This document only includes an excerpt of the corresponding thesis or dissertation. To request a digital scan of the full text, please contact the Ruth Lilly Medical Library's Interlibrary Loan Department (rlmlill@iu.edu).

This document only includes an excerpt of the corresponding thesis or dissertation. To request a digital scan of the full text, please contact the Ruth Lilly Medical Library's Interlibrary Loan Department (rlmlill@iu.edu).

Cai, Yue. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2009. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 98-107). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Abstract (English) --- p.I / Abstract (Chinese) --- p.IV / Acknowledgement --- p.VII / Selected Abbreviations and Acronyms --- p.VIII / List of Contents --- p.IX / List of Tables --- p.XIV / List of Figures --- p.XIX / Chapter Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Background --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Definition of Migration in China --- p.3 / Chapter 1.3 --- Reasons for This Study --- p.3 / Chapter 1.4 --- Research Questions and Hypotheses of the Study --- p.4 / Chapter 1.4.1 --- Research Questions --- p.4 / Chapter 1.4.2 --- Hypothesis --- p.5 / Chapter 1.5 --- Outlines of the Thesis --- p.5 / Chapter Chapter 2 --- Literature Review --- p.6 / Chapter 2.1 --- Methodology and Search Results --- p.6 / Chapter 2.2 --- Overview of the Health Status of Migrant Children --- p.8 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Access to Health Care --- p.9 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Physical Health --- p.9 / Chapter 2.2.3 --- Mental and Social Health --- p.10 / Chapter 2.2.4 --- Other Aspects about Health --- p.10 / Chapter 2.3 --- Possible Explanations --- p.11 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- Acculturation-stress of Migrant Children --- p.11 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- Healthy Migrant Children --- p.13 / Chapter 2.3.3 --- Transitional Effect on Migrant Childreńةs Health --- p.13 / Chapter 2.3.4 --- Socio-demographic Effect on Migrant Childreńةs Health --- p.14 / Chapter 2.4 --- Potential Risk Factors for Health of Migrant Children except the Migration Status --- p.15 / Chapter 2.4.1 --- Gender --- p.15 / Chapter 2.4.2 --- Age --- p.16 / Chapter 2.4.3 --- Duration of Residence in Host Society --- p.16 / Chapter 2.4.4 --- Reside with Both Parents --- p.17 / Chapter 2.4.5 --- Familýةs Social Economic Status --- p.17 / Chapter 2.5 --- Limitations of Previous Studies --- p.19 / Chapter Chapter 3 --- Study Design --- p.21 / Chapter 3.1 --- Study Method --- p.21 / Chapter 3.2 --- Definition of Migrant Children --- p.22 / Chapter 3.3 --- Study Population --- p.22 / Chapter 3.4 --- Study Tool --- p.23 / Chapter 3.4.1 --- Core Scale: World Health Organization Quality of Life - Brief Version (WHOQOL-BREF) --- p.23 / Chapter 3.4.2 --- Questionnaire for Child --- p.26 / Chapter 3.4.3 --- Questionnaire for Parent --- p.26 / Chapter 3.5 --- Sampling Strategy and Data Collection Process --- p.28 / Chapter 3.5.1 --- Pilot study --- p.28 / Chapter 3.5.2 --- Main study --- p.30 / Chapter 3.6 --- Data Management --- p.36 / Chapter 3.7 --- Statistical Analysis --- p.38 / Chapter 3.8 --- Ethical Consideration --- p.42 / Chapter Chapter 4 --- Results --- p.44 / Chapter 4.1 --- Reliability and Validity of WHOQOL-BREF --- p.44 / Chapter 4.1.1 --- The Reliability and Validity of the Whole WHOQOL-BREF Scale --- p.44 / Chapter 4.1.2 --- The Reliability and Validity of Each Health Domains: --- p.46 / Chapter 4.2 --- Migrants vs Residents in All Schools --- p.47 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- The differences of demographic characteristics --- p.47 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- Health related quality of life (HRQOL) and self-reported physical health outcomes --- p.49 / Chapter 4.2.3 --- Access to health services and health resources --- p.50 / Chapter 4.2.4 --- Adoption of health promoting behaviors --- p.51 / Chapter 4.3 --- Migrants vs Residents in General primary Schools --- p.52 / Chapter 4.3.1 --- Socio-demographic characteristics among children in general primary school --- p.52 / Chapter 4.3.2 --- Health related quality of life (HRQOL) and self-reported physical health outcomes in general primary school --- p.53 / Chapter 4.3.3 --- Access to health care services and health related resources in general primary school --- p.55 / Chapter 4.3.4 --- Adoption of health promoting behaviors --- p.55 / Chapter 4.4 --- Comparisons of Migrant Children in Different School Settings --- p.56 / Chapter 4.4.1 --- Comparison of socio-demographic characteristics of migrant children in different school settings --- p.56 / Chapter 4.4.2 --- Health related quality of life (HRQOL) - Migrant children in different school settings --- p.58 / Chapter 4.4.3 --- Self-reported physical health outcomes of migrant children in different types of schools --- p.59 / Chapter 4.4.4 --- Access to health services and health related resources --- p.60 / Chapter 4.4.5 --- Adoption of health promoting behaviors --- p.61 / Chapter 4.5 --- The Effect of Migration Controlling for Potential Confounding Factors --- p.62 / Chapter 4.5.1 --- Within all primary schools --- p.62 / Chapter 4.5.2 --- Within general primary schools --- p.68 / Chapter 4.6 --- The Effect of Migration on Access to Health Care Services Controlling for Potential Confounding Factors --- p.69 / Chapter 4.6.1 --- Within all primary schools --- p.69 / Chapter 4.6.2 --- Within general primary Schools --- p.70 / Chapter 4.7 --- The Effect of Migration on Adoption of Health Promoting Behaviors Controlling for Potential Confounding Factors --- p.71 / Chapter 4.7.1 --- Within all primary schools --- p.71 / Chapter 4.7.2 --- Within general primary schools --- p.72 / Chapter 4.8 --- Summary of Results --- p.73 / Chapter Chapter 5 --- Discussion --- p.75 / Chapter 5.1 --- Interpretations of the Results --- p.75 / Chapter 5.1.1 --- Health Related Quality of Life (HRQOL) and Self-Reported physical Health Outcomes --- p.75 / Chapter 5.1.2 --- Access to Health Services and Health resources --- p.80 / Chapter 5.1.3 --- Adoption of Health Promoting Behaviors --- p.84 / Chapter 5.1.4 --- Other Interesting Findings --- p.85 / Chapter 5.2 --- Implications --- p.89 / Chapter 5.3 --- Strengths of This Study --- p.91 / Chapter 5.4 --- Addressing Potential Sources of Bias and Other Study Limitations --- p.92 / Chapter 5.4.1 --- Potential Sampling Bias --- p.92 / Chapter 5.4.2 --- Potential Reporting Bias --- p.94 / Chapter 5.5 --- Study for The Future --- p.95 / Chapter Chapter 6 --- Conclusions --- p.97 / Reference List --- p.98 / Appendix A: Summary of 74 Literature Review Papers --- p.108 / Appendix B: Questionnaires --- p.119 / Appendix C: Tables in Pilot Study --- p.127 / Appendix D: Reliability and Validity of WHOQOL-BREF --- p.129 / Appendix E: Tables in Main Study --- p.132

by Warren Tak-keung Lee. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1995. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 161-186). / Chapter CHAPTER 1: --- INTRODUCTION --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Background --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Objectives --- p.3 / Chapter CHAPTER 2: --- LITERATURE REVIEW --- p.4 / Chapter 2.1 --- Calcium intakes of Hong Kong Chinese: past and present --- p.4 / Chapter 2.1.1 --- Adults --- p.4 / Chapter 2.1.2 --- Children --- p.5 / Chapter 2.2 --- Calcium Metabolism --- p.6 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Calcium and bone mass --- p.9 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Ethnicity and bone mass --- p.9 / Chapter 2.2.3 --- Physical activity and bone mass --- p.10 / Chapter 2.2.4 --- Hormonal control of calcium metabolism --- p.11 / Chapter 2.2.5 --- Intestinal calcium absorption --- p.14 / Chapter (1) --- Calcium transport across the intestine / Chapter (2) --- Active Calcium Transport / Chapter (3) --- Passive calcium transport / Chapter (4) --- Age and calcium absorption / Chapter 2.2.6 --- Dietary components in relation to calcium bioavailability and absorption --- p.17 / Chapter (1) --- Habitual calcium intake / Chapter (2) --- Vitamin D nutritional status / Chapter (3) --- Protein / Chapter (4) --- Phosphorous and Ca:P ratio / Chapter (5) --- Sodium / Chapter (6) --- Lactose / Chapter (7) --- Glucose and Glucose Polymers / Chapter (8) --- Phytate / Chapter (9) --- Oxalate / Chapter (10) --- Plant estrogen (phyto-estrogen) / Chapter 2.2.7 --- Bioavailability from calcium salts --- p.23 / Chapter 2.3 --- Calcium intakes and requirements --- p.25 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- Calcium requirements in adulthood --- p.28 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- Calcium requirements in childhood --- p.29 / Chapter 2.3.3 --- Manifestation of calcium deficiency in children --- p.30 / Chapter 