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Grounding the past the praxis of participatory archaeology in the Mixteca Alta, Oaxaca, Mexico /Geurds, Alexander, January 2007 (has links)
Thesis (doctoral)--Leiden University, 2007. / Includes bibliographical references (p. [335]-361) and index.
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Normalization of social inequality and its implications: The Case of Zaachila Oriente in OaxacaVillalobos Portilla, Ernesto 03 July 2024 (has links)
Die Normalisierung der Ungleichheit in Oaxaca, Mexiko, ist ein Prozess, der sich seit der Kolonialzeit entwickelt hat, als Konzepte wie Rasse die bestehende soziale Trennung zwischen Europäern und indigenen Gemeinschaften definierten. Diese Entwicklung setzte sich in der postkolonialen Ära fort, wo die Marginalisierung gefährdeter Gruppen bis in die Gegenwart andauert. Im modernen Mexiko haben die politischen und wirtschaftlichen Eliten verschiedene Mechanismen der Ungleichheit entwickelt, die die soziale Mobilität der schwächsten Bevölkerungsgruppen einschränken. Daher werden in dieser Fallstudie drei wichtige Mechanismen auf verschiedenen Ebenen identifiziert. Der erste wird als subnationaler Autoritarismus bezeichnet und zeigt, wie verschiedene Strategien, z. B. das Aufbrechen sozialer Bindungen, es den Eliten ermöglichen, ihre Macht zu konsolidieren und klare Grenzen zwischen den sozialen Klassen zu ziehen. Der andere Mechanismus sind die Sozialprogramme, die zu Veränderungen in den Praktiken der Menschen führen, die Zugang zu ihnen haben, und individualistische Praktiken fördern, die auch dem Erwerb von Sozialkapital schaden. Schließlich wird der Familienindividualismus identifiziert, dessen Hauptziel darin besteht, das Wohlergehen der Menschen innerhalb des Familienkerns zu sichern, aber außerhalb des Familienkerns ist die Schaffung anderer Arten von Kapital aufgrund des Fehlens schwacher Bindungen und der Produktion anderer Arten von Kapital schwierig. Diese Mechanismen haben nicht nur Auswirkungen auf die Alltagspraktiken, sondern auch auf die Herausbildung eines Habitus bei den Menschen in Zaachila Oriente. / The normalization of inequality in Oaxaca, Mexico has been a process that has been developing since colonial times, where concepts such as race defined the existing social division between Europeans and Indigenous communities. This later moved into the post-colonial era where marginalization of vulnerable groups continued into the present day. During modern Mexico, political and economic elites have designed different mechanisms of inequality that restricts social mobility for the most vulnerable classes. Therefore, this cases study identifies three important mechanisms at different scales. The first is named subnational authoritarianism and it shows how different strategies, such as the rupture of social ties, allow elites to consolidate power and establish clear limits among social classes. The other mechanism identified are the social programs, these lead to changes in the practices of the people who have access to them and encourage individualistic practices that also harm the acquisition of social capital. Finally, family individualism is identified, the main objective is to safeguard the welfare of people within the family core, but outside the family nucleus, the creation of other types of capital is difficult due to the absence of weak ties and the production of different types of capital. These mechanisms have implications not only for everyday practices but also for the production of habitus within the people in Zaachila Oriente.
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Women's Actions and Reactions to Male Migration: A Case Study of Women in San Juan Guelavía, Oaxaca, MexicoBoyles, Julie 28 February 2013 (has links)
Using a mixed methods, interdisciplinary case study approach, this research project explores the benefits, risks, and challenges of male migration for women who reside in San Juan Guelavía, Oaxaca, Mexico. In a unique approach in the field of migration studies, this project considers not only women whose husbands have migrated--absent husbands--but also the impact of male migration on women whose husbands have returned as well as women whose husbands have never left--anchored husbands. Women with returned husbands and even women with anchored husbands feel the threat, worry, and fear that male migration could, at an unknown point in the future, fragment their family. This case study approach looks at how women's work responses are differentiated by husbands' migration status, by age, and by husband's control over women's activities. Women with absent husbands tend be income-producing women as well as women ages 35 to 50 far more than women 35 and under and 50 and over. With motherhood as a cultured priority of rural Mexican women, women's income-producing opportunities are primarily limited to options within the home or in venues that can accommodate their children until the children enter school. Although this case study showed little or no connection between male migration and educational attainment, substantial policy-worthy findings suggest that the lack of value that residents of San Juan Guelavía place on the local public high school curriculum negatively impacts educational attainment of children beyond middle school. Women's traditional and cultural emphasis of marriage for their daughters as well as their reluctance to expose daughters to the negative influences of the city sway the decisions that women make for their daughters.
