Diploma thesis People as objects of showbusiness examines the problematics of objectifying of human bodies in the world of showbusiness. The main purpose is to warn about the existence of objectification and related sexualization of human body, which is often presented in media such as print, advertisements, on the internet or on television. The author chose to analyse this phenomenon on case of television show Your Face Sounds Familiar (translated as Tvoje Tvář Má Známý Hlas) based on her own experiences which she gained in past while participating on the creation of this project. Next to a content analysis, which is supposed to reveal specific signs of objectification on television screens, the author also carried out a participant observation during the preparations of the broadcast. The purpose of the observation was to reveal to public how such television formats emergence and to determine if the phenomenon of objectification is also present in the show's background. To finalise the practical research, she adds in-depth interviews with some of the artists who participated in the making of chosen television broadcast. These interviews reflect their way of thinking about objectification of their own bodies and show their perspective on this phenomenon in wider frame.

The purposes of this study were to (a) investigate differences in self-objectification, self-surveillance, body shame, and flow among female athletes on all-women's and coed ultimate frisbee teams at different competitive levels, and (b) examine the objectification theory model across groups. Participants (n = 112) completed online surveys including a demographic questionnaire, trait and state versions of the Self-Objectification Questionnaire, Body Surveillance and Body Shame subscales of the Objectified Body Consciousness Scale, and the Flow State Scale. No differences in self-objectification, self-surveillance, or body shame were found, although highly competitive athletes experienced more flow than lower competitive teams. Relationships were found between self-objectification, self-surveillance, and body shame, but not for flow, partially supporting the objectification theory model.

The purposes of this study were to examine the associations between (a) self-objectification, (b) body shame, (c) appearance anxiety, and (d) exercise dependence. Participants (N = 155) completed a demographic questionnaire and a survey packet including the Body Surveillance subscale and Body Shame subscale of the Objectified Body Consciousness Scale, Appearance Anxiety Scale, Eating Attitudes Test 26, and the Exercise Dependence Scale. Correlations were conducted revealing associations between self-objectification, body shame, appearance anxiety, and eating attitudes. Associations were also found between body shame and exercise dependence. Partial correlations were conducting revealing body shame and appearance anxiety mediated the relationship between self-objectification and eating attitudes. Body shame also mediated the relationship between self-objectification and exercise dependence.

My ambition with this study is to seek clearance in how the media shape male and female floorball players in Sweden. I´ve used a quantitative content analysis for that purpose. One of my main questions was with which attributes female or male players gets ascribed. I studied over 300 articles in Swedish newspapers Aftonbladet and Expressen. 194 articles were mainly about male players, and 112 articles were about female players. Eighteen articles couldn´t be defined, and fall under that variable. A total of 323 articles were found. I found that female players are more discriminated in terms of speaking directly in the article. The male players were more represented in the articles, with own quotes. One interesting thing found was that objectification is a rare thing on these platforms. If anything is to be said regarding that, it´s the fact that male players are more subject to objectification. But the results were so few, that it would be unwise to make a big deal out of it. Also interesting is that male players more often are mentioned as “athletes” and female players are more often mentioned as “people” or just “persons”. They are described with their name. But, female players are at the same time also more often than the male players, described with qualities as players and with achievements that follows with those skills. Another result was that male players all together, gets more space in the media, than the female players. Due to the fact that the male players gets a lot more articles, and also more pictures, if you look at the code-scheme.