2.4 --- Assessment of Dietary Intakes --- p.32 / Chapter 2.4.1 --- Food weighing method --- p.32 / Chapter 2.4.2 --- Food Recording method --- p.34 / Chapter 2.4.3 --- 24-hour dietary recall --- p.35 / Chapter 2.4.4 --- Food frequency method --- p.36 / Chapter 2.4.5 --- Dietary history method --- p.38 / Chapter 2.4.6 --- Chemical analysis of duplicate meals --- p.39 / Chapter 2.4.7 --- Photographic method --- p.40 / Chapter 2.4.8 --- Selecting suitable methods for the present study --- p.40 / Chapter 2.5 --- Food composition database --- p.41 / Chapter 2.6 --- Evaluation of bone mass in vivo --- p.43 / Chapter 2.6.1 --- Single photon absorptiometry --- p.44 / Chapter 2.6.2 --- Dual photon absorptiometry --- p.46 / Chapter 2.6.3 --- Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry --- p.47 / Chapter 2.6.4 --- Quantitative computerized tomography --- p.47 / Chapter 2.6.5 --- The techniques selected to quantify bone mass in the present study --- p.48 / Chapter 2.7 --- Measurement of intestinal calcium absorption --- p.49 / Chapter 2.7.1 --- Metabolic balance study --- p.49 / Chapter 2.7.2 --- Isotopic techniques (radioisotope or stable isotope) --- p.50 / Chapter (1) --- Radio isotope vs stable isotope / Chapter (2) --- The single-label isotope technique / Chapter (3) --- The double-label isotope technique / Chapter (4) --- "Preparation of stable isotopes for human study, and determination of stable isotopes in body fluids" / Chapter (I) --- Dosage considerations / Chapter (II) --- Intrinsic or Extrinsic labelling / Chapter (III) --- Oral and intravenous administration of isotopes / Chapter 2.7.3 --- The technique selected to determine calcium absorption in the present study --- p.60 / Chapter 2.8 --- Mass spectrometry --- p.60 / Chapter 2.8.1 --- Thermal ionization mass spectrometry --- p.60 / Chapter 2.8.2 --- Fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry --- p.61 / Chapter 2.8.3 --- Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry --- p.61 / Chapter 2.8.4 --- Electron impact mass spectrometry and Gas chromatography mass spectrometry --- p.62 / Chapter 2.8.5 --- Neutron activation analysis --- p.62 / Chapter 2.8.6 --- The type of mass spectrometry used to determine stable isotopic ratios in the present study --- p.63 / Chapter 2.9 --- Assessment of physical activity in children --- p.63 / Chapter 2.9.1 --- Activity questionnaire or record --- p.64 / Chapter 2.9.2 --- Direct measurement of physical activity --- p.65 / Chapter (1) --- Accelerometer / Chapter (2) --- Pedometer / Chapter (3) --- Actometer / Chapter (4) --- Video-recording / Chapter (5) --- Heart-rate recording / Chapter 2.9.3 --- Selection of a suitable physical activity assessment method --- p.67 / Chapter CHAPTER 3 --- RANDOMIZED DOUBLE-BLIND CONTROLLED CALCIUM SUPPLEMENTATON TRIALS IN RELATION TO BONE AND HEIGHT ACQUISITION IN 7-YEAR OLD CHINESE CHILDREN FROM JIANGMEN (CHINA) AND HONG KONG --- p.71 / Chapter 3.1 --- Chapter summary --- p.71 / Chapter 3.2 --- Chapter Introduction --- p.72 / PART I --- p.73 / Chapter 3.3 --- Double-blind Controlled Randomized Calcium Supplementation and Bone and Height Acquisition in Chinese Children Accustomed to Mean Calcium Intake at About 300mg/d --- p.73 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- Introduction --- p.73 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- Objectives --- p.74 / Chapter 3.3.3 --- Subject and Methods --- p.74 / Chapter 3.3.4 --- Results --- p.81 / Chapter 3.3.5 --- Discussions --- p.83 / Chapter 3.3.6 --- Conclusion --- p.84 / PART II --- p.84 / Chapter 3.4 --- Randomized double-blind controlled calcium supplementation in relation to bone mineral accretion and height increment of Hong Kong Chinese children --- p.84 / Chapter 3.4.1 --- Introduction --- p.84 / Chapter 3.4.2 --- Objectives --- p.85 / Chapter 3.4.3 --- Subjects and Methods --- p.85 / Chapter 3.3.4 --- Results --- p.91 / Chapter 3.4.5 --- Discussions --- p.95 / Chapter 3.4.6 --- Conclusion --- p.97 / Chapter 3.5 --- Comparisons of the two calcium supplementation trials from Jiangmen and Hong Kong --- p.97 / Chapter 3.6 --- Chapter Discussions --- p.99 / Chapter 3.7 --- Chapter Conclusion --- p.103 / Chapter CHAPTER 4 --- TRUE FRACTIONAL CALCIUM ABSORPTION OF CHINESE CHILDREN AND THE EFFECTS OF DOUBLE-BLIND CONTROLLED CALCIUM SUPPLEMENTATION ON CALCIUM ABSORPTION IN CHILDREN MEASURED WITH STABLE ISOTOPES (42Ca and 44Ca) --- p.117 / Chapter 4.1 --- Chapter summary --- p.117 / Chapter 4.2 --- Chapter introduction --- p.118 / PART I --- p.119 / Chapter 4.3 --- True fractional calcium absorption in Chinese children measured with stable isotopes (42Ca and 44Ca) --- p.119 / Chapter 4.3.1 --- Introduction --- p.119 / Chapter 4.3.2 --- Objectives --- p.120 / Chapter 4.3.3 --- "Subjects, Materials and Methods" --- p.120 / Chapter 4.3.4 --- Results --- p.127 / Chapter 4.3.5 --- Discussions & Conclusion --- p.131 / Part II --- p.131 / Chapter 4.4 --- Effects of double-blind controlled calcium supplementation on calcium absorption in Chinese children measured with stable isotopes (42Ca and 44Ca) --- p.131 / Chapter 4.4.1 --- Introduction --- p.131 / Chapter 4.4.2 --- Objective --- p.132 / Chapter 4.4.3 --- "Subjects, Materials and Methods" --- p.132 / Chapter 4.4.4 --- Results --- p.135 / Chapter 4.4.5 --- Discussions --- p.137 / Chapter 4.4.6 --- Conclusion --- p.139 / Chapter 4.5 --- Chapter Conclusion and Discussions --- p.140 / Chapter CHAPTER 5 --- GENERAL DISCUSSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FURTHER STUDY --- p.156 / Chapter 5.1 --- Ethnic differences in bone acquisition and calcium absorption --- p.156 / Chapter 5.2 --- Calcium requirements for Chinese children --- p.157 / Chapter 5.3 --- Indications for further studies --- p.158 / REFERENCES --- p.161 / APPENDIXES / PUBLICATIONS

非傳染性疾病是目前全球最常見的疾病之一。不健康的食相信是導致非傳染性疾病增加的主要因素之一。因此，我們就食對乳腺癌的形成和膽固醇代謝調控的影響進行了研究。 / 在去除卵巢的祼鼠模型中，我們研究了長期和短期熱量限制對乳腺癌腫瘤增殖的影響。14週齡的小鼠被隨機分為5組：自由攝食組 (AL)；熱量攝入控制在AL80% 的20%CCR組；熱量攝入控制在AL的70% 的30%CCR組；熱量攝入控制在AL的65% 的35%CCR組和短期熱量限制 （SCR）組 (前3.5週熱量攝入控制在AL的65%，之後的13.5週自由攝食)。10週後，熱量限制組的腫瘤體積明顯較AL組小 (P < 0.05)。排除攝食對體重的影響，SCR組的腫瘤重量明顯較AL組小 (P < 0.05)。本實驗結果表明，在此動物模型中，短期熱量限制能有效抑制乳腺癌細胞的增殖。 / 此外，我們還研究了芹菜素在肝細胞中對膽固醇代謝的影響。芹菜素是一種常見的黃酮類化合物。研究發現，在WRL-68細胞中，芹菜素能夠劑量依賴性的抑制3 - 羥基-3 - 甲基 - 戊二酸單酰輔酶還原酶 (HMGCR)和固醇調節元件結合蛋白-2 (SREBP-2) 信使RNA和蛋白的表達及其啟動子的轉錄活性。綜上所述，在肝細胞中，芹菜素能有效抑制HMGCR和SREBP-2的表達，從而達到降低膽固醇的效果。 / 總括而言，本研究表明在去除卵巢的祼鼠模型中，短期熱量限制能有效抑制乳腺癌細胞的生長和芹菜素能有效抑制HMGCR和SREBP-2的表達。 / Non-communicable diseases (NCD) are one of the leading causes of mortality in the developed and under-developing countries. Diet is a major risk factor of NCD. In the present study, effects of diet modification on breast cancer development and cholesterol metabolism were investigated. / In the first part of this study, the effect of chronic and short-term calorie restriction (CR) on breast tumor growth in ovariectomized nude mice was investigated. The calorie-restricted dietary regimen limited the total fat intake only. 14 week-old ovariectomized female nude mice were randomly assigned to ad libitum fed (AL), 20%CCR (17-week 80% of AL), 30%CCR (17-week 70% of AL), 35%CCR (17-week 65% of AL) and short-term CR (3.5-week 65% of AL followed by 13.5-week 100% AL consumption) groups. Starting from 10 weeks after transplant of cells, the tumor volumes in all calorie-restricted groups were significantly smaller (P < 0.05) than that in ad libitum control. At sacrifice, the tumor weight in short-term CR was significantly smaller (P < 0.05) than that in ad-libitum control after normalized with body weight. This indicated that short-term CR could suppress tumor in this model. / In the second part of this study, the effect of apigenin on cholesterol metabolism was investigated. Apigenin is one of the most abundant flavonoids. In the present study, we investigated the effect of apigenin on several cholesterol-related gene expression in hepatic cells. In WRL-68 cells treated with apigenin, promoter transcription activity, mRNA and protein expression of HMGCR and SREBP-2 were significantly decreased in a dose-dependent manner. Taken together, we concluded that apigenin inhibited HMGCR and SREBP-2 gene expressions in hepatic cells, which might elicit the hypocholesterolemic effects. / In conclusion, our study has demonstrated that short-term CR could significantly block the breast tumor growth in a mice model and apigenin could inhibit the expression of HMGCR and SREBP-2 in liver cell lines. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Wong, Tsz Yan. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2012. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 83-99). / Abstracts also in Chinese. / ACKNOWLEGEMENTS --- p.i / ABSTRACT --- p.ii / 摘要 --- p.iv / list of abbreviations --- p.v / list of figures --- p.vii / list of tables --- p.IX / TABLE of CONTENTS --- p.X / Chapter 1 --- CHAPTER 1 --- p.1 / General Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Calorie Restriction and the Prevention of Postmenopausal Breast Cancer --- p.2 / Chapter 1.1.1 --- Breast Cancer --- p.2 / Chapter 1.1.2 --- Epidemiology of Excess Body Weight and Cancer Risk --- p.3 / Chapter 1.1.3 --- Calorie Restriction and Cancer Prevention --- p.7 / Chapter 1.1.4 --- Mechanistic Targets of Calorie Restriction --- p.8 / Chapter 1.1.4.1 --- Effect of Calorie Restriction on Estrogen --- p.8 / Chapter 1.1.4.1 --- Effect of Calorie Restriction on Cell Cycle Regulation --- p.12 / Chapter 1.1.4.1 --- Effect of Calorie Restriction on Apoptosis --- p.14 / Chapter 1.2 --- Effect of Apigenin on Cholesterol Homeostasis --- p.17 / Chapter 1.2.1 --- Cardiovascular Disease and Blood Cholesterol --- p.17 / Chapter 1.2.2 --- Molecular Regulation of Cholesterol Metabolism --- p.21 / Chapter 1.2.2.1 --- HMG-CoA Reductase --- p.21 / Chapter 1.2.2.2 --- CYP7A1 --- p.24 / Chapter 1.2.2.3 --- Apolipoprotein A-1 --- p.26 / Chapter 1.2.2.4 --- Low Density Lipoprotein Receptor --- p.29 / Chapter 1.2.2.5 --- Sterol Regulatory Element Binding Proteins --- p.31 / Chapter 1.2.3 --- Flavonoid and its Association with Cholesterol Metabolism --- p.36 / Chapter 1.2.4 --- Apigenin: A Potential Alternative --- p.39 / Chapter 2 --- CHAPTER 2 --- p.41 / MATERIALS AND METHODS --- p.41 / Chapter 2.1 --- Chemicals and Materials --- p.41 / Chapter 2.1.1 --- Chemicals --- p.41 / Chapter 2.1.2 --- Plasmids --- p.41 / Chapter 2.2 --- Cell Culture --- p.41 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Maintainance of Cells --- p.41 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Preparation of Cell Stock --- p.42 / Chapter 2.2.3 --- Cell Recovery from Liquid Nitrogen Stock --- p.42 / Chapter 2.3 --- Measurement of Cell viability --- p.43 / Chapter 2.4 --- Semi-Quantitative and Quantitative RT-PCR Assay --- p.43 / Chapter 2.4.1 --- RNA Isolation and cDNA Synthesis --- p.43 / Chapter 2.4.2 --- Quantitative Real Time PCR Assay --- p.43 / Chapter 2.4.2.1 --- Real Time PCR Using TaqMan Probe --- p.43 / Chapter 2.4.2.2 --- Real Time PCR Using SYBR Green Dye --- p.44 / Chapter 2.4.2.3 --- Statistical Analysis of 2⁻ΔΔ{U+A7F0}{U+1D40} Comparative Gene Expression --- p.44 / Chapter 2.5 --- Western Blot Analysis --- p.46 / Chapter 2.6 --- Measurement of Promoter Activity --- p.46 / Chapter 2.6.1 --- Plasmid Preparation --- p.46 / Chapter 2.6.2 --- Transient Transfection and Dual-Luciferase Assay --- p.47 / Chapter 2.7 --- Animal Experiment Design --- p.47 / Chapter 2.7.1 --- Animal Model and Dietary Regimens --- p.47 / Chapter 2.7.2 --- Tissue Sample Collection --- p.50 / Chapter 2.7.3 --- Plasma Estradiol Determination --- p.50 / Chapter 2.7.4 --- Protein and RNA extraction --- p.50 / Chapter 2.8 --- Statistical Analysis --- p.50 / Chapter 3 --- Chapter 3 --- p.51 / EFFECT OF CHRONIC AND short-term calorie restriction on breast tumor growth in ovariectomized nude mice --- p.51 / Chapter 3.1 --- Introduction --- p.51 / Chapter 3.2 --- Objectives --- p.52 / Chapter 3.3 --- Results --- p.53 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- Food Intakes, Body, Liver and Uterus Wet Weights of the Mice --- p.53 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- Tumor Development --- p.57 / Chapter 3.3.3 --- Plasma Estradiol Level --- p.62 / Chapter 3.3.4 --- Estradiol Responsive Gene expression in Tumors --- p.63 / Chapter 3.3.5 --- Cell Apoptotic and Cell Cycle-Regulated Protein expression in Tumors --- p.65 / Chapter 3.4 --- Discussion --- p.67 / Chapter 4 --- CHAPTER 4 --- p.69 / Apigenin inhibits the expression of hmg-coa reductase and srebp-2 in hepatic cells --- p.69 / Chapter 4.1 --- Introduction --- p.69 / Chapter 4.2 --- Objectives --- p.70 / Chapter 4.3 --- Results --- p.70 / Chapter 4.3.1 --- Effect of Apigenin on Cell Viability --- p.70 / Chapter 4.3.2 --- Effect of Apigenin on HMGCR, CYP7A1, LDLR, ApoA-1, SREBP-1 and SREBP-2 mRNA expressions --- p.72 / Chapter 4.3.3 --- Effect of Apigenin on HMGCR, LDLR, ApoA-1 and SREBP-2 Promoter Transcription Activity --- p.75 / Chapter 4.3.4 --- Effect of Apigenin on HMGCR, SREBP-1 and SREBP-2 Protein Expression --- p.77 / Chapter 4.3.5 --- Role of Estrogen Receptor in Apigenin induced SREBP-2 Inhibition --- p.79 / Chapter 4.4 --- Discussion --- p.80 / Chapter 5 --- CHAPTER 5 --- p.82 / SUMMARY --- p.82 / References --- p.83

Thesis (M.Sc.)--Memorial University of Newfoundland, Faculty of Medicine, 1999. / Typescript. Bibliography: leaves 98-104.