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Faire face à la crise du café : l'adoption de pratiques agricoles durables chez les producteurs de café au MexiqueUbertino, Simone 23 April 2018 (has links)
L’adoption de nouvelles pratiques agricoles dans le but d’améliorer les rendements et de réduire la pauvreté est devenue un enjeu important pour le secteur du café au Mexique. Cependant, l’adoption des mesures recommandées demeure largement au-dessous des niveaux escomptés. Cette étude emploie un modèle probit multivarié pour analyser les facteurs qui facilitent ou entravent l’adoption de nouvelles pratiques utilisant des données provenant d’un sondage auprès de 119 producteurs. Les résultats montrent que la taille de l’exploitation, les liens de parenté, le niveau d’éducation, l’âge, le sexe et la taille du ménage ont une influence sur les choix des producteurs. Pour chaque catégorie de pratiques, l’appartenance à une organisation de producteurs a un effet positif. Des politiques visant à organiser les producteurs au sein d’associations locales au travers desquelles des services de vulgarisation peuvent être offerts pourraient améliorer le taux d’adoption des pratiques agricoles recommandées. / The adoption of productivity enhancing agricultural practices has become an important issue in the Mexican coffee sector especially as a way to tackle declining yields and poverty. However the adoption of recommended measures remains below expected levels. This study uses a multivariate probit model to analyse the factors that facilitate or impede the adoption of new practices using data from a survey of 119 producers. The results show that farm size, kinship networks, level of education, age, gender and household size all influence farmer investment in agricultural practices. For every category, membership in a producer organization was found to have a positive effect on the probability of adoption. Policies aimed at organizing coffee farmers into local associations through which extension services can be provided could improve the adoption rate of recommended agricultural practices.
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The potential impacts of migrant remittances on agricultural and community development in the Mixteca Baja region of Mexico.Cederstrom, Thoric Nils. January 1993 (has links)
Remittances form an important source of revenue for many farm households and rural communities. In spite of their significance, how remittances are expended is not well studied. Neoclassical economic theory indicates that the welfare of recipients unequivocally improves as the household budget line increases. Which new combination of goods, such as production and leisure, is selected on the budget line depends on household and community preferences. The literature suggests many factors influence preferences. The original resource endowment defines production possibilities. Regional economic conditions determine agricultural profitability and alternative investment opportunities. The volume and timing of remittances influence a farmer's willingness to accept risk. Socio-economic survey data from 54 households in the village of El Rosario Micaltepec, Puebla in the Mixteca Baja region illustrate the conditions under which certain households may choose to invest remittances in agricultural production. Data on the activities of the migrant village associations of two villages are used to evaluate the circumstances that favor community investment of migrant-donated funds over their conspicuous consumption.
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Diferenças de rendimento entre os setores de serviços e de indústria no Brasil: uma análise de decomposição a partir dos dados da PNAD / Income gap between the service and industry sectors in Brazil: a decomposition analysis based on PNAD dataLacerda, Luciana Pacheco Trindade 18 April 2017 (has links)
Este estudo tem como objetivo analisar o diferencial de rendimentos entre os setores de serviços e de indústria no Brasil, nos anos de 2004, 2009 e 2014. As informações foram obtidas a partir da Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílios (PNAD) desses anos. A hipótese central deste estudo é de que existe uma massa de trabalhadores sendo melhor remunerada no setor de serviços vis-à-vis o setor industrial, a qual vai contra a tese de que é na indústria onde estariam as profissões com maior valor agregado. A pesquisa também procura contribuir para a literatura acerca do setor de serviços, considerada escassa devido à heterogeneidade desse setor. Em primeiro momento, procura-se analisar o hiato salarial entre os setores através da decomposição proposta por Oaxaca (1973) e Blinder (1973). Após, utiliza-se o método de regressão RIF (Recentered Influence Function) de Firpo et al. (2007) com o objetivo de se obter estimativas por quantis de renda. Uma análise preliminar da distribuição da massa de salários entre esses dois setores revelou que o setor de serviços se encontra um pouco mais a direita na curva de distribuição, indicando que esse setor possui um número de expressivo de trabalhadores recebendo salários maiores daqueles da indústria. Constatou-se, também, que na decomposição salarial pela média o hiato salarial se mantém favorável aos trabalhadores do setor de serviços nos três anos analisados. No entanto, esse diferencial revelou-se maior em 2004. Apesar disso, a decomposição por quantis indicou que o diferencial de renda entre os setores se mantém favorável ao setor de serviços somente para os 75º e 90º quantis, contudo, as diferenças observadas nesses quantis se revelaram decrescentes na década analisada. O sinal negativo do efeito composição nos quantis que o setor de serviços remunera melhor indicou que os indivíduos empregados nesse setor possuem características mais produtivas relacionadas ao mercado de trabalho comparado ao setor de indústria. Já o sinal do efeito estrutura sinalizou que os retornos das características dos trabalhadores do setor de indústria foram menores que o retorno