tous les cas, les danseurs nus font un travail émotionnel différent selon le genre des clientEs, rehaussant le statut social des hommes et diminuant celui des femmes. / Since the 1960s, there has been a glut of female strippers’ clubs in Montreal. Numerous researches have been written on the subject, but only few of them are about their masculine counterparts, male strippers’ clubs for men and women. Our thesis questions the power relation between male nude dancers and their female and male patrons at 281 and Stock bar. Using male and female strippers’ clubs literature, we study the four dimensions of their power relation: the physical and organizational space’s influence, the physical and sexual connection, the monetary exchange and the emotional link. Our objective is to understand the gender influence on this power relation between male strippers and their female and male patrons. To answer our research question, we have made several under cover observation sessions at 281 and Stock bar. In order to analyse our data, we use Judith Butler’s theories and goffmanian sociology. Butler’s phallus concept enables us to see who is dominating by “having” the phallus and who is dominated by “being” the phallus. We conclude that women are always, with a few exceptions, the ones “being” the phallus for the male strippers and masters of ceremony who “have” it. The Ladies’ night’s structure, set according to the predominant heterosexual binary model, makes it very difficult for them to seize it. As regards of male strippers’ and patrons’ connection in a homosexual context, strippers “are” the phallus for the patrons that “have” it. Their relationship is very similar to the one observed in female strippers’ clubs. “Being” the phallus means that female and male dancers have the power to acknowledge or ignore the male patron’s phallus possession, which will enable or undermine his masculine power to provide economically for their material needs and to be desirable in their eyes. In all cases, male strippers enact a different emotional labor according to patrons’ gender, by enhancing men’s social status and decreasing women’s.

Bien qu’il soit recommandé de pratiquer tout au long de sa vie une activité physique régulière pour se maintenir en bonne santé, peu d’études portent sur les modifications des patrons locomoteurs lors de la répétition de séances à 2 ou 3 jours d’intervalle. Lorsqu’elles sont intenses ou inhabituelles, les formes naturelles de locomotion pédestre – dites de type cycle étirement-détente (CED) – se caractérisent par des perturbations structuro-fonctionnelles et proprioceptives qui peuvent perdurer plusieurs jours. Ces déficiences sont autant de sources de risques accrus de blessures lors de la répétition d’une pratique sportive. Ce travail doctoral a pour objectif (i) d’examiner les effets immédiats et retardés d’exercices épuisants de type CED sur les paramètres neuromécaniques de la locomotion humaine en conditions de marche, de course et de sauts et (ii) d’étudier l’influence combinée d’une pratique pieds nus vs. pieds chaussés. Nos résultats ne révèlent pas de modification significative des patrons locomoteurs en phase de récupération immédiate (post-exercice) mais démontrent l’intervention de stratégies compensatrices et/ou protectrices en phase de récupération retardée (2ème jour posteffort). Ces stratégies diffèrent entre les conditions de marche et de course. Nos travaux soulignent également l’importance de discriminer les stratégies adoptées dès la première minute de l’exercice des ajustements ultérieurs apparaissant pendant la phase dite d’optimisation du CED. Par contre, les différences observées entre les conditions de course pieds nus vs. pieds chaussés restent étonnamment similaires avec la fatigue. Le port de chaussures se traduit par une réduction des chocs d’impact mais également par une restriction des mouvements naturels du pied et par une éversion accrue dont il conviendrait d’étudier les conséquences lors de la répétition en état de fatigue d’exercices de plus longue durée. / Although lifelong practice of moderate amounts of regular physical activity is recommended to ensure a healthy living state, little is know about the modifications of the locomotion patterns when repeating exercises every 2 to 3 days. Intense or unaccustomed stretch-shortening cycle (SSC) forms of ground locomotion are characterized, however, by structuro-functional and proprioceptive impairments that may last for a few days. These impairments may then be expected to increase the risk of injury. The present work aimed (i) to examine the acute and delayed SSC fatigue effects on the neuro-mechanical gait characteristics in walking, running and jumping conditions and (ii) to study the combined influence of a barefoot vs. shod gait condition. Our results did not reveal any modification of the locomotion patterns in the acute recovery phase (post-exercise), but demonstrated compensatory and/or protective strategies in the delayed phase (2 days post-exercise). The observed strategies differed significantly in walking and running. Our results emphasized also the need to differentiate the strategies occurring within the first minute of exercise from the subsequent adjustments related to the progressive SSC pattern optimization. Surprisingly, the observed differences between the barefoot and shod running conditions remained quite independent of the fatigue state. The shod running condition was thus found to attenuate ground impact transmission, but it resulted also in restricted natural foot motions and increased eversion that should be worth re-examining when repeating exercises of longer duration.