by Wan Cheuk Wing. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2002. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves p. 166-183). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Acknowledgements --- p.i / Abstract --- p.ii-iii / Abstract (Chinese Version) --- p.iv / Table of Contents --- p.v-xi / List of Figures --- p.xii / List of Tables --- p.xiii-xxiii / List of Abbreviations --- p.xxiiv / Chapter CHAPTER ONE: --- INTRODUCTION / Chapter 1.1 --- "Socioeconomic, dietary and epidemiological transformation" --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1.1 --- Low breastfeeding rate --- p.3 / Chapter 1.1.2 --- Breakfast skipping --- p.6 / Chapter 1.1.3 --- Popularity of eating out --- p.8 / Chapter 1.1.4 --- Lack of school lunch surveillance or policy --- p.10 / Chapter 1.1.5 --- Frequent unhealthy snack consumption --- p.11 / Chapter 1.1.6 --- Physical inactivity --- p.12 / Chapter 1.2 --- "Childhood and Adolescent obesity determinants, trends and consequences" --- p.13 / Chapter 1.3 --- "Physiological, psychosocial and economic determinants of childhood and adolescent obesity" --- p.16 / Chapter 1.4 --- Adolescence - Critical period of habit development --- p.17 / Chapter 1.4.1 --- "Factors affecting eating and physical activity patterns: peers, television and the school environment" --- p.18 / Chapter 1.5 --- The education system in Hong Kong and United States --- p.20 / Chapter 1.5.1 --- Principles of effective nutrition curriculum development --- p.23 / Chapter 1.6 --- Study Design and Theoretical Approach of study --- p.23 / Chapter CHAPTER TWO: --- METHODOLOGY / Chapter 2.1 --- Target Population Determination --- p.28 / Chapter 2.2 --- Recruitment & Geographical Distribution of Schools --- p.28 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Familiarization with School Background --- p.30 / Chapter 2.3 --- Focus groups --- p.31 / Chapter 2.4 --- "Questionnaire Development, Instrument Design and Pre-testing" --- p.32 / Chapter 2.4.1 --- Questionnaire Development --- p.32 / Chapter 2.4.2 --- Socio-demographic --- p.33 / Chapter 2.4.3 --- Breastfeeding --- p.33 / Chapter 2.4.4 --- "Dietary - Healthy Diet Pyramid, Healthy Breakfast, Healthy Lunch, Healthy Snack, Healthy Eating Out" --- p.33 / Chapter 2.4.5 --- Physical Activity --- p.34 / Chapter 2.4.6 --- Pretesting --- p.35 / Chapter 2.4.7 --- Sampling Method --- p.35 / Chapter 2.4.8 --- Student Helpers Training --- p.36 / Chapter 2.4.9 --- Data Collection --- p.37 / Chapter 2.4.10 --- Fun-In-Seven Logo --- p.37 / Chapter 2.5 --- Intervention Program --- p.38 / Chapter 2.5.1 --- Planning the Intervention Programs - Health Committee Establishment --- p.38 / Chapter 2.5.2 --- "Intervention Activities, Curriculum Design and Implementation" --- p.39 / Chapter 2.6 --- Evaluations --- p.45 / Chapter 2.6.1 --- Process Evaluation --- p.45 / Chapter 2.6.2 --- Outcome Evaluation --- p.45 / Chapter 2.7 --- Data Management --- p.46 / Chapter 2.7.1 --- Data Processing --- p.46 / Chapter 2.7.2 --- Statistics --- p.46 / Chapter 2.7.3 --- Data Analysis --- p.47 / Chapter CHAPTER THREE: --- RESULTS / Chapter 3.1 --- Participation rate of the study --- p.52 / Chapter 3.2 --- Pre-intervention survey results --- p.52 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- General sociodemographic characteristics of students --- p.52 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Self-evaluated nutrition scores --- p.53 / Chapter 3.2.3 --- Breastfeeding --- p.55 / Chapter 3.2.4 --- Healthy Diet Pyramid --- p.61 / Chapter 3.2.5 --- Healthy breakfast awareness and practices --- p.64 / Chapter 3.2.6 --- "Eating out knowledge, attitudes and practices" --- p.68 / Chapter 3.2.7 --- Healthy Lunch --- p.73 / Chapter 3.2.8 --- Snack patterns --- p.77 / Chapter 3.2.9 --- Physical Activity --- p.81 / Chapter 3.2.10 --- Summary Profile of the Secondary Students in the Pre-intervention Survey --- p.92 / Chapter 3.3 --- Outcome evaluation --- p.95 / Chapter 3.4 --- Post-intervention Survey --- p.95 / Chapter 3.4.1 --- General sociodemographic characteristics of students --- p.95 / Chapter 3.4.2 --- Changes in self-rated nutrition knowledge --- p.96 / Chapter 3.4.3 --- Intervention effects on of breastfeeding knowledge and attitudes --- p.97 / Chapter 3.4.4 --- Healthy Diet Pyramid and healthy eating awareness --- p.104 / Chapter 3.4.5 --- Breakfast --- p.109 / Chapter 3.4.6 --- Eating Out --- p.113 / Chapter 3.4.7 --- Lunch --- p.117 / Chapter 3.4.8 --- Snacking --- p.121 / Chapter 3.4.9 --- Physical Activity --- p.128 / Chapter 3.4.10 --- "Changes in students' knowledge, attitude, and behavior after the intervention programme" --- p.140 / Chapter 3.5 --- Summary Profile of the Secondary Students in the Post-intervention Survey --- p.145 / Chapter CHAPTER FOUR: --- DISCUSSION / Chapter 4.1 --- Impacts of Fun-in-Seven programmes --- p.150 / Chapter 4.1.1 --- Breastfeeding --- p.150 / Chapter 4.1.2 --- Healthy Diet Pyramid --- p.151 / Chapter 4.1.3 --- Healthy Breakfast --- p.152 / Chapter 4.1.4 --- Lunch --- p.153 / Chapter 4.1.5 --- Snacking --- p.155 / Chapter 4.1.6 --- Physical Activity --- p.156 / Chapter 4.2 --- Strengths of the intervention programme --- p.157 / Chapter 4.3 --- Limitations