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A cross-sectional and longitudinal examination of thin-ideal internalization and self-objectification was conducted within the context of an eating disorder prevention program. The sample consisted of 177 undergraduate women enrolled in a sorority between the ages of 18 and 22 who participated in a dissonance-based eating disorder prevention program. Participants completed self-report assessments at baseline, post-intervention, 5-month, and 1-year follow-up. Measures included the Ideal-Body Stereotype Scale-Revised, Self-Objectification Questionnaire, Body Shape Questionnaire, and Eating Disorder Examination-Questionnaire. A cross-sectional path analysis indicated that thin-ideal internalization and self-objectification predict each other and both predict body dissatisfaction, which in turn, predicts eating disorder symptoms. A longitudinal examination of the prevention program indicated that participants showed significant reductions in thin-ideal internalization, self-objectification, body dissatisfaction, and eating disorder symptoms after participating in a cognitive dissonance eating disorder prevention program. Significant reductions of all symptoms were maintained at 1-year follow-up, with the exception of self-objectification, which had a significant reduction up to the 5-month assessment. A longitudinal path analysis indicated that post-intervention thin-ideal internalization and self-objectification predicted body dissatisfaction at 5-month follow-up assessments which in turn predicted eating disorder symptoms at this same time point. This model was replicated for 1-year follow-up body dissatisfaction and eating disorder symptoms with the exception of the direct path from self-objectification to body dissatisfaction. Assessment of temporal sequence of change between self-objectification and thin-ideal internalization revealed that neither variable significantly predicted meaningful change in the other variable. Finally, individuals who showed meaningful change in self-objectification before showing meaningful reduction in thin-ideal internalization from baseline to post-intervention assessments had greater reductions in eating disorder symptoms 1-year following the intervention. Collectively, these results suggest that eating disorder prevention programs should focus on targeting both thin-ideal internalization and self-objectification simultaneously to increase further the reduction of eating disorder symptoms.

The aim of the study is to examine how religion legitimates outrages and it what ways we can regard religion as politics. The study uses the theory that Eickelman and Piscatori present in their book Muslim politics. They use the term ‘Muslim politics’ to describe the relation between Islam and politics. Eickelman and Piscatori divide Muslim politics in five elements that the essay uses to structure the analysis. By studying IS´s own published documents, two issues of the newspaper Dabiq Magazine, from a discourse analytical approach, this essay aims to consolidate the discourse behind the texts and find how the Muslim politics of IS is constructed. IS is an organization that has proclaimed a caliphate that includes Iraq and Syria. IS claims that the core of Islam has been lost and it needs to be rediscovered to avoid the punishment from Allah. IS claim to be the trustees of the will of Allah on earth and call on people to rally behind their interpretation of “true Islam”. The vision of IS is to re-establish a caliphate which is part of the ongoing objectification process.

Two things are examined in this ethnography. The first regards a local stigmatization of the northern lights tourism industry in Iceland. A stigma, which this thesis argues, is related to a commercial saturation – or, pollution – of Icelandic national identity. The second regards the northern lights and their recent, though continual, cultural objectification, as a result of this commercialization. This will be illustrated with reference to how the northern lights are performed by guides on northern lights coach tours. These two topics will then be analyzed in view of Handler’s (1988) definition of cultural objectification: as the means with which tradition – national identity – is produced. In view of the above, the Icelandic tourism industry has boomed in the last decade. Tourists that come to Iceland desire its advertised pristine wilderness and exotic culture. Against this desire, the northern lights often fail to conform, relative to tourists’ expectations. Drawing from Baudrillard (1998) it will thus be argued that the northern lights are hyperreal and that the Icelandic nation, as a result, has come to acquire theme park like qualities. Taken together, this thesis analyzes the northern lights, and the northern lights coach tours, from the perspective of nationalism and cultural objectification.

The purpose of this study was to explore the relationship between identification with feminist beliefs and sexual assertiveness, by examining three potential mediators of that relationship: self-objectification, empowered entitlement, and self-silencing. Cross-sectional survey data were collected via online survey from 188 women. Results from correlational analyses indicated that active commitment to feminist beliefs was significantly related to lower levels of self-objectification and self-silencing and higher levels of empowered entitlement, but was not related to sexual assertiveness. Identification with nonfeminist beliefs (passive acceptance of sexism) was significantly related to higher levels of self-objectification and self-silencing and decreased empowered entitlement, as well as lower levels of sexual assertiveness. Baron and Kenny's (1986) regression approach was used to explore potential mediators of the relationship between identification with nonfeminist beliefs and sexual assertiveness. In individual regression analyses, self-silencing fully mediated the relationship between identification with nonfeminist beliefs and sexual assertiveness. Regression analyses examining empowered entitlement as a mediator approached significance and analyses examining self-objectification as mediator were non-significant. An integrative analysis utilizing Preacher and Hayes' (2008) method for evaluating indirect effects in multiple mediator models was used to further explore the impact of all three mediator variables and two covariates (age and education level) on the relationship between nonfeminist beliefs and sexual assertiveness. The overall model accounted for a significant portion of the variance in sexual assertiveness and the total indirect effect of nonfeminist beliefs on sexual assertiveness through the set of mediators was significant, whereas the direct effect of nonfeminist beliefs on sexual assertiveness was not significant, indicating that, after controlling for covariates, the set of three mediators together (self-objectification, empowered entitlement, and self-silencing) fully mediated the relationship between nonfeminist beliefs and sexual assertiveness. However, self-silencing appeared to contribute the only unique significant mediation in the model, accounting for approximately 84% of the total indirect effect. Unique indirect effects for self-objectification and empowered entitlement were not significant. Implications for understanding the relationship between identification with nonfeminist beliefs and sexual assertiveness and directions for future research are discussed.