Esta pesquisa versa sobre o Exame Nacional do Ensino Médio (Enem) e seus efeitos sobre os modos de ser um estudante bem-sucedido neste Exame. A problemática da investigação organizou-se a partir da seguinte questão: Como são constituídos, em mídias sociais do Facebook, os estudantes bem-sucedidos no Exame Nacional do Ensino Médio (Enem)? Desmembrando essa pergunta, estabeleceram-se dois objetivos específicos: mapear, em mídias sociais do Facebook, os modos de ser um estudante bem-sucedido no Enem; analisar processos de objetivação e subjetivação e práticas de disciplinamento a eles associados presentes no material reunido, que atuam sobre os sujeitos que se preparam para o Exame. Como aportes teóricos foram utilizados os conceitos de governamentalidade e de disciplinamento dos corpos e saberes, ambos na perspectiva foucaultiana. O material empírico reunido é composto por mais de 100 postagens (e reportagens a elas vinculadas) coletadas entre outubro de 2015 e julho de 2017, oriundas de páginas do Facebook direcionadas aos estudantes que se preparam para prestar o Exame A estratégia analítica utilizada para operar sobre esse material foi a análise do discurso como discutido por Michel Foucault. O resultado desse exame mostrou que processos de objetivação e subjetivação presentes nas postagens reforçam a produção de um sujeito dedicado, estudioso, disciplinado, que alcança seus objetivos (o bom desempenho no Enem) a partir de seu esforço individual. Além disso, no material podem ser evidenciadas técnicas de disciplinamento dos corpos dos candidatos, envolvendo controle do tempo, do espaço, de acompanhamento do seu próprio desempenho acadêmico que se configuram como uma importante estratégia de autorregulação. Neste sentido, a pesquisa indica que, muito mais do que servir como uma forma de ingresso no Ensino Superior, o Exame produz efeitos na constituição dos estudantes e fortalece a ideia de que candidatos estudiosos e dedicados possuem mais chances de serem bem-sucedidos. / This research studies the National Secondary Education Examination (ENEM) and its effects on the ways a student can be successful at this test. The investigation’s problematic was organized from the following question: How are constituted, in Facebook social medias, the successful students in the National Secondary Education Examination (Enem)? Dismembering this question, two specific objectives were established: to map, in materials from the social media Facebook, the ways of being a successful student at Enem; to analyze the objectification and subjectivation processes and disciplinary practices associated with them, present at the gathered material that act on the subjects that prepare themselves for the examination. Concepts of governmentality and discipline of bodies and knowledge were used as theoretical contributions, in the Foucauldian perspective. The collected empirical material is composed of more than 100 posts (and related reports) collected between October 2015 and July 2017, from Facebook pages directed to students who are preparing themselves to take the examination The analytical strategy used to operate on this material was the discourse analysis as discussed by Michel Foucault. The result of this examination showed that the processes of subjectivation and objectification present in the posts reinforce the production of a dedicated, studious, disciplined subject who achieves his goals (a good Enem performance) from his individual effort. In addition, techniques of the bodies and knowledge can be evidenced, involving control of time, space and the monitoring of their own academic performance that are configured as an important strategy of self-regulation. In this sense, the research indicates that, rather than serving as a form of entry into College, the examination produces effects on the constitution of students and strengthens the idea that studious and dedicated candidates are more likely to be successful.