and problems encountered --- p.159 / Chapter 4.4 --- Recommendations for further improvement --- p.161 / Chapter CHAPTER FIVE: --- CONCLUSION --- p.165 / References --- p.166-180 / Appendices / Chapter A --- Questionnaire for Teacher/Principal (English version) --- p.181-183 / Chapter B --- Secondary School Background Information (English version) --- p.184-195 / Chapter CI --- Questionnaire (Chinese version) --- p.196-209 / Chapter CII --- Questionnaire (English version) --- p.210-224 / Chapter D --- Pamphlets for seven themes (Chinese and English versions) --- p.225-257 / Chapter E --- Worksheets & Certificates (Chinese and English versions) --- p.258-283 / Chapter F --- Activities photos (English version) --- p.284-288 / Chapter G --- Summary of materials and activities of each theme in Fun-in-Seven (Chinese version) --- p.289 / Chapter HI --- Breastfeeding and Physical Activity Process Evaluation Questionnaire (Chinese version) --- p.290-291 / Chapter HII --- Breastfeeding and Healthy Diet Pyramid Process Evaluation Questionnaire (English version) --- p.292-294 / Chapter JI --- "Physical Activity, Breakfast, Lunch, Eat Out, Snack Outcome Evaluation (Chinese version) - School 1" --- p.295-299 / Chapter JII --- "Physical Activity, Breakfast, Lunch, Eat Out, Snack Outcome Evaluation (English version)" --- p.300-305 / Chapter KI --- "Physical Activity, Breakfast, Lunch, Eat Out, Snack Outcome Evaluation (Chinese version) - School 2" --- p.306-309 / Chapter KII --- "Physical Activity, Breakfast, Lunch, Eat Out, Snack Outcome Evaluation (English version) ´ؤ School 2" --- p.310-313 / Chapter LI --- "Physical Activity, Breakfast, Lunch, Eat Out, Snack Outcome Evaluation (Chinese version) ´ؤ School 3" --- p.314-317 / Chapter LII --- "Physical Activity, Breakfast, Lunch, Eat Out, Snack Outcome Evaluation (English version) ´ؤ School 3" --- p.318-322 / Chapter MI --- Teacher's Outcome Evaluation Form (Chinese version) ´ؤ School --- p.323-324 / Chapter MII --- Teacher's Outcome Evaluation Form (English version) 一 School --- p.325-327 / Chapter NI --- Teacher's Outcome Evaluation Form (Chinese version) ´ؤ School --- p.328-329 / Chapter NII --- Teacher's Outcome Evaluation Form (English version) - School --- p.330-332 / Chapter PI --- Teacher's Outcome Evaluation Form (Chinese version) - School --- p.333-334 / Chapter PII --- Teacher's Outcome Evaluation Form (English version) 一 School --- p.335-337 / Chapter QI --- Health Ambassador's Outcome Evaluation Form (Chinese version) --- p.338-339 / Chapter QII --- Health Ambassador's Outcome Evaluation Form (English version) --- p.340-341

Lok Cheuk-ming, Andy. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2002. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 62-73). / Text in English; abstracts in English and Chinese. / Lok Cheuk-ming, Andy. / Acknowledgments --- p.i / Abstract --- p.iii / Table of Contents --- p.vi / List of Tables --- p.viii / List of Figures --- p.ix / Chapter CHAPTER1 --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Background --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Purpose --- p.4 / Chapter 1.3 --- Significance of Study --- p.4 / Chapter CHAPTER2 --- Review of Literature --- p.5 / Chapter 2.1 --- "Energy Metabolism During Prolonged, Submaximal Exercise" --- p.5 / Chapter 2.1.1 --- Energy Metabolism in Humans / Chapter 2.1.2 --- Amount of Energy Stores in Body / Chapter 2.1.3 --- Substrates Utilization during Prolonged Exercise / Chapter 2.2 --- Importance of Pre-exercise Nutrition on Exercise Performance --- p.9 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Pre-exercise CHO Supplementation / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Timing of CHO and Transient Hypoglycemia / Chapter 2.2.3 --- Type of CHO / Chapter 2.2.4 --- Other Nutrients / Chapter 2.3 --- Application of the Glycemic Index to Pre-exercise Nutrition --- p.14 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- Definition of Glycemic Index (GI) / Chapter 2.3.2 --- Ingestion of GI Foods Before Exercise / Chapter 2.3.3 --- Summary of the Previous Findings / Chapter CHAPTER3 --- Methodology --- p.23 / Chapter 3.1 --- General Methods --- p.23 / Chapter 3.2 --- Participants --- p.34 / Chapter 3.3 --- Experimental Design --- p.34 / Chapter 3.4 --- Procedures --- p.37 / Chapter 3.5 --- Prescribed Glycemic Index Meals --- p.39 / Chapter 3.6 --- Analysis --- p.40 / Chapter 3.7 --- Statistical Analysis --- p.41 / Chapter CHAPTER4 --- Results --- p.42 / Chapter 4.1 --- Running Performance --- p.42 / Chapter 4.2 --- Dietary Analysis --- p.43 / Chapter 4.3 --- Physiological Changes At Rest and During Exercise --- p.44 / Chapter 4.5 --- Changes in Perceptual Variables and Heart Rates At Rest and During Exercise --- p.54 / Chapter CHAPTER5 --- Discussion --- p.56 / Recommendation and Applications --- p.61 / References --- p.62 / Appendices --- p.74

Cancer chemoprevention uses noncytotoxic drugs or nutrients to prevent, retard, or delay carcinogenesis. The future of cancer chemoprevention depends on understanding key cellular growth and proliferation-controlling events, developing markers of molecular carcinogenesis, surrogate endpoint biomarkers, and targeted chemopreventive approaches.