The purpose of this study is to explore gender-issues by the means of extreme contrasts in functionality. The motivation behind the work comes from the structural objectification of women that is maintained through fashion and social media, and how this is an issue that mainly regards women. By morphing extreme contrasts in dress, by the means of male coded work wear, and female coded shape wear, this work explores gender related norms, ideals and statuses. Through this work, shape was decided through try-outs with garments and/or their components, with a research that was based on today’s ideals, and social media trends. Lines in garments became increasingly more important during the process, and the components of garments in the different categories too. In the result the importance of colour, material and shape regarding gender-issues in dress is highlighted, since they often convey a gender coded expression. To disrupt this inherit gender, the result demonstrates how these components can be mixed. Breaking down status in gender attributes could be used to create a more equal sphere in fashion.

This study is an investigation of how exposure to different media content influences self-objectification, body image, and rape myths acceptance (RMA) in female college students. The purpose of this study was to further explore the effects of immediate media exposure on body image, self-objectification, and RMA, as well as address the gap in the literature regarding the relationship between these variables (Dakanalis et al., 2015; Fox et al., 2015). One hundred and one students that identified as female were randomly assigned to three experimental conditions using a partially blind design. The students watched a short video pertaining to the condition they were assigned (i.e. sexualized content, consent content, control content) and then completed a survey, which included measures of self-objectification, negative body image, positive body image, rape myths acceptance, and demographic variables. Results indicate here was no difference between self-objectification, body image, and RMA scores among participants that were assigned to different experimental conditions. Body image was found to be directly related to RMA, and there was a difference in RMA scores among participants that remembered the university training and those who did not. The present study’s finding expands the knowledge of body image and RMA, and supports the need for interventions targeting attitudes and beliefs regarding rape and consent in college female students. Key words: media, self-objectification, body image, rape myths acceptance, college students.

Submitted by Fabio Sobreira Campos da Costa (fabio.sobreira@ufpe.br) on 2016-08-15T12:09:43Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) DISSERTAÇÃO 2015.pdf: 1312846 bytes, checksum: 7aabfa3931d2003bcc0c56e25633b6b8 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-15T12:09:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) DISSERTAÇÃO 2015.pdf: 1312846 bytes, checksum: 7aabfa3931d2003bcc0c56e25633b6b8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-09-03 / A presente dissertação versa o olhar heideggeriano ao processo de objetificação partindo desde os fundamentos modernos deste fenômeno até a sua consecução na era da técnica moderna. Esforçamo-nos primeiramente por expor a crítica apresentada por Heidegger à posição moderna da ontologia fundamentada na Vorhandenheit a partir do projeto de uma ontologia fundamental contida em Ser e Tempo. Seguindo o fio condutor da ontologia fundamental, analisamos a crítica do filósofo a insuficiente compreensão do ente humano enquanto sujeito (subjetum) como base para uma interpretação do processo de objetificação. Buscaremos, pois, expor as bases para uma desconstrução heideggeriana do projeto moderno. Em seguida, através da análise da verdade, observamos uma alteração na perspectiva heideggeriana na compreensão da metafísica. A procura pelo sentido do ser cede lugar à busca pela verdade do ser. Essa mudança ampliará seu entendimento sobre o fenômeno da objetificação. Ela estabelecerá a perspectiva do acontecer histórico do próprio ser no homem. O sentido do ser como horizonte de compreensão do Dasein cede lugar à apropriação crítica da acontecência da verdade do ser numa perspectiva histórico-filosófica, o qual a expansão planetária da técnica é a concreção desse processo. A técnica é, pois, a consumação do processo de objetificação moderno. / This paper deals with Heidegger’s approach into the objectification process starting from the basic of this modern phenomenon to its development in the era of modern technology. Firstly, we struggle for exposing the criticism presented by Heidegger to the modern position of the ontology based on the Vorhandenheit from the original project presented in Being and Time. Flowing thorough the fundamental ontology we analyze the philosopher's criticism of lack of understanding of the human being as a subject (subjetum) as the foundation for an interpretation of the objectification process. Thus, we intend to express the grounds for Heidegger's deconstruction of modern project. Then, by analyzing the truth, we take notice of a change in Heidegger's perspective in the understanding of metaphysics. The seek for the sense of the being gives way to the seek for the truth of being. It will establish the perspective of the historical event of being in the human itself. The sense of being as a project onto the horizon of understanding from Dasein gives way to critical appropriation of happening the truth of the being in a historical and philosophical approach, in which the global dimension of the technique is the concretion of this process. The technique is therefore the consummation of modern objectification process.

