Dans notre société les femmes sont souvent réduites à leur apparence physique (i.e. elles sont objectivées) et sont la cible de différentes conduites sexistes. Le sexisme et l’objectivation de la femme sont fortement véhiculés par les médias et plus particulièrement par les jeux vidéo. Nous savons que les jeux vidéo peuvent influencer les conduites des joueurs, mais l’influence des jeux vidéo sur la vision négative de la femme est assez mal connue. Dans cette thèse nous étudions une possible relation entre l’utilisation des jeux vidéo sexistes et la vision négative de la femme, et nous nous intéressons aux processus psychologiques impliqués dans cette relation. Notre hypothèse est que les jeux vidéo sexistes puissent avoir la fonction d’amorce et rendre accessible en mémoire du joueur des représentations liées au soi, ou à la femme, qui peuvent par la suite influencer ses conduites. Nous proposons également que les hommes, ou les personnes qui s’identifient davantage avec le personnage principal du jeu soient les plus influencés par le contenu sexiste des jeux vidéo. Dans trois études, nous montrons qu’une utilisation habituelle des jeux vidéo est associée à une vision stéréotypique, ou moins humaine de la femme, cependant nous ne montrons pas que les hommes soient plus influencés que les femmes. Ainsi, dans les études qui suivent nous testons le rôle modérateur de l’identification avec le personnage principal. Nous montrons que les joueurs qui s’identifient le plus avec le personnage principal associent davantage leur concept de soi à la masculinité et donnent une plus grande importance à l’apparence de la femme plutôt qu’à ses compétences. Nous mettons en évidence que jouer avec un extrait du jeu vidéo sexiste amène les joueurs à plus associer le concept de la femme à celui d’objet (et cela d’autant plus qu’ils s’identifient au personnage principal), cependant lors de la dernière étude nous ne parvenons pas à répliquer ces résultats. Dans leur ensemble, ces travaux montrent qu’une utilisation habituelle des jeux vidéo influence négativement la vision de la femme. Ces études nous montrent également l’importance de s’intéresser à l’identification au personnage principal comme variable modératrice et nous encouragent à considérer le contenu des jeux vidéo sexistes comme une amorce qui rend accessibles des représentations mentales liées au soi ou à la femme. / In our society, women are sexually objectified and are the target of sexist behaviors. Media and video games are a main channel of sexism and objectification of women. Several studies show that video game can impact players’ behavior. However the influence of sexist video games on negative perception of women is rather indefinite. In this thesis, we study the possible relationship between video games and the negative perception of women, to focus on its psychological mechanism. We argue that video games can work as a prime, activating in players’ memory some association between women and object, or some association between self-concept and masculinity, which in turn can increase negative perception of women. We also hypothesize that men, or players who highly identified with sexist game characters, are most impacted by sexist content of video games.In three studies we showed that there is an association between playing sexist video games and sexist attitudes, or women objectification. However we do not find that men are most impacted than women. Thus in other studies we test the moderating role of identification with sexist game character. In one study we show that players who highly identified with sexist game character associated more their self-concept with masculinity and gave more importance to women appearance rather than to her competence. In two other studies, we show that playing with sexist video game increases implicit associations of women with objects (especially for participants who highly identified with sexist game characters); however in the last study we do not replicate this result. Taken together, these studies show that regular video game playing is related to negative perception of women. Our results also suggest that identification plays a role in the impact of sexist video games and they encourage us to consider sexist content of video games as a prime that can make accessible some mental representations about one self or about women.

This study examined the potentially differing emotional consequences of sexual versus non-sexual traumas in both a student and a community residing treatment seeking sample of women. The extent to which a trauma survivor considers the traumatic event central to her identity (CES) was examined as a potential mediator between traumatic events and PTSD. Additionally, the extent to which a women views herself and her body as a sexual object, to be valued based on her appearance and sexual usefulness to others (sexual self-objectification: OBCS), was examined as a potential mediator between traumatic event and event centrality. Study results showed survivors of sexual assault reported greater CES and PTSD symptoms (PCL-S) than non-sexual trauma survivors in the student population. Mediation results showed sexual self-objectification (OBCS-Shame) significantly mediated the relationship between trauma type and CES, and CES significantly mediated the relationship between type of trauma and PTSD symptoms in the student population only. Data from the community sample did not support these conclusions as women from this sample reported higher PCL-S, CES, and OBCS-Shame scores across categories of trauma.

Critics of Clarice Lispector often identify feminist themes relating to voice, gender, and the male gaze in her creative work. Lispector’s collection of short stories Laços de família demonstrates the way patriarchal society sets limits on the identity of women. Laura Mulvey’s concept of “the male gaze” provides a useful tool for understanding how men marginalize, objectify, and subordinate women through visual regimes of control, yet Mulvey’s concept does not fully encapsulate the scope of male oppression explored in Laços de família. In fact, Lispector draws upon a variety of senses and metaphors related to consumption through a mode I call food femininities to display how men consume their female counterparts in society. More specifically, Lispector’s collection Laços de família invokes, presents, and uses food, food imagery, food vocabulary, and food metaphors as a central way of defining gender roles determined by society and performed in accordance with the normative standards dictated by said society.