by Wu Yee Man. / Questionnaires in Chinese and English. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1997. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 135-141). / Acknowledgments --- p.i / Abstract --- p.ii / Table of contents --- p.iv / List of figures --- p.viii / List of tables --- p.ix / List of abbreviations --- p.xiii / Chapter Chapter One --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter Chapter Two --- Background and strategy development --- p.3 / Chapter 2.1 --- Conceptual framework of food consumption behaviour --- p.3 / Chapter 2.2 --- What we know about the diet and health of Hong Kong adolescents --- p.5 / Chapter 2.3 --- Community care and nutrition education in Hong Kong --- p.13 / Chapter 2.4 --- Lessons from nutrition education research and programmes in other nations --- p.18 / Chapter 2.5 --- Conclusion --- p.22 / Chapter Chapter Three --- Methodology --- p.23 / Chapter 3.1 --- Subject selection --- p.23 / Chapter 3.2 --- Theoretical approach and study design --- p.23 / Chapter 3.3 --- Baseline survey --- p.26 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- Focus groups --- p.26 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- Survey instrument --- p.28 / Chapter 3.3.3 --- J Survey implementation: school selection and data collection --- p.29 / Chapter 3.4 --- Intervention programme --- p.31 / Chapter 3.4.1 --- Intervention design --- p.31 / Chapter 3.4.2 --- Intervention activities and their characteristics --- p.33 / Chapter 3.4.2.1 --- Activities and schedule --- p.33 / Chapter 3.4.2.2 --- Key characteristics --- p.34 / Chapter 3.5 --- Evaluation survey --- p.36 / Chapter 3.6 --- Data management and analysis methods --- p.37 / Chapter 3.6.1 --- Focus groups --- p.37 / Chapter 3.6.2 --- Baseline survey --- p.37 / Chapter 3.6.3 --- Intervention programme process evaluation --- p.38 / Chapter 3.6.4 --- Evaluation surveys --- p.38 / Chapter Chapter Four --- Results --- p.40 / Chapter 4.1 --- Focus groups --- p.40 / Chapter 4.1.1 --- General results --- p.40 / Chapter 4.1.2 --- Eating and drinking patterns --- p.42 / Chapter 4.1.3 --- Food knowledge and health awareness --- p.45 / Chapter 4.1.4 --- Food and nutrition promotion in school --- p.48 / Chapter 4.1.5 --- Miscellaneous results --- p.50 / Chapter 4.2 --- Baseline survey --- p.51 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- General subject description --- p.51 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- Eating and drinking patterns --- p.51 / Chapter 4.2.3 --- Food and nutrition knowledge --- p.58 / Chapter 4.2.4 --- Healthy weight maintenance --- p.63 / Chapter 4.2.5 --- Food and nutrition education --- p.67 / Chapter 4.2.6 --- Implications --- p.70 / Chapter 4.2.7 --- Brief summary --- p.70 / Chapter 4.3 --- Intervention programme process evaluation --- p.73 / Chapter 4.4 --- Student outcome evaluation --- p.76 / Chapter 4.4.1 --- General subject description --- p.76 / Chapter 4.4.2 --- Changes in eating and other health-related habits --- p.77 / Chapter 4.4.2.1 --- Breakfast habits --- p.77 / Chapter 4.4.2.2 --- Lunch habits --- p.81 / Chapter 4.4.2.3 --- Dinner habits --- p.87 / Chapter 4.4.2.4 --- Snack habits --- p.87 / Chapter 4.4.2.5 --- Other health-related habits --- p.90 / Chapter 4.4.3 --- Changes in food and nutrition knowledge --- p.93 / Chapter 4.4.4 --- Changes in food and nutrition attitude --- p.97 / Chapter 4.4.5 --- Education group student evaluation of the intervention programme --- p.102 / Chapter 4.4.6 --- Brief summary of student evaluation survey --- p.105 / Chapter 4.5 --- Intervention programme evaluation by the school principals and teachers --- p.110 / Chapter Chapter Five --- Discussion --- p.114 / Chapter Chapter Six --- Conclusions --- p.132 / References --- p.135 / Appendices / Chapter A --- Focus group discussion question guides --- p.A1 / Chapter B --- Baseline questionnaire --- p.A7 / Chapter C --- Weekly programme evaluation forms / School 1 --- p.A33 / School 2 --- p.A43 / Chapter D --- Intervention activity schedules / School 1 --- p.A53 / School 2 --- p.A63 / Chapter E --- Materials for intervention programme activities / Chapter (1) --- Body weight measurement & evaluation --- p.A73 / Chapter (2) --- Demonstration of BMI calculation --- p.A79 / Chapter (3) --- 'Fitness & health' self assessment test --- p.A85 / Chapter (4) --- 'Healthy eating' self assessment test --- p.A89 / Chapter (5) --- Tongue Twister --- p.A93 / Chapter (6) --- "Cross-word puzzles (junior, intermediate & senior levels)" --- p.A94 / Chapter (7) --- Story telling quiz --- p.A97 / Chapter (8) --- Lunch time games --- p.A99 / Chapter (9) --- Healthy foods in the school tuck shop --- p.A100 / Chapter (10) --- Short drama --- p.A101 / Chapter (11) --- Dr. Fit mailbox --- p.A102 / Chapter (12) --- Talk by a dietitian --- p.A112 / Chapter (13) --- "Inter-class nutrition quiz (junior, intermediate & senior levels)" --- p.A113 / Chapter (14) --- Inter-class bulletin board design contest --- p.A134 / Chapter (15) --- Leaflets --- p.A138 / Chapter (16) --- Pamphlet --- p.A141 / Chapter (17) --- Bulletin board exhibition --- p.A144 / Chapter (18) --- Magnet --- p.A145 / Chapter F --- Evaluation questionnaire (additional section) for students --- p.A146 / Chapter G --- Evaluation questionnaire for school principals and teachers / School 1 --- p.A151 / School 2 --- p.A155 / Chapter H --- Baseline survey result data from students --- p.A159 / Chapter I --- Evaluation survey result data from students --- p.A190 / Chapter J --- Evaluation survey result data from school principals and teachers --- p.A251