adquirido pelo outro setor. Nos demais quantis de renda, o setor de indústria foi o responsável por remunerar melhor os trabalhadores. Somente o 25º quantil apresentou crescimento do hiato nesse período. Para ambos os setores, ramos de alta tecnologia remuneram melhor para todos os quantis. / This study analyzes the income gap between the service and industry sectors in Brazil in the years 2004, 2009 and 2014. The information about these years was obtained from the National Survey by Household Sample (PNAD). The central hypothesis of this study is that there is a mass of workers being better paid in the service sector vis-à-vis the industrial sector, which goes against the well known consensus that the industry\'s earnings are greater than the service sector because of added value . The research also seeks to contribute to the literature on the service sector, considered scarce due to the heterogeneity of this sector. At first, the focus was the wage gap between sectors through the decomposition proposed by Oaxaca (1973) and Blinder (1973). Afterwards, it was used the RIF (Recentered Influence Function) regression method of Firpo et al. (2007) in order to obtain the approximate income proportion. A preliminary analysis of the distribution of the mass of wages between these two sectors revealed that the service sector lies on a little more to the right on the distribution curve, indicating that this sector has a significant number of workers receiving higher wages than those in the industry. It was also observed that in the average wage decomposition the wage gap remained favorable to the service sector workers in the three years analyzed. However, this differential was higher in 2004. It was observed in the wage decomposition, where the wage gap is maintained favorable to the workers of the service sector in the three sectors analyzed. In addition, this differential is more pronounced in the most recent year. In those years, the effect of contributing to the increase of the difference, however, the magnitude is the effect of decreasing. Decomposition by quantiles indicated that the income differential between sectors remained favorable to the services sector only for the 75th and 90th quantiles. The gap observed in these quantiles were decreasing in the analyzed decade. The negative sign of this effect in the quantiles that the services sector pay better indicated that the individuals employed in this sector have more productive characteristics related to the labor market compared to the industry sector. The sign of the structure effect signaled that the returns of the characteristics of the workers of the industry sector were smaller than the return earned by the other sector. In the other quantiles of income, the industry sector was the one responsible for better remunerating the workers. Only the 25th quantil indicated a growth of the hiatus in this period. For both sectors, branches of high technology are better for all quantiles.
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Diferenças de rendimento entre os setores de serviços e de indústria no Brasil: uma análise de decomposição a partir dos dados da PNAD / Income gap between the service and industry sectors in Brazil: a decomposition analysis based on PNAD dataLuciana Pacheco Trindade Lacerda 18 April 2017 (has links)
Este estudo tem como objetivo analisar o diferencial de rendimentos entre os setores de serviços e de indústria no Brasil, nos anos de 2004, 2009 e 2014. As informações foram obtidas a partir da Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílios (PNAD) desses anos. A hipótese central deste estudo é de que existe uma massa de trabalhadores sendo melhor remunerada no setor de serviços vis-à-vis o setor industrial, a qual vai contra a tese de que é na indústria onde estariam as profissões com maior valor agregado. A pesquisa também procura contribuir para a literatura acerca do setor de serviços, considerada escassa devido à heterogeneidade desse setor. Em primeiro momento, procura-se analisar o hiato salarial entre os setores através da decomposição proposta por Oaxaca (1973) e Blinder (1973). Após, utiliza-se o método de regressão RIF (Recentered Influence Function) de Firpo et al. (2007) com o objetivo de se obter estimativas por quantis de renda. Uma análise preliminar da distribuição da massa de salários entre esses dois setores revelou que o setor de serviços se encontra um pouco mais a direita na curva de distribuição, indicando que esse setor possui um número de expressivo de trabalhadores recebendo salários maiores daqueles da indústria. Constatou-se, também, que na decomposição salarial pela média o hiato salarial se mantém favorável aos trabalhadores do setor de serviços nos três anos analisados. No entanto, esse diferencial revelou-se maior em 2004. Apesar disso, a decomposição por quantis indicou que o diferencial de renda entre os setores se mantém favorável ao setor de serviços somente para os 75º e 90º quantis, contudo, as diferenças observadas nesses quantis se revelaram decrescentes na década analisada. O sinal negativo do efeito composição nos quantis que o setor de serviços remunera melhor indicou que os indivíduos empregados nesse setor possuem características mais produtivas relacionadas ao mercado de trabalho comparado ao setor de indústria. Já o sinal do efeito estrutura sinalizou que os retornos das características dos trabalhadores do setor de indústria foram menores que o retorno adquirido pelo outro setor. Nos demais quantis de renda, o setor de indústria foi o responsável por remunerar melhor os trabalhadores. Somente o 25º quantil apresentou crescimento do hiato nesse período. Para ambos os setores, ramos de alta tecnologia remuneram melhor para todos os quantis. / This study analyzes the income gap between the service and industry sectors in Brazil in the years 2004, 2009 and 2014. The information about these years was obtained from the National Survey by Household Sample (PNAD). The central hypothesis of this study is that there is a