Le bodybuilding incarne l’une des formes contemporaines de façonnage et de transformation -littéralement, de construction – corporelle les plus spectaculaires. La surenchère musculaire évoque d’emblée la masculinité, sur un mode hyperbolique, mais non sans contradictions : car ces corps hypertrophiés n’ont pas d’autre but qu’esthétique, rompant avec la logique sportive qui suppose l’accomplissement d’une performance. Au sein de ce sport-spectacle, l’idéal corporel bodybuildé -alliant les critères triadiques de volume, définition et symétrie - est atteint par un travail méticuleux et morcelé de chaque groupe musculaire, et un véritable dispositif disciplinaire quotidien, proche de l’ascèse. Notre travail se propose d’interroger les ambiguïtés et contradictions que soulève la pratique du culturisme au regard de l’identité corporelle et genrée. Dans un premier temps, il s’agira d’étudier la façon dont les hommes et femmes culturistes établissent une définition genrée d’eux-mêmes et la perception qu’ils ont des groupes masculin et féminin, en comparaison de sujets qui ne pratiquent pas. Par la suite, à partir de la question du primat de l’apparence dans la conception de soi, on s’est intéressé aux construits de l’auto-objectivation : la tendance à privilégier des attributs corporels esthétiques au détriment d’attributs fonctionnels, la surveillance (ou monitoring de son apparence) et la honte corporelle. Les résultats des axes quantitatif et qualitatif mettent en évidence une identité corporelle spécifique au groupe culturiste, davantage marquée par l’objectivation, ainsi qu’une identité genrée également spécifique, relevant d’une description plus masculine, mais non moins féminine de soi. Au sein du groupe culturiste, certaines différences de mesure liées au sexe tendent à disparaître ; les données qualitatives suggérant également une homogénéisation des représentations (en particulier, le caractère « a-genré » du muscle) entre bodybuilders et bodybuildeuses. Ces éléments sont, en conclusion, discutés au regard de la théorie de l’identité sociale et plus particulièrement de l’auto-catégorisation / Bodybuilding is one of the contemporary forms of body transformation and shaping - literally of body construction - which lies within the most spectacular. The acute work out for muscles immediately evokes masculinity, on a hyperbolic mode, but not without contradictions: because those hypertrophied bodies don’t have any other goal but esthetical, breaking up with the common logic of sports that implies as a matter of fact the accomplishment of a performance. Within this sport-show, the ideal body suggested by bodybuilding – combining the triadic criteria of volume, definition and symmetry – is reached by a meticulous and fragmented work out of each muscular group, and a real daily disciplinary arrangement, close to asceticism. Our work intends to question the ambiguities and contradictions raised by the practice of bodybuilding in the light of corporal and gender identity. First, we will study how male and female bodybuilders picture a gender definition of themselves and the perception they have of masculine and feminine groups, compared to individuals that do not have this practice. Afterwards, on the basis of the primacy question of appearance within the conception of the self, our interest grew for the self-objectification constructions: the tendency to favor physical and esthetical attributes at the expense of functional attributes, the appearance monitoring and the physical shame. The results of the quantitative and qualitative axis highlight the corporal identity specific to bodybuilders’ group, particularly marked by the objectification, as well as a gender identity also specific, going with a foster masculine description, but not less feminine. Within the bodybuilders’ group, a few measuring differences gender-related seem to disappear; the qualitative data suggesting also a homogenization of the mindsets (in particular, the asexual character of the muscle) between male and female bodybuilders. These components are, to conclude, discussed in the light of the social identity theory and most particularly self-categorization theory.

The ultimate objective of this study was to establish whether female celebrities portray the beauty ideal and have influence over young females today. The literature review presents an analysis of feminism, beauty ideals, self-­‐ objectification, and the influence of media and celebrities, in an attempt to establish whether celebrity images are of a ‘self-­‐made’ hypersexual nature and whether these images influence young females’ self-­‐concept and role in society. The literature was further triangulated with a combination of primary and secondary data. Images of females within the famous Kardashian/Jenner family were studied in an attempt to understand how female celebrities portray themselves today. Furthermore, a focus group was conducted in an attempt to understand whether female youths are to some extent influenced by female celebrities. Through the research conducted it was evident that female role stereotypes still prevail in contemporary media. Furthermore, two themes prevailed throughout the study, which was that women can use their bodies for profit and as a means of power, and the conflicting nature of femininity versus feminism today. / Dissertation (MBA)--University of Pretoria, 2013. / zkgibs2014 / Gordon Institute of Business Science (GIBS) / MBA / Unrestricted