Fokus ligger på modeinriktad reklam som analyseras enligt utvalda kriterier, vilket placerar studien inom ramarna för textilt management. Studien avser att introducera läsaren till ämnet genom att ge en bakgrund till det valda ämnet och att motivera relevansen av studien. Därefter leder problemformuleringen fram till en presentation av syftet och forskningsfrågorna i denna studie. Studiens syfte är att beskriva och undersöka hur kvinnors porträttering som sexobjekt i lyxvarumärkens modereklam påverkar konsumentens attityd till dessa varumärken. Även skillnader mellan påverkan på manliga och kvinnliga konsumenter undersöktes inom ramen för studien. För att samla in det empiriska materialet användes bildanalys och en online-enkät-undersökning. Bildanalysen bestod av fem olika reklambilder från fem olika lyxvarumärken som sedan analyserades utifrån valda kriterier för att betygsätta hur sexualiserade de var. Online-enkäten baserades sedan på dessa reklambilder och frågor om varumärken utformades med inspiration från tidigare forskning. Urvalet bestod av konsumenter av kläder i Sverige, ett stratifierat slumpmässigt urval som kombinerades med snöbollsurval. Studiens resultat pekar på att de övergripande svaren sammantaget är att sexualiserande reklam påverkar konsumenten negativt och gör så att denne får en sämre bild av varumärket och ändrar sina köpvanor för det aktuella varumärket. Dock kommer studien fram till att det ändå är förvånansvärt många konsumenter som ändå inte bryr sig om att ett varumärke använder sig av sexualiserande reklam. De skillnader som framkom mellan män och kvinnor är att kvinnor verkar vara mer medvetna om sexualisering i reklam än män och det är betydligt fler kvinnor än män som anger att de ämnar ändra sitt beteende så att den motsvarar deras attityd mot ett varumärke. För vidare forskning rekommenderar vi att undersöka problemet ur ett företagsperspektiv, för att förstå hur de varumärken som använder sig av den här typen av reklam tänker. / The focus of the study is fashion oriented advertising that has been analysed according to chosen criteria, which puts the study within the frames of textile management. The study aims to introduce the reader and give a background to the subject of choice by motivating the relevance of the study. Thereafter the problem formulation leads to a presentation of the purpose and research questions of the study. The purpose of the study is to describe and examine how women's portrayal as sex objects in luxury brand advertising affects consumers attitude toward a brand. Also differences between effects on men and women were examined. To gather the empirical findings we used an image analysis method and and an online-survey. The image analysis was made up of five different advertising images from luxury brands, that were later analysed with chosen criteria to grade an image based on how sexualised it was. The online-survey was based on these analyzed images, thereafter questions about brands were formed with inspiration from earlier studies. The sample was made up by Swedish clothing consumers, a stratified random sampling that we combined with snowball sampling. The findings of the study points to a majority of the participants being negatively affected by sexualised advertising. Which makes the consumers attitude toward a brand negative and changes their buying habits. Although the study also find that there are surprisingly many consumers who will continue buying products from a brand that use sexualised advertising, even though the consumers claim to have been negatively influenced. The differences that were found between men and women were that women seem to be more aware of sexualised advertising than men, and that there are far more women who intend to change their buying behavior to match their attitude toward a brand. A much larger portion of men answered that sexualised advertising do not affect their perception of the brand, compared to women. Although some of the respondents, both genders, are willing to continue buying from the brands that affected them negatively. For further research we suggest to examine this topic from a corporate perspective to understand how the companies that use this type of sexalized advertising are thinking.

The purpose of this thesis is to describe what it is like to suffer from malignant lymphoma and to highlight the care given to these patients. A reflective lifeworld approach, founded in phenomenological philosophy, has been used. Data have been collected using interviews and have been analyzed using essence-seeking analysis. The results are founded upon three empirical studies and a philosophical excursus. The results are presented in four sections. The thesis describes how patients with malignant lymphoma live in limbo characterized by existential uncertainties, partly caused by the mortal threat of the disease and by failings in the actions of the healthcare staff. Patients fear dying when suffering from malignant lymphoma, regardless of whether the disease is a genuine medical threat to their life. Thus, there is a substantial need for existential support for these patients. However, the results show that deficiencies in existential support can lead to patients feeling objectified, which in turn increases their existential uncertainties. Care that is solely directed towards the physiological body and excludes the human as a subject can be experienced as a disparagement. Care that includes the patients’ lifeworld provides alleviated suffering and a possibility for the patients themselves to take an active part in the health process. Despite the healthcare staff’s genuine ambition to alleviate the suffering, patients’ existential questions are met with a degree of conflict; on the one hand they are a natural part of healthcare, and on the other the questions are of such character that they are not part of professional healthcare. A healthcare culture that does not fully acknowledge the importance of existential questions appears to be one of the greatest obstacles to a holistic healthcare approach. Furthermore, there appears to be a lack of shared strategies among the healthcare staff when meeting the patients’ existential questions. A conflict arises in an unnecessary battle between biology and existence, which in turn increases the patients’ existential insecurities. Medical knowledge is insufficient in caring for patients with malignant lymphoma. An understanding of caring science is needed in order for the care to become caring and able to meet the needs as described by patients with malignant lymphoma. Healthcare staff most be provided with sufficient support to meet the patients’ existential questions. The organization of healthcare is characterised by being a culture in which existential questions are not given sufficient attention. It seems that healthcare staff give priority to medical/technical tasks rather than conversations of existential character.