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This comparative analysis is based on Nelly Alards novel Moment d’un couple from 2013 and its source of inspiration being La femme rompue of Simone de Beauvoir. These novels do both demonstrate marriage as a constitution and what happens to it when an infidelity takes place. This is thus a feminist analysis of the reaction and presentation of the betrayed woman and her way of coping with this new found situation she founds herself in. Alards narrative voice makes continuous reference to beauvoirian feminism. Beauvoir’s féminist theory is hence essential for this study as well as our source for theoretical framework as we aim to conduct an analysis using her elaborated terminology as a pivotal factor. Her conception of « The Other » is central for feminist theory as it focuses on the given female role in a patriarchal society. It is hence of relevance that Beauvoir published a novel by which that of Alard is said to be inspired. Whereas Beauvoir presents a character who herself normalises infidelity, and finds herself in second place, Alard presents a modern and more independent character. The crucial contrast is presented through Beauvoir’s normalisation of infidelity and Alard’s normalisation of violence against women.

The diploma thesis describes the topic of manipulation in connection with education. Theoretical part analyzes the concept and related essential phenomena and approaches the links between manipulation and education. Mainly, it draws from pedagogical literature, in its social and philosophical context. Qualitative research is based on interviews with primary school teachers. The aim of the survey was to bring closer how educators perceive manipulation in the school environment based on their experience. The results show that manipulation itself manifests, with a few exceptions, as normal part of the educational process. Teachers manipulate pupils directly during teaching. Some of them consider it present at the moment when they apply coercion to pupils, others as more hidden procedures. They perceive manipulation mainly as harmful, which is why some teachers try to avoid it. At the same time, it is partly viewed as a necessary part of normal teaching. Therefore,the phenomenon of manipulation appears to be variously understood. The unifying sign of manipulation is the perception of its realization from a position of power. It is mainly used with the aim of facilitating the education process. KEYWORDS Manipulation, enforcement, objectification, intencionality, education

Objectification and sexual aggression are common themes in pornography. However, there are only a handful of quantitative studies that examine the role of race in pornography that included Asian women, a population that has been fetishized extensively and historically portrayed as hypersexual in mainstream media. There were also no studies on the self-reported attitudes of viewers around this topic. 96 male university students took a survey measuring the frequency and perception of their pornography use, their acceptance of sexual aggression myths, their objectification of Asian women, and their propensity to agree with microaggressions about Asian women. Results indicated that while problematic pornography use had a moderate positive association with the objectification of Asian women and acceptance of microaggressions against Asian women, there was only a slight positive association between problematic pornography use and acceptance of sexual aggression myths. Results also indicated that the strength of one's acceptance of racial microaggressions against Asian women and their level of problematic pornography use positively predicted the likelihood of one's acceptance of sexual aggression myths.

The relationship between self-objectification, grooming behaviors, and body image disturbance was examined among 389 female students at the University of Central Florida. Self-objectification positively predicted body image disturbance, as well as the average amount of time and money that women reported investing into grooming behaviors (i.e. hair-styling, hair-removal, makeup application, nail adornment and other grooming behaviors). Body mass index (BMI) was also found to positively predict body image disturbance and time spent on grooming, however, no relationship was found between self-objectification and BMI. Furthermore, lower socioeconomic status (SES) was found to be associated with body-dissatisfaction and more frequent negative body image emotions in comparison to participants with higher SES. A significant negative correlation was also found between time spent on grooming and grade point average (GPA).

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On a routine and daily basis, women are exposed to sexually objectifying experiences, which result in a number of harmful psychosocial outcomes (Fredrickson & Roberts, 1997). Five-hundred and forty-sex women attending a large, Southeastern university participated in this study that investigated a conceptual model of how childhood sexual abuse (CSA) contributes to sexual risk behaviors (SRBs) via self-objectification (S0). In order to assess the causal relationships among variables, measured variable path analyses were conducted in order to test two theoretical models. The following instruments were used in this investigation: the Sexual Abuse Subscale of the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (a measure assessing experiences of childhood sexual abuse [Bernstein, Stein, Newcomb, Walker, Pogge, Ahluvia et al., 2003]); the Body Surveillance Subscale of the Objectified Body Consciousness Scale (a measure assessing self-objectification [McKinley & Hyde, 1996]); the Body Shame Subscale of the Objectified Body Consciousness Scale (a measure assessing body shame [McKinley & Hyde, 1996]); the Toronto Alexithymia Scale-20 (assesses alexithymic symptoms, or difficulty identifying, describing, and expressing one’s emotions [Bagby, Parker, & Taylor, 1994]), the Contraceptive Self-Efficacy Scale (assesses overall sexual self-efficacy, such as the ability to insist upon sexual protection [Levinson, 1986]), and the Sexual Risk Survey (assesses risky sexual practices [Turkchik & Garske, 2009]). Results revealed that the data fit the second model better than the first. Specifically, data revealed that CSA directly predicted SRBs and was not mediated via SO, but was partially mediated by alexithymia and body shame. That is, CSA predicted increased alexithymia and body shame. Increased alexithymia predicted SRBs, whereas body shame decreased SRBs. Results also revealed that alexithymia and body shame mediated the relationship between SO and SRBs. Specifically, self-objectification led to increased alexithymia and body shame, and alexithymia increased SRBs while body shame decreased SRBs. Last, results revealed that body shame fully mediated the relationship between both CSA and SO and sexual self-efficacy. Pathways were significant at the p < .05 level.