mass of workers being better paid in the service sector vis-à-vis the industrial sector, which goes against the well known consensus that the industry\'s earnings are greater than the service sector because of added value . The research also seeks to contribute to the literature on the service sector, considered scarce due to the heterogeneity of this sector. At first, the focus was the wage gap between sectors through the decomposition proposed by Oaxaca (1973) and Blinder (1973). Afterwards, it was used the RIF (Recentered Influence Function) regression method of Firpo et al. (2007) in order to obtain the approximate income proportion. A preliminary analysis of the distribution of the mass of wages between these two sectors revealed that the service sector lies on a little more to the right on the distribution curve, indicating that this sector has a significant number of workers receiving higher wages than those in the industry. It was also observed that in the average wage decomposition the wage gap remained favorable to the service sector workers in the three years analyzed. However, this differential was higher in 2004. It was observed in the wage decomposition, where the wage gap is maintained favorable to the workers of the service sector in the three sectors analyzed. In addition, this differential is more pronounced in the most recent year. In those years, the effect of contributing to the increase of the difference, however, the magnitude is the effect of decreasing. Decomposition by quantiles indicated that the income differential between sectors remained favorable to the services sector only for the 75th and 90th quantiles. The gap observed in these quantiles were decreasing in the analyzed decade. The negative sign of this effect in the quantiles that the services sector pay better indicated that the individuals employed in this sector have more productive characteristics related to the labor market compared to the industry sector. The sign of the structure effect signaled that the returns of the characteristics of the workers of the industry sector were smaller than the return earned by the other sector. In the other quantiles of income, the industry sector was the one responsible for better remunerating the workers. Only the 25th quantil indicated a growth of the hiatus in this period. For both sectors, branches of high technology are better for all quantiles.
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Lönediskriminering av invandrare: en empirisk undersökning av invandrares samt invandrarkvinnors förhållanden på den svenska arbetsmarknaden 2005. / Wage discrimination of immigrant: an empirical survey of immigrants and immigrant women's state on the Swedish labor market 2005.Stenberg Wam, Anders, Nyqvist, Torbjörn January 2009 (has links)
<p>I denna uppsats undersöker vi huruvida invandrare diskrimineras på den svenska arbetsmarknaden. Vi undersöker även om förhållandet skiljer sig när vi endast tittar på gruppen kvinnor, och gör en jämförelse mellan svenskfödda kvinnor och invandrarkvinnor. Vi använder oss av två modeller för att estimera löneskillnader, dummyvariabel modellen och Blinder-Oaxaca modellen. Våra resultat ger tydliga indikationer på lönediskriminering gentemot invandrare, kvinnor och en ännu tydligare lönediskriminering gentemot invandrarkvinnor. Vi anser att invandrarkvinnor drabbas av en så kallad dubbel diskriminering, där den övriga populationen i genomsnitt ges 28,4% högre lön än invandrarkvinnor.</p> / <p>In this thesis we investigate whether immigrant are being discriminated on the Swedish labor market. We also examine if this differentiates itself when we put our focus on the women as a group and thereafter make comparison between Swedish born women and women born outside Sweden. We have employed two models in order to determine wage differences, the dummy variable model and the Blinder-Oaxaca model. Our results show a distinct indication of wage discrimination against immigrants, women and even a more comprehensive discrimination towards immigrant women. Immigrant women have in general 28,4% lower wage than the average population. According to our findings therefore, foreign women are subjects to double discrimination.</p>
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Lönediskriminering av invandrare: en empirisk undersökning av invandrares samt invandrarkvinnors förhållanden på den svenska arbetsmarknaden 2005. / Wage discrimination of immigrant: an empirical survey of immigrants and immigrant women's state on the Swedish labor market 2005.Stenberg Wam, Anders, Nyqvist, Torbjörn January 2009 (has links)
I denna uppsats undersöker vi huruvida invandrare diskrimineras på den svenska arbetsmarknaden. Vi undersöker även om förhållandet skiljer sig när vi endast tittar på gruppen kvinnor, och gör en jämförelse mellan svenskfödda kvinnor och invandrarkvinnor. Vi använder oss av två modeller för att estimera löneskillnader, dummyvariabel modellen och Blinder-Oaxaca modellen. Våra resultat ger tydliga indikationer på lönediskriminering gentemot invandrare, kvinnor och en ännu tydligare lönediskriminering gentemot invandrarkvinnor. Vi anser att invandrarkvinnor drabbas av en så kallad dubbel diskriminering, där den övriga populationen i genomsnitt ges 28,4% högre lön än invandrarkvinnor. / In this thesis we investigate whether immigrant are being discriminated on the Swedish labor market. We also examine if this differentiates itself when we put our focus on the women as a group and thereafter make comparison between Swedish born women and women born outside Sweden. We have employed two models in order to determine wage differences, the dummy variable model and the Blinder-Oaxaca model. Our results show a distinct indication of wage discrimination against immigrants, women and even a more comprehensive discrimination towards immigrant women. Immigrant women have in general 28,4% lower wage than the average population. According to our findings therefore, foreign women are subjects to double discrimination.