Is alienation a process of self-discovery or is it a loss of reality? The subject of this thesis is how alienation is discussed in Hegel and Marx&rsquo / s philosophies in terms of this question. In Hegel&rsquo / s philosophy, alienation is part of the process of self-creativity and self-discovery. For Marx, it is the result of the capitalist mode of production. While Hegel explains the existence of the human being through focusing on its ontological dimension, Marx evaluates the term alienation in terms of the economic dimension which he claims that Hegel ignores. The understanding of these philosophers about how they make understandable the process, circumstances and results of alienation is significant for the subject of this thesis. The thesis concludes that, Marx, in spite of his criticisms of Hegel is closer to Hegel than is thought. An additional claim is that Marx&rsquo / s criticisms of Hegel complement Hegel&rsquo / s philosophy rather than overcoming it. The supporting analysis of the thesis is the discussion of whether Marx&rsquo / s criticisms related to Hegel&rsquo / s understanding of alienation as abstract, mystifying, and nonsense are right or wrong. Hegel&rsquo / s conception of alienation has thus been examined by way of Marx&rsquo / s criticisms.

This thesis analyzes and compares Angela Carter&rsquo / s Nights at the Circus and Elif Safak&rsquo / s Mahrem (The Gaze) from the perspective of theories of the patriarchal gaze. The study argues that the female protagonists in Nights at the Circus and Mahrem (The Gaze) have a dilemma in relation to the gaze. On the one hand, the gaze makes these characters passive spectacles in front of the audience and objectifies them. On the other hand, the gaze appears to be a necessity for a sense of identity and order. The theoretical framework used to analyze the novels from the perspective of the patriarchal gaze includes John Berger&rsquo / s Ways of Seeing, which is about visual representations in Western art and Laura Mulvey&rsquo / s article &ldquo / Visual Pleasure and Narrative Cinema&rdquo / , which analyzes women&rsquo / s position in Hollywood movies. In order to explore the dilemma the protagonists find themselves in, on the other hand, Sigmund Freud&rsquo / s theory of scopophilia, Jacques Lacan&rsquo / s discussion of the role of the gaze in psychosexual development and identity formation and Mich&eacute / l Foucault&rsquo / s evaluation of the gaze as a tool for discipline have been made use of. The comparative analysis of the two novels within this theoretical framework aims to demonstrate the complexity and universality of the issue and provide further food for thought for feminist thinking on this topic.

This study investigates preadolescent girls’ interpretations of images of and messages about women’s bodies presented in both traditional and online media in the American cultural context. Using qualitative methods including in-depth interviews, email diaries, and digital photo collages, this study gives voice to girls aged nine to eleven from diverse racial and socioeconomic backgrounds so that they might tell their stories about interacting with media that is relevant to their relationships with their bodies. Employing objectification theory as well as concepts from the cultural studies tradition, the findings suggest that the process of becoming a female body in the 21st-century American media environment is far more complex than a simple linear, cause-effect equation can express. Differences among girls in terms of media use, degree of media criticism, age, and interpersonal discursive environments moderate their relationships to mediated imagery and to their bodies. The findings also describe the mediated bodily ideal that is most relevant to preadolescent girls, the celebrity girls who embody this ideal, the ways in which girls experience self-objectification and body surveillance, and the nature of girls’ conversations with friends and family members about body-related topics. The study concludes by providing recommendations to concerned researchers, educators, and parents.