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勞動參與的決定因素: 以台灣中年已婚男性為例 / Determinants of labor force participation: an analysis of older married men in Taiwan邱創毅, Chiu, Chuang Yi Unknown Date (has links)
近年來台灣面臨了人口高齡化的現象,有關中高齡人口的議題成為了學者與社會大眾關注的焦點,其中,自1988以來中高齡已婚男性勞動參與率至2008年為止已下降了約十個百分點,這個現象值得我們去深入了解。本篇論文主要在探討中高齡已婚男性勞動參與的決定因素,研究的資料來源為1988至2008年的人力資源及人力運用調查。其中,我選擇了55至64歲的已婚男性為對象,而總樣本數為51,730,本論文先以probit與bivariate probit模型估計每一個變數對中高齡已婚男性勞動決策的邊際影響效果,再以Oaxaca與DiNardo, Fortin, and Lemieux (DFL)分解模式,試著拆解每一個變數對整體中高齡已婚男性勞動參與率的影響性。
此篇論文著重在兩個主要變數對中高齡已婚男性勞動參與的影響:妻子的勞動參與以及地區性的失業率。近年來越來越多已婚婦女投入職場,我想了解婦女勞動參與率的上升,對整體丈夫勞動參與率的影響;另外地區的失業率是表現出地區勞動市場的重要指標之一,過去的文獻提到失業嚴重的地區可能使當地勞工失業後找不到工作,或使想進入職場的勞工卻步。此篇論文研究結果顯示妻子的勞動參與會顯著的影響先生對勞動市場去留的決定,妻子影響個人的勞動參與機率6~18%左右,而1%地區性失業率的上升,則是對個人的勞動參與機率下降的影響約1.5%左右。在1988年至2008年整體中高齡已婚男性勞動參與率的分解中,勞動參與率下降了3.5%(占整體變化40%),可歸咎於地區失業率的升高。而若妻子的勞動參與沒有提升,仍維持1988年的水準,整體丈夫的勞動參與率將會下降1%(占整體變化10%)左右,本論文認為若政府能維持良好的就業市場環境,將有助於提高中高齡已婚男性人口勞動參與的比率,進一步能有效提高勞動生產力及降低社會負擔。 / As the proportion of the old population increases in Taiwan, issues of older individuals’ behavior attract public attention. During 1988 to 2008, labor force participation rate of older married men declined over 10 percent. What can explain this decline? This thesis tries to find out the determinants of older married men’s labor force participation in Taiwan. I use the data from Manpower Survey and Manpower Utilization Survey from 1988 to 2008, conducted by Directorate General of Budget, Accounting and Statistics (DGBAS). The sample comprise 51,730 observations of married men aged 55-64. Older married men’s labor participation decision is treated as a dependent variable and estimates are made with a probit and a bivariate probit model. Decompositions with methodology of DiNardo, Fortin, and Lemieux (1996) and Oaxaca (1973) are conducted for explaining the decline in labor participation rate of older married men between 1988 and 2008. The results indicate that the increase in wives’ labor force participation increases husband’s likelihood of participation and prevents aggregate husbands’ participation rate from declining about 1 percentage point (-8 percent of total decline). However, regional unemployment rate negatively affects husband’s likelihood of participation and can explain at least 3.5 percent (40 percent of total decline) of the decline in husband’s participation rate. This thesis suggests the labor force participation rate could be stopped from declining if the government maintains good labor market condition.
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